put through 接通(电话) put out 熄灭;关(灯);出版;生产 put on 穿上;上演;增加(体重) put off 推迟;拖延;阻碍
put down 记下;镇压 put forward 提出
(10) set
set up 开办;建立 set out 动身;开始
set off 动身;使爆炸 set down 登记;放下
set back 推迟 set aside 挑出;不顾
set apart 使分离 set about 开始;散布(谣言等)
(11) take
take after 相像 take apart 拆开
take?as 理解 take away 拿走;使离去;减去
take down 记下;拆卸 take for 认为
take on 承担;开始呈现 take into account 考虑
take off 起飞;模仿 take to 开始对?产生好感
take up 开始从事 take over 接任
take out 拿出;去掉;扣除 take back 收回
take in 接受;理解;欺骗 take effect 生效
take turns 轮流
(12) turn
turn away 走开;把脸转过去 turn one’s back on 不理睬
turn out 生产;驱逐;翻转 turn on 开
turn off 关;拐弯 turn into 进入;使变成,使成为 turn in 拐入;交出;上床睡觉 turn down 关小;调低;拒绝
turn against 对?采取敌对态度 by turns 轮流;交替
turn back 折回 turn around 转变
in turn 转而 turn up 出现;找到;证明是
turn to 变成;求助于;着手;查阅 turn over 翻过来;仔细考虑
2)高频词及搭配
(1)case n.
a case in point 恰当的例子 in any case 无论如何,不管怎样 in case 假使 in case of 假如;防备
in no case 无论如何不;决不 in this/that case 如果这样/那样的话 in the case of 就?来说;至于
(2)raise v.
raise one’s hat to sb. 向某人举帽致敬 raise one’s hand 举手
(3)available a..
make sth. available to/for 使?可以享受/买得起某物
(4)charge n.& vt.
in charge of 主管;看管 in (under) the charge of 在?的掌管下
charge sb. with 指控某人? charge money 要价
take charge 接管
(5)effect n..& v.
bring/carry/put into effect 实行,实现 take effective measures 采取有效措施
take effect 生效,起作用 to the effect that 大意是 in effect 实质上,实际上 come/go into effect 生效
(6)relate v
relate to/with 有关联 in/with relation to 有关,涉及
阅读方法
第一节 猜测词义,减少阅读障碍
一、 上下语境法
1. 利用定义、解释或重述猜测词义
定义或解释时,常见的表述有:?means?;?is/are called?;?,which?;?can be defined as?;?is/are known as?;be;refer to;be referred to as;be spoken of as;mean;denote;be described as;be defined as;be thought of as;be known as;be called/named/termed;be taken to de等。
进行重述时,常见的表达有:or?;in other words;to put it in another way;that is to say;that is;i.e.等。
除了这些表述之外,有时文章的破折号、冒号、括号、逗号等也能起到提示的作用。
2. 利用对比、反义词猜测词义
表示对比的句子往往带有一个标志语,即从属连词、并列连词、介词或副词,常见的有:but;however;whereas;rather than;although;though;nevertheless;in spite of;despite;unlike;in contrast;on the other hand;instead (of)等。在同句中出现一对或几对反义词,能够加强对比对照的效果。同时,作者也可利用意义相反的词汇来对某个单词进行解释或说明。
(1)表示列举的有:firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally,in the first(second,third)place,to begin with,to start with,first of all,next,also,after that,then等。
(2)表示举例的有:for example,for instance,to illustrate,as an illustration,such as,as a case in point,one example is that?等。
(3)表示原因的有:because,as,since,for,the reason for this lies in the fact is that?,the key(main,chief,most important)reason is (that)?thanks to,due to,owing to,in consequence of,on the ground of等。
(4)表示比较的有:similarly,likewise,in the same way,i.e.等。
(5)表示对照的有:but,however,nevertheless,rather than,instead of,on the other hand,by contrast,on the contrary,while,whereas,in spite of that,in contrast,conversely等。
(6)表示让步的有:in spite of this/that,of course,no doubt,naturally,though,to tell you the truth等。
(7)表示结果的有:therefore,hence,thus,so,as a result (of),as consequence of,accordingly,consequently等。
(8)表示归纳的有:in short,in brief,in one word,in summary,in conclusion,to conclude等。
(9)表示强调的有:in fact,as a matter of fact,in reality,in effect,sure enough,to be sure,actually,especially,above all,in particular,particularly,most importantly,omst important of all等。
(10)表示引出观点的有:in my opinion,to my mind,I think(believe,hold,assume,suppose)that?,it is my belief that?,relatively speaking,as everyone knows,It enjoys worldwide acceptance that?,no one can deny that?,recent studies have led the public to realization that?,there is enough proof(evidence) to show that?,It is well known that?,As can be seen from the table that?,it is quite clear(obvious,certain)that?等。
(12)表示结论的有:in a word,in short,in brief,in conclusion,in summary,to conclude,to sum up,to draw a conclusion,to say it simply,to put it simply,all in all,overall,on the whole等。
3. 找出表明句子各部分相互关系的关键词。如:As a result of all of the newspaper and TV attention,the problem of the rain forest has become well known. (as a result of 表明因果关系,其后跟随的名词性短语说明的是原因。)