打篮球的猫咪

International economy and trade

啃鲍鱼的螺丝

从事国际贸易的学生，应当系统地了解马克思主义经济的基本原理和国际经济贸易的基本原理，掌握国际贸易的基本知识和技能，熟悉国际贸易，必须能够参与对外经济贸易主体、外资企业的实际经营、管理、研究和宣传策划。 该专业主要会研究国际贸易理论与政策、企业国际化经营、国际商务与全球营销、国际贸易风险分析与规避等课题，以应对国际性的金融风暴。 扩展资料 以贸易全球化为首要内容的经济全球化，对我国经济和商务发展产生了深刻影响。深入分析和把握当前国际贸易的发展趋势和特点，对于我们科学决策，在更大范围、更广领域和更高层次上参与国际经济合作与竞争，把握好经济全球化带来的各种机遇，具有十分重要的意义。 国际市场的竞争活动，也促使世界总体的生产力发展进一步加快。这不仅促进了发达国家经济的进一步发展，也促进了不发达国家和地区的经济发展。 参考资料；百度百科-国际贸易专业

美丽世界的angel

CFR(cost and freight)成本加运费价 D/P(document against payment)付款交单 C.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证 CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱 DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元 PKG(package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等 G.W.(gross weight)毛重 C/D (customs declaration)报关单 W (with)具有 FAC(facsimile)传真 EXP（export)出口 MIN (minimum)最小的，最低限度 M/V（merchant vessel)商船 MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨 INT（international)国际的 INV (invoice)发票 REF （reference)参考、查价 STL.(style)式样、款式、类型 RMB（renminbi)人民币 PR或PRC(price) 价格 S/C（sales contract)销售确认书 B/L （bill of lading)提单 CIF （cost,insurance&freight)成本、保险加运费价 T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇 D/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单 G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制 PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等 DOZ/DZ(dozen)一打 WT(weight)重量 N.W.(net weight)净重 EA(each)每个，各 w/o(without)没有 IMP(import)进口 MAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的 M 或MED (medium)中等，中级的 S.S(steamship)船运 DOC (document)文件、单据 P/L (packing list)装箱单、明细表 PCT (percent)百分比 EMS （express mail special)特快传递 T或LTX或TX(telex)电传 S/M （shipping marks)装船标记 PUR (purchase)购买、购货 L/C （letter of credit)信用证 交货delivery 轮船steamship(缩写S.S) 装运、装船shipment 租船charter (the chartered shep) 交货时间 time of delivery 定程租船voyage charter; 装运期限time of shipment 定期租船time charter 贸易英语缩写托运人（一般指出口商）shipper,consignor

伊斯坦布尔之夜

FOBFree on Board....(named port of shipment)The goods are placed on board a ship by the seller at a port of shipment named in the sales contract. The risk of loss or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship's rail.C & FCost and Freight...(named port of destination)The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named destination but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as of any cost increases, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment.CIFCost, Insurance and Freight...(named port of destination)The term is the same as C&F but with the addition that the seller has to produce marine insurance against the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts with insurer and pays the insurance premium.

湘剑狠皖

International Trade 国际贸易 International Economic and Trade 国际经贸 Financial 金融 Financing 理财 国际金融International Finance <大学课程> 国际理财International Financing <大学课程> 国际贸易 International Trade <大学课程>参考资料：新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典

