生物利用度英语

The fourth part of reduced tooth fungus spot and reduces the gum inflammation the examination standard applicable scope: This standard is suitable to the appraisal and the confirmation includes the reduced tooth fungus spot and reduces the gum inflammation ingredient the product, including the toothpaste, rinses the saliva as well as other products. Formulates literature and standard which this standard refers: The reduced tooth fungus spot and reduces the gum inflammation the clinical test one, the principle of equality 1. Includes the new active constituent either the system product includes the new active constituent or the system reduced tooth fungus spot and reduces the gum inflammation the product merit effect by two independent clinical laboratories confirmations. 2. includes clinical has confirmed the active constituent product was included already clinical has confirmed the reduced tooth fungus spot and reduces the gum inflammation active constituent or the system oral cavity nurses the thing the effect, may choose the suitable gum inflammation patient, the confirmation includes the same density active constituent to examine the product and the masculine comparison product , also should set up the negative comparison or the placebo comparison group. 3. products (for example toothpaste) includes differently, is possible when affects the reduced tooth fungus spot and reduces the gum inflammation active excipient (non- active constituent), its merit effect through clinical test confirmation. In 4. formulas the active constituent biology and the stability needs to provide the effective proof by the applicant. Second, the research design (is stochastic and comparison) generally should use method, the lamination, two units parallel observations clinical research technique blindly. Third, the experimental deadline reduction tooth fungus spot and reduces the gum inflammation the clinical laboratory to need the viewing time to be longer. Generally should be 6 months, at least carries on three times of clinical examinations (baseline, 3 months, 6 months). Fourth, research object: For tallies trying brings into line with and removes the standard to contract the gum inflammation the adult male and the female. The common each group completes experimental the crowd quantity to be supposed to be bigger than 30 people. Fifth, the inspection target or uses index 1. to be supposed to include the recognition the tooth fungus spot index and the reflection gum inflammation degree target. Former including the tooth fungus spot cover area (for example by Turesky improvement Quigley & Hein PLI) or fungus spot thickness (Silness & L e PLI), should observe nearby the reason and the neighbouring surface fungus spot with emphasis. When selects the above target, should give the reason. The use gum hemorrhage index recording inflammation serious degree, may use BI (Mazza) or MBI, after also may use BOP% (namely to search examines has hemorrhage position spot to occupy the entire mouth total position spot %). Also may use by the edge and the nipple the shape color changes for the foundation index, like gum index (GI). If has used the alternative means, these methods should have at least the same sensitivity. 2. in principle should inspect and record entire mouth all toeet, each tooth inspects 6 units places (cheek center, cheek side central committee, cheek side far center, tongue center, tongue side central committee, tongue side is far) or 4 units places (cheek side three units places and tongue side central). Not suitably uses represents the tooth (for example the Ramfjord tooth, the CPI tooth and so on). Sixth, the product provides and uses 1. to receive examines the product and the masculine comparison product should include the same active principle and the density, other supplementary materials and so on become the duty same or are similar. The outside wrapping and the outward appearance should be same, if cannot meet this requirements, then only can implement the list blind experiment, provides the product by the non- inspector. 2. to receives the trying explanation operation requirements and the matters needing attention. Achieves as far as possible quantitative, the toothpaste each time amount of use (for example paste body length is 1 centimeter, contains rinses fluid each time 10ml or a bottle cap and so on), the unification uses the number of times every day, the duration and so on. 3. should maintain as far as possible besides the confirmation product the condition is consistent, if possesses the trying use same toothbrush, but may maintain the trying original custom is cleaned the teeth the method. Because (1) even if teaches to unify the method, the uncertain each person all can very good grasp and observe; (2) Causes the experiment comparatively to conform to in the real life the different crowd's situation. Seventh, the effect appraises 1. to press the medicine statistical method, to experiments the group and around the comparison component other statistics experiment each target entire mouth average value change situation; And carries on two groups of between each o'clock compartment, various targets change statistics analysis. 2. The effect evaluates should based on each clinical target average value change and the group quite definite, reported should list each value and statistics result, not the suitable pure use from draws up four levels of evaluation criterias (show results, effectively, progressive, are invalid). In each clinical research, the comparison group and the experimental group compare, each target reduction should satisfy the following condition: [ (Comparison - experiment)/comparison ] >= 15%. 3. controls the gum inflammation through the reduced fungus spot quantity either the change fungus spot pathogenicity the product to be supposed to determine the fungus spot quantity the reduction or pathogenic decreasing, and has statistics difference.

