经济师etc

中级职称，一般是指博士研究生毕业，经考核，可以直接认定为中级；硕士研究生毕业或双学位获得者，从事专业技术工作二或三年以上（不同专业所需年限不同）；大学本科毕业，从事专业技术工作五年以上，取得助理职称四年以上。

会计学硕考研科目有哪些？初试包括：政治、英语一、数学三、会计学或管理学。其中英语一(考查学生英语分析能力)数学三还有会计学或管理学( 综合考查会计、管理学和经济学方面的知识)。研究方向会计学的研究方向主要有：(01)财务会计理论与方法(02)现代管理会计与企业理财(03)会计基本理论与方法(04)国际会计(05)审计基本理论与方法(06)会计信息系统(07)公共财务与政府会计培养模式会计学硕：主要以理论教学为主，学制一般为三年。就业前景1.专业证书在财会行业的背景下，首先需要考取一些专业证书，如初级会计、中级会计、高级会计、注册会计师、注册税务师、国际注册会计师、经济师etc，均是这个行业高层次人才必备的资格。其中最重要以及热度最高的证书是注册会计师CPA。2.就业方向就业方向上可以在会计师事务所、金融机构(四大会计师事务所、投资机构、银行等)，也可以是各类企事业单位、政府机关的有关部门，或者会计培训机构、财务培训机构等等。