超级飞侠包警长

国际贸易的意思是指跨越国境的货品和服务交易，一般由进口贸易和出口贸易所组成，因此也可称之为进出口贸易。 国际贸易是各国（或地区）在国际分工的基础上相互联系的主要形式，反映了世界各国（或地区）在经济上的相互依赖关系，是由各国对外贸易的总和构成的。从一个国家的角度看国际贸易就是对外贸易（Foreign Trade）。 按商品移动的方向国际贸易可划分为 1、进口贸易（import Trade）：将其他国家的商品或服务引进到该国市场销售。 2、出口贸易（Export Trade）：将该国的商品或服务输出到其他国家市场销售。 3、过境贸易（Transit Trade） ：A国的商品经过C国境内运至B国市场销售，对C国而言就是过境贸易。由于过境贸易对国际贸易的阻碍作用，WTO成员国之间互不从事过境贸易。 国际货物贸易属商品交换范围，与国内贸易在性质上并无不同，但由于它是在不同国家或地区间进行的，所以与国内贸易相比具有以下特点： 1．国际货物贸易要涉及不同国家或地区在政策措施、法律体系方面可能存在的差异和冲突，以及语言文化、社会习俗等方面带来的差异，所涉及的问题远比国内贸易复杂。 2．国际货物贸易的交易数量和金额一般较大，运输距离较远，履行时间较长，因此交易双方承担的风险远比国内贸易要大。 3．国际货物贸易容易受到交易双方所在国家的政治、经济变动、双边关系及国际局势变化等条件的影响。 4．国际货物贸易除了交易双方外，还需涉及到运输、保险、银行、商检、海关等部门的协作、配合，过程较国内贸易要复杂得多。 参考资料来源：百度百科——国际贸易

漩海灵猫

英语目前是国际通用语言,要学的

虎潜山林

International Trade 国际贸易International Economic and Trade 国际经贸Financial 金融Financing 理财国际金融International Finance <大学课程>国际理财International Financing <大学课程>国际贸易 International Trade <大学课程>

派大海绵

因为各个国家语言不通，而做贸易需要沟通，英语是目前世界上最通用广泛的语言。所以是目前国际贸易中沟通的语言基础。此外大部分单据也是英语的。

有心便是海

《1990年国际贸易术语解释通则》共列出十三种贸易术语，其要点如下：

小怪兽的小胖兽

主要的国际贸易术语有： 1、工厂交货( EXW) 本术语英文为"EX Works(... named place)"，即"工厂交货(......指定地点)"。 它指卖方负有在其所在地即车间、工厂、仓库等把备妥的货物交付给买方的责任，但通常不负责将货物装上买方准备的车辆上或办理货物结关。买方承担自卖方的所在地将货物运至预期的目的地的全部费用和风险。 2、船上交货(FOB) 本术语英文为“ Free on Board(... named port of shipment)”，即“船上交货(......指定装运港)”。 它指卖方在指定的装运港把货物送过船舷后交付，货过船舷后买方须承担货物的全部费用、风险、灭失或损坏，另外要求卖方办理货物的出口结关手续。本术语适用于海运或内河运输。 3、成本加运费(CFR或c&F) 本术语英文为“ Cost and Freight (named port of shipment)”，即“成本加运费(......指定目的港)”。 它指卖方必须支付把货物运至指定目的港所需的开支和运费，但从货物交至船上甲板后，货物的风险、灭失或损坏以及发生事故后造成的额外开支，在货物越过指定港的船舷后，就由卖方转向买方负担．另外要求卖方办理货物的出口结关手续。本术语适用于海运或内河运输。 4、成本、保险费加运费(CIF) 本术语英文为“Cost,Insurance and Freight(...named port of shipment)”，即“成本、保险费加运费(......指定目的港)”。 它指卖方除负有与“成本加运费”术语相同的义务外，卖方还须办理货物在运输途中应由买方承担购货物灭失或损坏的海运保险并支付保险费。本术语适用于海运或内河运输。 5、完税后交货(DDP) 本术语的英文为“Delivered Duty Paid(... named place ofdestination)”，即“完税后交货(......指定目的地)”。它是指卖方将备好的货物在进口国指定地点交付，而且承担将货物运至指定地点的一切费用和风险，并办理进口结关。本术语可适用于各种运输方式。 对于国际贸易术语的使用，国际上用《国际贸易术语解释通则》进行规范。《国际贸易术语解释通则》（以下称Incoterms)的宗旨是为国际贸易中最普遍使用的贸易术语提供一套解释的国际规则，以避免因各国不同解释而出现的不确定性，或至少在相当程度上减少这种不确定性。 参考资料来源：百度百科-国际贸易术语