avail availablevalidinvalidvalidatevalidationavailability希望能帮到你，如有疑问，可追问~

Part IV reduce inflammation of the gums behind and mitigation standards Application : The standards applicable to the assessment and certification contain enough to reduce inflammation and alleviate inner components of products including toothpaste, wash water and other products. The enactment of this standard reference literature and standards : Ability to reduce inflammation and alleviate Most clinical trials First, the general principles 1. Containing new active ingredients or product system Containing new active ingredients or systematic enough to reduce inflammation and alleviate back the efficacy of products should be two independent clinical testing certification. 2. Has been tested to contain the active ingredient clinical products Clinical containing has been tested to reduce plaque and periodontal inflammation active ingredients or reduce the system's effectiveness oral care supplies, choose appropriate Yakenyan patients, the certification contain the same concentration of active ingredients imported products and products with the equivalent of positive, but also negative in the establishment of a control group or placebo. 3. Products (such as toothpaste) containing different, may affect ability to reduce inflammation and alleviate Most of the 237,448 active (non-reactive components), its effectiveness through clinical testing certification. 4. Biological active ingredients, recipes and stability needed for use by the applicant to provide effective proof. Second, the research design (random and compare) General law should be applied blind, stratified, two units parallel observation clinical research methods. Third, the duration of the pilot Ability to reduce inflammation and alleviate Most clinical trials required to observe longer. Normally be for six months, at least three clinical examination (baseline, three months, six months). 4, the study : Applying the exclusion criteria and to meet with Yakenyan into adult male and female. General group completed pilot groups should be greater than the number 30. 5, inspection or use indicators index 1. Should include recognized easily index and the indicators reflect the degree of periodontal inflammation. The former includes enough coverage (such as from the Turesky improved Quigley & Hein PLI) or Junban thickness (Silness & L ö e PLI), the focus should be observed near the gums and neighbors face the fate Junban. In selecting the above-mentioned indicators, should be explained and justified. Use the index recorded Kenyan bleeding gums extent of available BI (controls) or MBI, also available BOP% (mine up the place after a bleeding point total population% of the total spaces points). May also be used to bite and bite at the nipple changes colour patterns based index, such as the ability index (GI). If the use of other methods, these methods should have at least the same sensitivity. 2. In principle, there should be checks and records all around the mouth of teeth, dental check every six spaces points (adjacent to the mouth, cheek side of the central and lateral entry far, nearly broke side, adjacent to the tongue, tongue side far), or four spaces points (adjacent to three entry points and places adjacent to the tongue). Inappropriate use of teeth (as Ramfjord teeth, CPI teeth, etc.). 6, the issuance and use of products 1. Quick comparison of products and positive effective products should contain the same concentration of ingredients and other textiles, and other elements should be identical or similar. Overpack and appearance should be similar, if not achieved this requirement, then only a single blind testing by the inspection of non-payment products. 2. To the degree that use requirements and attention matters. As far as possible quantitative, toothpaste every usage (such as the length of one Gaoti centimeters, or one 10ml bottle each Hanshu fluid, etc.), daily use of uniform frequency, duration, etc. 3. In addition to the certification of products should be maintained outside the terms agreed, as all use the same toothbrush degree, but can maintain the original degree Brushing habits. First, because even with the uniform methodology, not necessarily good person can grasp and compliance; Second, to test a more realistic life different groups. 7, the evaluation results 1. According to the medical statistical methods to test and control groups, respectively, the indicators of statistical tests and the entire population mean changes; And the time between the two groups, and changes in the statistical analysis of the indicators. 2. Results of the assessment should be based on the clinical indicators and distance changes between the comparative group identified, the report should include the value of statistics and the results should not simply be used from the 4 evaluation criteria (soil, effective, progress, invalid). In each clinical research, testing group compared with a control group, the target should be reduced to meet the following conditions : [(contrast-test) / contrast ]=15%. 3. By reducing the volume or change Junban Junban pathogenic inflammation of the gums and control products should be reduced or volume measurement Junban reduce pathogenic nature, and have statistical differences. 不晓得准不?

