美国总统大选英文

Elections in the United StatesPresidential elections: requirements for candidatesRepublican presidential hopeful (2008) Rudolph Giuliani signs autographs. (© Joseph Kaczmarek/AP Images)(The following article is taken from the U.S. Department of State publication, USA Elections in Brief.)Elections occur in every even-numbered year for some federal and most state and local government offices in the United States. Some states and local jurisdictions hold elections in odd-numbered years.Thus, every four years, Americans elect a president and vice president. Every two years, Americans elect all 435 members of the U.S. House of Representatives and approximately one-third of the 100 members of the U.S. Senate. Senators serve staggered terms of six years each.The United States relies on a complex federal system of government, where the national government is central; but where state and local governments also exercise authority over matters that are not reserved for the federal government. State and local governments have varying degrees of independence in how they organize elections within their jurisdictions, but they a hold frequent, decisive, and well administered elections.Types of U.S. ElectionsThere are two basic types of elections: primary and general. Primary elections are held prior to a general election to determine party candidates for the general election. The winning candidates in the primary go on to represent that party in the general election (although there may be a few more steps before their party lets them do that).Since the early 20th century, primaries have been the chief electoral device for choosing party candidates. With rare exception, victory in a primary election results in a candidate being nominated by that political party for the general election. In a few states, party candidates are chosen in state or local nominating conventions, rather than primaries, either by tradition or at the option of the political parties.Once the primary elections or conventions conclude, the general election is held to determine who will be elected to hold office. In the general election, voters make the final determination from among the party candidates listed on the ballot. The general election ballot may also include independent candidates (those not affiliated with a major political party) who gain access to the ballot by submitting a specified number of petition signatures, rather than by the traditional primary method. Furthermore, in some states, the ballot may include a place to "write in" the names of candidates who were neither nominated by the parties nor qualified by petition. Such candidates may be described as "self-nominated" and they win election to public office from time to time.Democratic presidential hopeful (2008) Hillary Clinton visits with supporters. (© Joseph Kaczmarek/AP Images)In the United States, elections may involve more than just choosing people for public office. In some states and localities, questions of public policy may also be placed on the ballot for voter approval or disapproval. Measures referred to voters by the state legislature or local board or council – referenda – and those placed on the ballot by citizen petition — initiatives – usually concern bond issues (approving the borrowing of money for public projects) and other mandates or strictures on government. In recent decades, these ballot measures have had major impacts, particularly on state budgets and policies, most notably with respect to the state of California education system.In addition to federal, state, and local elections held in even-numbered years, some states and local jurisdictions hold "off-year" elections in odd-numbered years. Many jurisdictions, also, provide for special elections, which can be scheduled at any time to serve a specific purpose, such as filling an unexpected vacancy in an elected office.Presidential ElectionsEvery four years, the general election for U.S. president takes place on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November. Prior to this general election, states hold primary elections or caucuses to choose delegates to the national nominating conventions where the party nominees are selected. These individual state primaries and caucuses typically take place between January and June, followed by the national conventions in July, August, or September.Since the 1970s, the presidential candidates who will be the eventual nominees of the major parties are known before the conventions, because they amass a majority of delegates before the primary and caucus season is concluded. As a consequence, the conventions have become largely ceremonial events. Highlights of the conventions include a keynote speech by a party leader or leaders, the announcement of the nominee's vice presidential candidate, the roll call of delegate votes by the state delegations, and the ratification of the party "platform" (the document that states its positions on the issues). As a televised political event and the start of the general election campaign, the conventions are an opportunity to promote the party nominees and define differences with the opposition.The percentage of eligible voters who cast ballots varies from election to election, but voter turnout in general – even in presidential elections — is lower than in most other democracies. Since 1960, voter turnout has generally declined from 64 percent (1960) to just over 50 percent (1996), although it increased again over the last two elections to just over 60 percent. There are several reasons for the comparatively low turnout in the United States. In contrast to some other democracies, a voter in the United States must self-register to be eligible to vote, a process that varies somewhat from one state to another. Another explanation is that voting is voluntary, not compulsory, as in some nations. Because of the high number of elections that are required to fill the estimated more than one million elective offices throughout the country, it is also possible that voter fatigue contributes to lower turnout.Statistics indicate that turnout can drop when the public is content with the political situation, or when polls point to an inevitable victory for a candidate. Conversely, turnout may rise when the race between candidates is considered to be very close or controversial issues are on the ballot.Candidate RequirementsEach federal elected office has different requirements, laid out in Articles I and II of the U.S. Constitution. A candidate for president, for example, must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least 35 years old, and a resident of the United States for at least 14 years. A vice president must meet the same qualifications. Under the Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the vice president cannot be from the same state as the president.Candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives must be at least 25 years old, have been U.S. citizens for seven years, and be legal residents of the state they seek to represent in Congress. U.S. Senate candidates must be at least 30, have been a U.S. citizen for nine years, and be legal residents of the state they wish to represent. Those seeking state or local office must meet requirements established by those jurisdictions.The Twenty-Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1951, prohibits anyone from being elected president of the United States more than twice. However, the Constitution does not impose any term limits on representatives and senators in Congress, although various political groups over the years have lobbied for such limits. The term limits, if any, applied to state and local officials are spelled out in state constitutions and local ordinances.