丹枫在心

大家都好专业哦

紫薯飘香

你自己去网上查查不就好拉

熊猫脸脸鸭二鸭

乐乐 你好帅

josephine383

贸易融资 Trade Finance保函额度 Guarantee amount

邮政邮政

外贸英语词汇 trade term / price term 价格术语 world / international market price 国际市场价格 FOB (free on board) 离岸价 C&F (cost and freight) 成本加运费价 CIF (cost, insurance and freight) 到岸价 freight 运费 wharfage 码头费 landing charges 卸货费 customs duty 关税 port dues 港口税 import surcharge 进口附加税 import variable duties 进口差价税 commission 佣金 return commission 回佣，回扣 price including commission 含佣价 net price 净价 wholesale price 批发价 discount / allowance 折扣 retail price 零售价 spot price 现货价格 current price 现行价格 / 时价 indicative price 参考价格 customs valuation 海关估价 price list 价目表 total value 总值 贸易保险术语 All Risks 一切险 F.P.A. (Free from Particular Average) 平安险 W.A. / W.P.A (With Average or With Particular Average) 水渍险 War Risk 战争险 F.W.R.D. (Fresh Water Rain Damage) 淡水雨淋险 Risk of Intermixture and Contamination 混杂、玷污险 Risk of Leakage 渗漏险 Risk of Odor 串味险 Risk of Rust 锈蚀险 Shortage Risk 短缺险 T.P.N.D. ( Theft, Pilferage & Non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险 Strikes Risk 罢工险 贸易机构词汇 WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织 IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织 CTG (Council for Trade in Goods) 货币贸易理事会 EFTA (European Free Trade Association) 欧洲自由贸易联盟 AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) 东盟自由贸易区 JCCT (China-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade) 中美商贸联委会 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area) 北美自由贸易区 UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 联合国贸易与发展会议 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 关贸总协定贸易方式词汇 stocks 存货，库存量 cash sale 现货 purchase 购买，进货 bulk sale 整批销售，趸售 distribution channels 销售渠道 wholesale 批发 retail trade 零售业 hire-purchase 分期付款购买 fluctuate in line with market conditions 随行就市 unfair competition 不合理竞争 dumping 商品倾销 dumping profit margin 倾销差价，倾销幅度 antidumping 反倾销 customs bond 海关担保 chain debts 三角债 freight forwarder 货运代理 trade consultation 贸易磋商 mediation of dispute 商业纠纷调解 partial shipment 分批装运 restraint of trade 贸易管制 RTA (Regional Trade Arrangements) 区域贸易安排 favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差 unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差 special preferences 优惠关税 bonded warehouse 保税仓库 transit trade 转口贸易 tariff barrier 关税壁垒 tax rebate 出口退税 TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) 技术性贸易壁垒 贸易伙伴术语 trade partner 贸易伙伴 manufacturer 制造商，制造厂 middleman 中间商，经纪人 dealer 经销商 wholesaler 批发商 retailer, tradesman 零售商 merchant 商人，批发商，零售商 concessionaire, licensed dealer 受让人，特许权获得者 consumer 消费者，用户 client, customer 顾客，客户 buyer 买主，买方 carrier 承运人 consignee 收货人