牙菌斑:plaque (疾病及健康词汇: http://www.geocities.jp/ps_dictionary/medical2/102.htm)牙龈炎症gingivitis牙龈指数gingivitis index牙龈出血指数（bleeding index，BI）：检测标准testing standard适用范围Application scope牙膏toothpaste漱口水Mouthwash(Gargle, Dental water也可以的)制定本标准所参考的文献和标准Reference and criteria临床试验clinical trial活性成分Active Ingredients一般原则”（general principles）患者 suffers control对照随机randomization盲法(Blind Method)Stratified method分层功效应Effect口腔护理用品Oral & dental care Products阴性对照negative control阳性对照positive control赋形剂(excipitens).稳定性 stability生物利用度Biological Utilization药剂等效性, pharmaceutical equivalence安慰剂, placebo位点 site受试者subject成年男性和女性 male and female adults为符合纳入及排除标准的: 不能理解，抱歉，自己再改改吧！BOP Bleeding on probing颊侧buccal ridge舌侧lingualThe fourth part: Testing criteria of plaque reduction and gingivitis abating. Application scope: This criteria is applicable for the products for plaque reduction and gingivitis abating, including toothpaste, mouthwash and other products. Reference and criteria：Clinical trials of plaque reduction and gingivitis abatingFirst: General principles 1. The products containing new active ingredients or systems The effects of the products containing new active ingredients or systems for plaque reduction and gingivitis abating should be determined by two separate clinical trails. 2．The products containing the active ingredients determined by clinical trails The effects of oral & dental care products containing the active ingredients and systems determined by clinical trails for plaque reduction and gingivitis abating should be tested the equivalence between the products to be checked and the positive control products which contained the same concentration of active ingredients after choosing proper gingivitis suffers, and also should set up negative control or placebo control group. 3．The effects of the products (such as toothpaste) containing various excipitens（inactive ingredients）which may affect the activity of plaque reduction and gingivitis abating should be tested by clinical trails. 4．The biological utilization and stability of the active ingredients in the blend should be provided with available testimony by the applicant. Second: Research designs (randomization and control) Generally the blind method、the stratified method, and the dual-unit parallel observation are used as clinical research methods.Third: Testing periodThe period need for the clinical trails of plaque reduction and gingivitis abating is fairly long. Generally it should be six months, and three clinical check at least (baseline, three months, and six months).Fourth: Research objectives:The subjects should be male and female adults suffered from gingivitisGenerally the subject number should be more than 30 in a complete trail.Fifth: Checking index 1．