美国实行总统制，总统选举每四年举行一次。美国总统选举制度复杂，过程漫长。选举的主要程序包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选人、总统候选人竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”、“选举人”成立选举人团投票表决正式选举总统和当选总统就职典礼等几个阶段。1、预选阶段：预选是美国总统选举的第一阶段，通常从大选年的年初开始，到年中结束。预选有两种形式，分别是政党基层会议和直接预选。前者是指两党在各州自下而上，从选举点、县、选区到州逐级召开代表会议，最终选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表。后者在形式上如同普选，一个州的两党选民同一天到投票站投票选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表，这是大多数州目前采用的预选方式。2、总统候选人提名大会阶段：预选结束后，两党通常将分别在七、八月份召开全国代表大会。会议的主要任务是最终确定本党总统、副总统候选人，并讨论通过总统竞选纲领。3、总统候选人竞选阶段：全国代表大会之后，总统竞选活动便正式拉开帷幕。这一过程一般要持续8至9周。在此期间，两党总统候选人将耗费巨资，穿梭于全国各地，进行广告大战、发表竞选演说、会见选民、召开记者招待会以及进行公开辩论。此外，候选人还将通过多种形式阐述对国内外事务的政策主张，以赢得选民信任，争取选票。4、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”阶段：全国选民投票在选举年11月份的第一个星期一后的第一个星期二举行(2008年是11月4日)，这一天被称为总统大选日。所有美国选民都到指定地点进行投票，在两个总统候选人之间作出选择(在同一张选票上选出各州的总统“选举人”)。一个(党的)总统候选人在一个州的选举中获得多数取胜，他就拥有这个州的全部总统“选举人”票，这就是全州统选制。全国选民投票日也叫总统大选日。由于美国总统选举实行“选举人团”制度，因此总统大选日的投票结果，产生的实际上是代表50个州和哥伦比亚特区的538位“选举人”。另外，在总统大选日，选民还要在联邦范围内进行参议院和众议院选举。根据美国1787年宪法，两院议员由各州选民直接选举产生。5、选举团投票表决正式选总统阶段：选举人票的数量，体现州权平等原则，根据各州在国会的议员数量而定。例如，每个州都在国会有2名参议员和至少1名众议员，所以，任何州都至少有3票。但人口多的大州，除了这3票以外，众议员人数越多，选举人票数也就越多。1961年，美国宪法修正案批准华盛顿特区可以像州一样有总统选举人。这样，美国国会有100参议员(任期6年，每两年改选三分之一)、435名众议员(任期两年，期满后全部改选)，加上华盛顿哥伦比亚特区的3票，总统选举人票总共为538票。一位候选人赢得的选举人票超过总数的一半(270张)，即当选总统。6、当选总统就职典礼阶段：真正的总统选举是在12月第二个星期三之后的第一个星期一举行(2008年是12月15日)。届时，各州和哥伦比亚特区被推选出的“选举人”将前往各州的首府进行投票。获270张选票以上的候选人将当选总统，并于次年1月20日宣誓就职。就职典礼是美国总统选举的最后一道程序，只有到当选总统于次年1月20日手抚《圣经》，宣誓就职时，美国的总统选举才告结束。The United States presidential system, presidential elections held every four years. American presidential election system is complex, the process is long. Election of the main program includes pre selection, the parties held a National Congress to determine that the presidential candidate, candidate for the presidency and national voters elected president "the elector", "the elector" established in the electoral college vote formally elect the president and President elect presidential inauguration in several stages.1, the pre selection stage:The first phase of the election of the United States presidential election, usually from the beginning of the year to the end of the year. There are two kinds of forms, namely, the basic level of the party and the direct selection. The former refers to the two parties in the States from the bottom up, from the election point, county, district level to the state level, the final election of the party to participate in the National Convention representative. The latter in the form of universal suffrage, a state of the two parties from the same day to vote for the party to vote on behalf of the party to participate in the National Convention, which is currently used in most states of the primaries.2, presidential candidates nominated conference stage:After the primaries, the two parties will normally be held in the National Convention in seven or eight months. The main task of the meeting is to finalize the party's president, vice presidential candidate, and discuss the presidential election platform.3, presidential candidate election stage:After the National Convention, the presidential campaign officially kicked off. This process usually lasts from 8 to 9 weeks. During this period, the presidential candidates will spend huge amounts of money, travel across the country, the advertising war, the election speech, met with voters, held a press conference, and a public debate. In addition, the candidates will be through a variety of forms to explain domestic and foreign affairs policy advocates, in order to win the trust of voters, for votes.4, the national voter vote to elect the president