首先，我想说下面所有资料都是复制的，但还是希望帮助到楼主。要想写英文论文，得先掌握好相关的单词和句子，中文的论文就有很多，如果楼主能够学会相关单词，就可以了按劳分配distribution according to one's performance安家费settling-in allowance矮子里拔将军choose a general from among the dwarfs--pick the best out of a mediocre bunch白领工人 white-collar worker 白领工人 White collar (早在1928年，人们开始用white-collar来形容非体力劳动者，如老师、公务员等。“白领”顾名思义，表示其职业要求着装整齐、清洁。)拔尖人才 tip-top (or top-notch) talent办公室设备 office equipment班车 shuttle bus包干制 overall rationing system; scheme of payment partly in kind and partly in cash搬运工人 transport worker半脱产 partly released from productive labor; partly released from one's regular work报关员 declarant保安员 security staff包装业 package industry保障措施 supporting measure报销 apply for reimbursement保证金 margins, collateral边防证 fronter pass毕业设计 graduation design 毕业生分配制度 assignment system for graduates闭卷 closed-book exam标准普通话 standard mandarin边际薪酬 marginal salaries边际报酬 marginal return博士生 Ph.D candidate博士生导师 tutor of a Ph.D. student博士后 post-doctoral博导 Ph.D. supervisor; doctoral advisor才疏学浅 be wanting in ability and shallow in knowledge裁减冗员 cut down on overstaffing ; lay off redundant staff参与意识 desire to participate; sense of participation餐饮业 catering industry掺水文凭 diploma obtained by using unfair or unlawful means产假 maternity leave差旅费 expenses for business trips产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理 "clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management倡议书 initial written proposal常委会 standing committee 常务董事 managing director; excutive director 常务理事 executive member of the council超前意识 superior consciousness超前精神 a surpassing spirit超编人员 exceed personnel撤销职务 annul one's position; dismiss ... from; be stripped of; remove... from成人中等职业技术教育 adult secondary vocational and technical education 成人中等专科学校 secondary specialized (technical) school for adults成人高考 the national higher education exams for self-taught adults 成人中等专科学校 secondary specialized /technical school for adults城镇住房公积金 urban housing provident fund城镇职工医疗保险制度改革 medical insurance for urban workers 城镇职工基本医疗保险制度 basic medical insurance system for urban working people充电 recharge one's batteries; update one's knowledge; brush up (on) 吃劳保 live on labor insurance allowance抽样调查 sample survey出勤率 attendance rate传染病 communicable disease; infectious disease传染性疾病 communicable disease粗放式管理 extensive management从众心理 group psychology 从众行为 the behavior of blindly conforming to the norm村办企业 village-run enterprise大环境 the social, political and economic environment; the overall situation打工 do work for others大锅饭 egalitarian practice of everyone taking food from the same big pot打卡机 punch machine大专生 junior college student 大专文凭 associate degree代职 function in an acting capacity待业 job-waiting 待业人员 job-waiting people带薪假期 paid holiday带薪产假 paid maternity leave 带薪分流 assign redundant civil servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits代培 train on contract; train special personnel for other work units in return for payment guaranteed by a contract党总支 Party general branch单挑；单干 do something by oneself; work on one's own登记失业率 registered jobless rate德智体美劳 "all around development of moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetics and labour education "德才兼备 have both political integrity and ability; people who possess both political integrity and professional ability第二学位 second Bachelor's degree电大 college courses broadcast on television电话会议 teleconference调动一切积极因素 mobilize all positive factors（解决争端）调查结果 findings董事会 board of directors定向生 targeted-area student定向培训 target training; job-oriented training定岗 determine posts定额计酬 quota remuneration定编 personnel allocation独资经营 single-investor enterprise; sole proprietorship enterprise; sole investment enterprise独立核算工业企业 independent accounting enterprise独立董事 independent director独立董事制度 the independent director system多劳多得 more pay for more work多（跨）国公司 multinational companies渎职 dereliction of duty多退少补 refund for any overpayment or a supplemental payment for any deficiency恶性循环 vicious circl法人 legal person 法人代表 legal representative法律硕士 Master of Law房产估价师 real estate evaluator反聘 rehire after retirement非劳动收入 income not from work; passive income非国有工业企业 non-state industrial enterprises分歧和矛盾 differences and contradictions粉领 Pink-collar (源于美国，最先见于《时代周刊》，一般指从事于教育、文书、售货等行业的女性。在中国，也有人用粉领代表全职的优越家庭环境内的家庭主妇。) 粉领族 "pink-collar tribe (Women who play major role in certain professions such as office workers, secretaries, models, airline hostesses, etc)复合型人才 interdisciplinary talent浮动工资 floating wages; fluctuating wages福利分房 welfare-oriented public housing distribution system岗位津贴 post allowance高级经理人员 high-level managerial personnel; senior personnel 高级商务师 certified business executive; senior business engineer; high-level economist; senior commercialist高等教育自学考试 self-study higher education examination岗位责任制 work post responsibility高材生 top student公费医疗 free medical service; free medicare; public health service公费旅游 junket; facility trip个案 individual case (involving special circumstances)个体户，个体经营 privately or individually-owned business 个体经济 private economy工时 man-hour工龄工资 seniority pay公积金 public accumulation fund; public reserve funds工作午餐 working lunch工资削减 pay-cut工薪阶层 salaried person/group 公休 work recess骨干企业 key enterprise股东会 board of shareholders 股份公司 joint-stock company 股份合作制 shareholding cooperative system 有限责任公司 limited liability company 股份有限公司 limited liability company 股份制 shareholding system; joint-stock system关系网 connection network; relationship network挂靠 be attached or affiliated to; be subordinate to管理办法 measures for administration 管理规定 provisions on administration 管理条例 regulations on administration广交会 The China Export Commodities Fair归国留学生 returned students国际商业机器公司 International Business Machine Corporation (IBM)国际劳工组织 ILO (International Labor Organization)过劳死 karoshi; death from overwork国家控股公司 state-controlling company国有及国有控股工业企业 state-owned industrial enterprises and enterprises whose controlling stake was owned by the stat函授大学 correspondence university核心竞争力 core competitiveness合伙企业 partnership enterprise户口簿 residence booklet户口管理制度 "domicile system, residence registration system "户籍改革 household registry reform; residential system reform灰色收入 gray income灰领 (源于美国，指负责维修电器、上下水道、机械的技术工人，他们多穿灰色的制服工作，因此得名。) Gray-collar (Skilled technicians; employees whose job descriptions combine some white- and some blue-collar duties.) 灰领工人 gray-collar workers机电产品 mechanical and electrical products记大过 record a serious demerit基本医疗保险制度 basic medical insurance system计件工资制 piece-rate system 季节工 seasonal worker技术工人 technician; skilled worker计时工资 hourly wage 计时工资制 time-rate wage system集体观念 groupism; collective spirit技术职称 technical title集资 pool resources; collect money; raise funds; raise money家长制作风 patriarchal style家庭出身 family background家族企业 family firm减员增效 downsize staffs and improve efficiency荐贤举能 recommend the virtuous and the able见面会 meet-and-greet健康及意外险 health and casualty insurance减员增效 reduce staff for greater efficiency奖励工资制度 a bonus wages system; a system of higher pay for better performance街道企业 neighborhood enterprise教学法 pedagogy; teaching method交通补助 travel allowance解决劳动力就业问题 tackle the problem of employment of the labor force结构工资制 structual wage system 阶段性就业 periodic employment晋级考试 promotion test-test given to promote candidates on their knowledge of the relevant subjects技工学校 skilled workers training school金领工人 gold-collar worker 紧密型企业集团 tightly-knit groups of enterprises经济担保书 financial guarantee进修班 class for further studies经济师 economic engineer; economic manager; economist境外就业 be employed abroad经营范围 scope of business竞争上岗 take up a job through competition竞争机制 competitive mechanism经营责任制 management system敬业精神 professional dedication; professional ethics就业保险 employment insurance 就业服务 employment service 就业高峰年 peak year for college graduates entering the job market. 就业机会 job opening; job opportunity 就业前培训 pre-job training; pre-service training 就业压力 employment pressure居民身份证 resident identification car开工率 rate of operation;rate of opening capacity开工不足 enterprises running under their production capacity开除公职 discharge somebody from public employment; take the name off the book; be discharged from office科班 Peking opera school of the old type; professional training class考核标准 criteria of assessment 考勤 check on work attendance 考勤制度 work attendance checking system 控股公司 holding company, controlling company恪守职业道德 observe professional ethics跨国公司 transnational corporation会计电算化 accounting computerization跨业公司 conglomerate company困难职工 the needy worker亏损企业 enterprises running in the red/under deficit劳动者素质 quality of the workforce劳动模范 model worker劳动力产权 labor property rights 劳动力的流动性 fluidity of labor 劳动力过剩 labor surplus；manpower surplus 劳动力资源配置 allocation of labor resources 劳动密集型 labor-intensive 劳动密集型产业 labor-intensive industry劳动服务公司 labor service company;service company 劳动定额 labor quota 劳动合同制 labor contract system劳保医疗制度 labor medicare system

中级职称，一般是指：（1）博士研究生毕业，经考核，可以直接认定为中级。 （2）硕士研究生毕业，从事专业技术工作三年以上。（3）大学本科毕业，从事专业技术工作五年以上，担任助理职务四年以上。 （4）大学专科毕业，从事专业技术工作七年以上，担任助理职务四年以上。

这是两条线，一是职业资格 一是职称，两者不可互相替代。“可以视为” ，看你所在单位的规章制度怎么定的，比如 任职资格中要求：高级人力资源管理师或中级职称；工资档级：具有高级人力资源管理师资格或中级职称；etc