木易洛洛

Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade protectionism. As the world economy deteriorates, some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade barriers. China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic isolationism.Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade disputes. The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930, for example, triggered a retaliatory global trade war. During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s, trade frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their currencies. And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, there was a notable uptick in antidumping actions, countervailing duties and other protectionist measures.The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy, hitting sectors like manufacturing and services. In almost all countries, factories are closing and unemployment is rising, creating political pressure and social problems. More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic industries to curb imports from other countries, especially those in emerging markets.Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect trade. It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade rules. This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms, ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade, industry standards and industry protectionism.With the economic crisis worsening, caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization rules. At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008, world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment, a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year, and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last month.History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries, but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first place.To counter the Great Depression, the U.S. adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930, which raised import duties of over 20,000 foreign products significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other countries. Faced with that crisis, other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in 1932. Among the victims, not the least was the U.S. itself, where exports shrank from $5.2 billion in 1929 to $1.2 billion in 1932. Even in the U.S., the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great Depression.Global trade is now in dire straits. Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis, major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge contractions. Germany's exports dropped 10.6% in November 2008, compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since 1990. China also experienced negative export growth in November, and a 17.5% decline last month, when compared to the prior year. Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to predict.In the heat of the crisis, it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of others. The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation, and there is no quick fix to this malady. The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly flowing. Healthy international trade can help revive the world economy. During the Great Depression, the U.S. recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned protectionism.Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as well. China's economic growth has slowed, exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has mounted. Yet even so, China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's problems. In 2008, amid a contraction in global trade, China imported $1.133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 18.5% increase over the prior year. These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading partners. Since the crisis broke out, the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic demand. Given the size and openness of our country, the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other countries. This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment, products and technology.China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic cooperation. We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already established. China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today, tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of prosperity.贸易保护主义无法拯救世界经济对贸易保护主义来说，全球金融危机无疑是一针催化剂。近一时期，随着全球经济形势恶化，一些国家自危、自利、自保倾向抬头。有识之士为此感到忧虑，呼吁各国在出台经济刺激计划时，一定要防止贸易保护主义和经济孤立主义的历史重演。历次全球经济危机往往都伴随着贸易争端的高发。1930年美国政府大范围提高关税，引发了全球范围报复性贸易战。上世纪七八十年代两次石油危机时，主要国家放任货币贬值以扩大出口的作法引发了贸易摩擦。1997年亚洲金融危机之后，全球反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件明显增多。当前，金融危机已蔓延到制造业、服务业等实体经济领域，各国工厂倒闭剧增，失业率上升，政治压力和社会问题接踵而至。越来越多国家以“经济安全”和保护本国虚弱产业为由加强政府对经济的干预，阻挠其他国家特别是新兴国家企业出口。贸易保护主义不同于正当的贸易保护措施，它是对多边贸易规则中救济措施的滥用。从传统的关税和非关税壁垒，到技术性贸易壁垒、行业标准等，以及产业保护主义，当前贸易保护主义的形式更加复杂多样，隐蔽性更强。在危机加剧的背景下，即使符合WTO规则的保护措施也应慎用，这已成为各国共识。在2008年11月举行的G20金融峰会上，各国领导人同声呼吁抵制贸易保护主义，承诺在未来一年内，避免设置新的贸易和投资壁垒。年底的APEC领导人会议和今年初的世界经济论坛达沃斯年会，再次发出了反对保护主义强音。历史是一面镜子。任何针对他国的贸易保护举措，不仅会损害对方，最终也会伤及自身。经验告诉我们，大规模的贸易保护措施将使金融危机下本已严峻的经济形势更加困难。1930年美国为了应对经济危机，颁发了《斯姆特－霍利关税法》，大幅提高超过2万种外国商品的进口关税，结果引起了其他国家的贸易保护主义报复。面对危机，各国以邻为壑，全球贸易总额大幅缩减，从1929年的360亿美元缩小到1932年的120亿美元，美国自身也深受其害，出口总额从1929年的52亿美元左右缩减到1932年的12亿美元。这一法案即使在美国国内也被普遍认为是大萧条加剧的催化剂。如今全球贸易形势已相当严峻：经济危机导致外需衰退，各主要贸易国的出口增速已急剧下滑，甚至出现大幅萎缩。德国08年11月份出口额较前月大幅下滑10.6%，为1990年以来的最大单月降幅。中国08年11月以来出口连续出现负增长，其中09年1月出口下降了17.5%。如果未来贸易保护主义泛滥，使严峻的形势雪上加霜，造成的后果很难预料。我们应该认真思索，这样的后果世界能否承受，又是否值得承受？危机当头，重要的是各国携手共克时艰，而非互相指责，以邻为壑。金融危机是全球经济结构失衡、金融风险积聚长期积累的结果，解决问题也不可能一蹴而就。当前加强磋商、增强合作，保持国际贸易渠道畅通，才符合各国的根本利益。国际贸易的健康发展，是推动世界经济复苏的重要力量。当年罗斯福政府实行新政，与贸易保护主义决裂，带领美国经济走出低谷，推动了全球经济的增长。在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国与其他国家一样都受到严重冲击。去年第三季度以来，经济增速放缓，出口大幅下滑，就业压力加大。即便如此，中国仍坚定认为，贸易保护主义是条死胡同。在全球贸易萎缩的情况下，2008年中国从各国进口11331亿美元的商品，增长18.5％，促进了贸易伙伴的经济发展。危机爆发以来，中国政府果断出台了一系列扩大内需的措施。作为一个开放的大国，中国内需的提升可为其他国家提供更大的市场空间和更多的投资机会。今年，中国将继续扩大进口，积极组织企业采购团，赴海外大规模采购，进口设备、商品和技术。中国始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略，倡导国际经济合作。我们主张积极推进符合各国利益与多边贸易体制的多哈回合谈判。中国愿与世界各国一道，以开放迎接挑战，以合作应对危机，共克时艰，推动世界经济走向新的繁荣。