The checking index should include acknowledged plaque index and the index which may reflect the gingivitis degree. The former includes plaque coverage (such as Quigley & Hein’s PLI modified by Turesky) or bacterium spot thickness (Silness & Löe’s PLI), stress on the observation of bacterium spots near and adjacent to the edge of the gum. If the above index is used, the reasons should be given. Record the degree of gingivitis expressed as bleeding index (BI) (Mazza), MBI, and BOP % (the percent of bleeding on probing sites to the total sites in the whole mouth after examination). The shape and color changing of gum edge and gum nipple could also be used as basic index, such as gingivitis index (GI). If other methods are used, they should have at least the same sensitivity as the above methods. 2．In principle, all the teeth in the mouth should be checked and recorded and six sites (Near-central of the buccal ridge, central of the buccal ridge, far-central of the buccal ridge, near-central of the lingual, central of the lingual, far-central of the lingual) or four sites (three sites of the buccal ridge and central of the lingual) of each tooth should be checked. The representative teeth shouldn’t be used(such as Ramfjord teeth, CPI teeth, etc).Sixth: Issue and application of products 1．The effective ingredients and concentration of the products to be checkedshould be the same as that of thepositive control products, other accessory ingredients should be the same or similar. Their appearance should be similar, if this requirement can not be achieve, then we can only fulfill the single-blind trail and issued the products by non-checkers.2. Tell the subjects about the using requirement and the attention. We should do quantification as possible, the dosage of toothpaste (such as 1 cm long, 10ml mouthwash or one cover of the bottle/time), applied times daily, duration etc. 3．The conditions should be kept identical as possible except for the testing products. If the subjects use the same toothbrush, their original brushing habits might be kept. For the following reasons: ① Even though they are taught the uniform methods, not always every person can grasp and abide them; ② we should make the experiment similar to various people in their natural lives.Seventh: Evaluation of effect1．According to medical stat. Method, we analyze the variation of the whole-mouth mean values of every index of the treatment group and the control group respectively before and after the tests, then analyzes the index variations during every period between the two groups. 2. The evaluation of the effect should be determined according to the mean value variation and block comparison of each clinical index. And all the values and stat. Results should be listed in the report, The subjective evaluated criterion should not be used alone（high effective, effective, little effective, non-effective）. In every clinical trail by comparison of the control group and the treatment group, every index reduction should meet the following conditions:[(Control-Treatment)/Control]≥15％。 3．The products for gingivitis controlling by reducing the amount of bacteric spots or change the disease caused by the bacteric spots should have significant difference.