of the electoral college:The national vote was held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of the election year (2008 November 4th), which is called the presidential election day. All American voters are in a designated place for a vote, between the two presidential candidates (in the same ballot to elect the president of the States). A (party) presidential candidate wins a majority in the election of a state, and he holds all the president's "electoral votes" in the state, which is the Quanzhou system. National voter polling day also known as the presidential election day. As the United States presidential election to the electoral system, so the presidential election day of the vote, resulting in the fact that the 50 states and the District of Columbia, 538". In addition, in the presidential election, voters will also be in the federal Senate and house elections. According to the constitution of the United States in 1787, the house and Senate are directly elected by the voters of the state.5, the electoral college vote in the presidential election:The number of electoral votes, which embodies the principle of equality of state power, according to the number of members of the state in the house of representatives. For example, each state has 2 senators and at least 1 members of the house of Representatives, so any state has at least 3 votes. But a large population of the state, in addition to these 3 votes, the number of members, the more the number of electoral votes. In 1961, the United States constitutional amendment approved Washington, D. C., as the state has a presidential election. In this way, the Congress of the United States has 100 senators (a term of 6 years, every two years to reelect one-third), 435 representatives (for a term of two years, after the expiration of all elections), and Washington D.C. three votes, presidential electoral votes for a total of 538 votes. A candidate who has won more than half (270) of the total number of electoral votes, the election of the president.6, was elected president of the inauguration stage:The real presidential election was held on the first Monday after the second Wednesday of 2008 (December 15th). By then, the States and the District of Columbia was elected "the man" will go to the capital of the States to vote. The candidate will be elected president by more than 270 votes, and will be sworn in in January 20th of the following year.The inauguration is the last procedure in the United States presidential election, only to be elected president in January 20th of the following year, hand to hand in the Bible, the oath of office, the United States presidential election to end.

自己百度把！

Willard mitt romney is 70 Massachusetts as governor. Republicans, he is a church of Jesus Christ of latter-day saints (the mormons) believers. In 1947 Mr Romney was born in a Mormon family. Father George w. romney was a successful businessman, then abandon quotient in politics, served as the three Michigan governor, is the 1998 presidential election republican contender, during the Nixon presidency once was appointed cabinet officials. His wife Ann romney is his high school classmate, two people after four years marathon in love after marriage. In the 22 late at the American election last presidential debates, Obama and Mr Romney is many international problems "melee game", difference almost throughout the whole game, but at least once they are in the same issues shook hands: both rare consistently think: China can become the partner. The debate on foreign policy as the theme, including "the rise of China and the world of tomorrow

哈哈，高手在上面