甜甜起司wasabi

国际服务贸易的定义 国际服务贸易（international trade in service）是指不同国家之间所发生的服务买卖与交易活动。这种服务是指以提供活劳动德形式而满足他人需要并获得外汇报酬的活动。1．过境交付：从一成员境内向任何其他成员境内提供服务。如电信服务和网络服务。２．境外消费：在一成员境内向任何其他成员的服务消费者提供服务。如到国外看病、到国外学习，或外国来旅游等。３．商业存在：一成员的服务提供者在任何其他成员境内通过商业存在提供服务。它是服务贸易活动中最主要的形式。4．自然人流动：一成员的服务提供者在任何其他成员境内通过自然人存在提供服务。如讲学等。

卡布奇诺有点

The Benefits of International Trade:1.Adjust the supply and demand relationship of the national markets.2.Promote the full utilization of production factors.3.The important basis for all countries'participation in international trade is their comparative interests and comparative advantages.4.Improve the production technology level and optimize the domestic industrial structure.The development of international trade can open up a source of fiscal revenue for a country's government.6.Strengthen economic ties between all countries and promote economic development.International trade:International trade refers to the exchange activities of goods and labor services in various countries or regions of the world.It is the main form of interconnection between countries or regions on the basis of the international division of labor，reflecting the economic interdependence of countries or regions in the world，and is composed of the sum of foreign trade between countries.国际贸易(International Trade)也称通商，是指跨越国境的货品和服务交易，一般由进口贸易和出口贸易所组成，因此也可称之为进出口贸易。国际贸易也叫世界贸易。进出口贸易可以调节国内生产要素的利用率，改善国际间的供求关系，调整经济结构，增加财政收入等。国际贸易专业属于经济学学科范畴，主要以经济学理论为依托，包括微观经济学、宏观经济学、国际经济学、计量经济学、世界经济学概论、政治经济学等。重要作用一，国际贸易对国民的作用1.增加国民福利。2.满足国民不同的需求偏好。3.国际贸易提高国民生活水平。4.国际贸易影响国民的文化和价值观。5.提供就业岗位二，国际贸易对企业的作用1.强化品质管理，提高企业效益。2.在产品品质竞争中立于不败之地。3.有利于国际间的经济合作和技术交流。4.有利于企业自我改进能力的提高。5.有效地避免产品责任。三，国际贸易对单一国家的作用1.调节各国市场的供求关系。2.延续社会再生产。3.促进生产要素的充分利用。4.发挥比较优势，提高生产效率。5.提高生产技术水平，优化国内产业结构。6.增加财政收入。7.加强各国经济联系，促进经济发展。四，国际贸易对世界的作用1.国际贸易是世界各国参与国际分工，实现社会再生产顺利进行的重要手段。2.国际贸易是世界各国间进行科学技术交流的重要途径。3.国际贸易是世界各国进行政治、外交斗争的重要工具。4.国际贸易是世界各国对外经济关系的核心。5.国际贸易是国际经济中"传递"的重要渠道。

腊肉炒豆丝

International economics and trade