pharmacology 药理学 absorption 吸收,吸收作用 abstinence syndrome 戒断症状 acetaminophen 醋氨酚 action 作用 acute reaction 急性反应 addiction 成瘾性 adrenergic drug 肾上腺素药 adrenoceptor 肾上腺受体 adrenoceptor blocking drug 肾上腺素受体阻断药 adrenocortical hormone 肾上腺皮质激素 adrenomimetic drug 拟肾上腺素药 affinity 亲和力 after effect 后遗效应 agent 药剂 agonist 激动剂, 兴奋剂，主动肌 aldosterone 醛固酮 allergy 变态反应 aminoglycosides 氨基糖甙类 amitriptyline 阿密替林 Amobarbital (amytal) 异戊巴比妥 amoxicillin 羟氨苄青霉素(阿莫西林) amphotericin B 二性霉素B ampicillin 氨苄青霉素(阿比西林) amrinone 胺吡酮 anaesthetic ether 麻醉乙醚 analgesia 镇痛 analgesics 镇痛药 angiotensin converting 血管紧张素转换 anisodamine 山莨菪碱 antagonist 拮抗剂 antiadrenergic drug 抗肾上腺素 antianginal drug 抗心绞痛药� antianxiety 抗焦虑 antiasthmatic drug 抗喘药 antibiotics 抗生素 anticarcinoma drug 抗肿瘤药 anticholinergic drug 抗胆碱药 anticholinesterase drug 抗胆碱酯酶药 anticoagulant 抗凝血药 anticonvulsive drug 抗惊厥药 antidiabetic drug 抗糖尿病药 antidiarrheal agent 止泻药 antiepileptic drug 抗癫痫药 antihypertensive drug 抗高血压药 antiinflammatory agent 抗炎药 antimalarial drug 抗疟药 antimanic drug 抗躁狂药 antituberculosis drug 抗结核药 artemisinin 青蒿素 aspirin 阿斯匹林 atenolol 阿替洛尔 atropine 阿托品 barbiturates 巴比妥类 basis pharmacology 基础药理学 benzodiazepines 苯二氮 biguanides 双胍类药物 bioavailability 生物利用度 biochemical pharmacology 生化药理学 biotransformation 生物转化 bretylium 溴苄胺 bromocriptine 溴隐亭 bumetanide 布美他尼, 丁苯氧酸 caffeine 咖啡因� calcium antagonists 钙拮抗药� captopriil carbamazepine 卡巴西平� carbenicillin 羧苄青霉素� carbidopa 卡比多巴� carbimazole 卡比马唑� carcinogenicity 致癌力� cardiac glycoside 强心甙� cardiovascular pharmacology 心血管药理学 � carrier 携带者，载体，载流子，带虫者 catecholamine 儿茶酚胺� cedilanid central stimulant 中枢兴奋药� depression 抑制，减压 detoxification 解毒,解毒作用� dexamethasone 地塞米松� diazepam 安定 diazoxide 二氮嗪� dicaine 的卡因 dicoumarol 双香豆素� digestants 助消化药� digitalis 洋地黄� digitoxin 洋地黄毒甙� digoxin 地高辛 diltiazem dimefline diphenhydromine benadryl 苯海拉明� distribution 分布� diuretic 利尿剂 dobutamine 多巴酚丁胺 dosage 剂量� droperidol 氟哌利多 drug 药物� drug abuse 药物滥用� drug dependence 药物依赖性� drug enzyme 药酶� drug metabolism 药物代谢� effect 效应� efferent nervous system 传出神经系统 efficacy 效能� elimination rate constant 清除速率常数 ephedrine 麻黄碱� ethambutol 乙胺丁醇� ethosuximide 乙琥胺� etiological treatment 病因治疗� euphoria 欣快症� excitation 激发，兴奋� excretion 分泌, 排泄 fentanyl 芬太尼 first pass effect first pass elimination 首过消除� fluphenazine 氟奋乃静� folic acid 叶酸� furazolidone 呋喃唑酮� furosemide 速尿� ganglionic blocking drug 神经节阻断药 gentamicin 庆大霉素� glucocorticoid 糖皮质激素� gray baby syndrome 灰婴综合征� Guanethidine 胍乙啶� habituation 习惯性� halothane 氟烷� hepatoenteral circulation 肝肠循环� heroin 海洛因� histamine 组胺� Homatropine 后马托品� hydrochlorothiazide 氢氯噻嗪 hydrocortisone 氢化可的松 hydrolazine 肼屈嗪� hydroprednisone 氢化泼尼松� hyperreaction 高敏性� hypersensitive reaction 过敏反应� hyponotics Ibuprofen 布洛芬� idiosyncratic reaction 特异质反应� imipramine 丙咪嗪� immunopharmacology 免疫药理学� immunopotentiating drug 免疫增强药 � immunosuppressive drug 免疫抑制药� indomethacin 吲哚美辛,消炎痛� inhalation 吸入� inhibition 抑制� insulin 胰岛素� intrinsic activity 内在活性� iodide 碘化物 isosorbide dinitrate kanamycin 卡那霉素� labetalol latent period 潜伏期� laxative 泻药� lethal dose 致死量 levodopa 左旋多巴 liability for abuse 滥用倾向 lidocaine (xylocaine) 利多卡因 ligand 配体 lincomycin 林可霉素 lithium carbonate 碳酸锂� loading dose 负荷剂量 lobeline 山梗菜碱 local anaesthetics 局麻药� magnesium sulfate 硫酸镁 margin of safety 安全范围 maximal dose 极量 mechanism of action 作用机制 meclofenoxate 氯酯醒 median effective dose 半数有效量 meperidine (pethidine) 哌替啶 metabolism 新陈代谢 metabolite 代谢物 metaraminol 间羟胺 metformin 二甲双胍 methadone 美沙酮 methimazole 甲硫咪唑 methyldopa 甲基多巴 methylphenidate 哌醋甲酯 metoprolol 美托洛尔 metronidazole 甲硝唑(灭滴灵) mexiletine 美西律 minimal effective dose 最小有效量 minimal toxic dose 最小中毒量 mode of action 作用方式 molecular pharmacology 分子药理学 monoamine oxidase (MAO) 单胺氧化酶 morphine 吗啡 muscarine 毒蕈碱 nalorphine 丙烯吗啡 naloxone 纳洛酮 negative chronotropic action 负性变时效应 Neostigmine 新斯的明 neuroleptanalgesia 神经安定镇痛术 neuroleptic drug 神经安定药 neuromuscular blocking drug 神经肌肉阻断药 neuropharmacology 神经药理学 nicardipine 尼卡地平 nicotine 烟碱 nifidipine 硝苯地平 nimodipine 尼莫地平 nitrendipine 尼群地平 nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油 nitrous oxide 一氧化亚氮(笑气) noradrenaline (norepinephrine) 去甲肾上腺素 novocaine 奴佛卡因 occupation theory 占领学说 one compartment model 一室模型 oxidation 氧化 parenteral route 非肠道途径 partial agonist 部分激动剂 partial antagonist 部分拮抗剂 peak time 峰时间 penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) 青霉素G(苄青霉素) pentazocine 镇痛新 per os 口服 perphenazine 奋乃静 persistent period 持续时间 pharmacodynamics 药（物）效（应）动力学 pharmacokinetics 药（物）代（谢）动力学 pharmacology 药理学 pharmacopeia 药典 phenobarbital (luminal) 苯巴比妥(鲁米那) phenolphthalein 酚酞 phenothiazines 吩噻嗪类 phenoxybenzamine 酚苄明 phentolamine 酚妥拉明 physostigmine 毒扁豆碱 pilocarpine 毛果云香碱 pindolol 吲哚洛尔 placebo 安慰剂 placental barrier 胎盘屏障 polymyxins 多粘菌素类 positive inotropic action 正性变力效应 pralidoxime chloride 氯解磷定 pralidoxime iodide 碘解磷定 prednisolone 泼尼松龙 prednisone 泼尼松 probenecid 丙磺舒 procainamide 普鲁卡因胺 promethazine 异丙嗪 propafenone 普罗帕酮 propranolol 心得安 propylthiouracil 丙基硫氧嘧啶 protein binding 蛋白结合 psychopharmacology 精神药理学 psychotroptic drug 抗精神病药 pyrimethamine 乙胺嘧啶 quinidine 奎尼丁 quinine 奎宁 quinolones 喹诺酮类 ranitidine 雷尼替丁 receptor 受体 rectum 直肠 redistribution 再分布 replacement therapy 替代治疗 reserpine 利血平 residual period 残留期 resistance 耐药性，阻力 salbutamol 沙丁胺醇 scopolamine 东莨菪碱 secobarbital (seconal) 司可巴比妥(速可眠) secondary reaction 继发反应 sedatives 镇静药 selectivity 选择性 side reaction 副作用 site of metabolism 代谢部位 skeletal muscular relaxant 骨骼肌松弛药 sodium cromoglycate 色甘酸二钠 sodium nitroprusside 硝普钠 sodium thiopental 硫喷妥钠 sodium valproate 丙戊酸钠 spiramycin 螺旋霉素 stimulation 刺激 streptokinase 链激酶 structure activity relationship 构效关系 sublingual 舌下的 succinylcholine 琥珀胆碱 sulfonylureas 磺酰脲类药物 supplement therapy 补充治疗 symptomatic treatment 对症治疗 terbutaline 特布他林 terramycin 土霉素 tetracaine 丁卡因 tetracycline 四环素 therapeutic action 治疗作用 therapeutic dose 治疗量 therapeutic index 治疗指数 thiazides 噻嗪类 threshold dose 阈剂量 tolbutamide 甲磺丁脲 tolerance 耐受

avail   v. 有利于，有用  n.利益，效用

countervail   v.补偿，抵消

prevail   v. 流行，获胜

prevailing   a.  普遍的，流行的