比萨斜塔英文简介

The Leaning Tower of Pisa was built in August 1173 and is the free-standing clock tower of the Cathedral of Pisa, Italy, on the Square of Miracles in the north of Pisa, Tuscany.The Leaning Tower of Pisa is 58.36 meters high from the foundation to the top of the tower. It is 55 meters high from the ground to the top of the tower. The width of the wall of the clock tower is 4.09 meters on the ground, 2.48 meters wide at the top of the tower, and the total weight is about 14453 tons.The center of gravity is above the foundation. 22.6 meters. The circular foundation has an area of 285 square meters and an average pressure of 497 kPa to the ground. The angle of inclination is 3.99 degrees, which is 2.5 meters away from the outer edge of the foundation and 4.5 meters from the top.比萨斜塔建造于1173年8月，是意大利比萨城大教堂的独立式钟楼，位于托斯卡纳省比萨城北面的奇迹广场上。比萨斜塔从地基到塔顶高58.36米，从地面到塔顶高55米，钟楼墙体在地面上的宽度是4.09米，在塔顶宽2.48米，总重约14453吨，重心在地基上方22.6米处。圆形地基面积为285平方米，对地面的平均压强为497千帕。倾斜角度3.99度，偏离地基外沿2.5米，顶层突出4.5米。

比萨斜塔是世界著名建筑奇观和旅游胜地之一。

The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa or Torre di Pisa, English: Leaning Tower of Pisa) was built in August 1173. It is an independent bell tower of the Cathedral of Pisa City, Italy. It is located in the Miracle Square north of Pisa City, Tuscany Province, Italy.The vast lawn of Miracle Square is dotted with a group of religious buildings: Cathedral (built in 1063-13th century), baptism hall (built in 1153-14th century), bell tower (i.e. Leaning Tower of Pisa) and cemetery (built in 1174). Their exterior walls are made of opalescent marble, which are relatively independent but form a unified Roman architectural style. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is behind the Cathedral of Pisa. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is 58.36 meters high from the foundation to the top of the tower, 55 meters high from the ground to the top of the tower. The wall of the bell tower is 4.09 meters wide on the ground and 2.48 meters wide on the top of the tower. Its total weight is about 144553 tons. Its center of gravity is 22.6 meters above the foundation. The area of the circular foundation is 285 square meters, and the average pressure on the ground is 497 kPa. The inclination angle is 3.99 degrees, 2.5 meters away from the outer edge of the foundation and 4.5 meters out of the top. Tilt was first found in 1174.比萨斜塔（意大利语：Torre pendente di Pisa或Torre di Pisa，英语：Leaning Tower of Pisa）建造于1173年8月，是意大利比萨城大教堂的独立式钟楼，位于意大利托斯卡纳省比萨城北面的奇迹广场上。奇迹广场的大片草坪上散布着一组宗教建筑，它们是大教堂（建造于1063年—13世纪）、洗礼堂（建造于1153年—14世纪）、钟楼（即比萨斜塔）和墓园（建造于1174年），它们的外墙面均为乳白色大理石砌成，各自相对独立但又形成统一罗马式建筑风格。比萨斜塔位于比萨大教堂的后面。比萨斜塔从地基到塔顶高58.36米，从地面到塔顶高55米，钟楼墙体在地面上的宽度是4.09米，在塔顶宽2.48米，总重约14453吨，重心在地基上方22.6米处。圆形地基面积为285平方米，对地面的平均压强为497千帕。倾斜角度3.99度，偏离地基外沿2.5米，顶层突出4.5米。1174年首次发现倾斜。

The Tower of Pisa is the bell tower of the Cathedral. Its construction began in the august of 1173 and continued (with two long interruptions) for about two hundred years, in full fidelity to the original project, whose architect is still uncertain. In the past it was widely believed that the inclination of the Tower was part of the project ever since its beginning, but now we know that it is not so. The Tower was designed to be "vertical" (and even if it did not lean it would still be one of the most remarkable bell towers in Europe), and started to incline during its construction. Both because of its inclination, and its beauty, from 1173 up to the present the Tower has been the object of very special attention. During its construction efforts were made to halt the incipient inclination through the use of special construction devices; later colums and other damaged parts were substituted in more than one occasion; today, interventions are being carried out within the sub-soil in order to significantly reduce the inclination and to make sure that Tower will have a long life. In all this story it is possible to find a meaningful constant, the "genetic code" of the Tower: its continual interaction with the soil on which it was built. Today's (1999) works for the safeguard and the conservation of the Tower with very advanced methodologies are designed to fully respect this constant. In this site you will find: Tower's Gallery Every detail of the Tower in 6400 pictures accessible interactively. Tower's Events Complete information about the Tower from 1173 up to the present. Poster Information on the inclination and the restoration interventions in 14 displays. 参考资料：

1、英文

The Leaning Tower of Pisa, built in August 1173, is an independent bell tower of the Cathedral of Pisa City, Italy.

It is located in the Miracle Square north of Pisa City, Tuscany Province, Italy.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is 58.36 meters high from the foundation to the top of the tower, 55 meters high from the ground to the top of the tower.

The wall of the bell tower is 4.09 meters wide on the ground and 2.48 meters wide on the top of the tower.

Its total weight is about 144553 tons. Its center of gravity is 22.6 meters above the foundation.

The area of circular foundation is 285 square meters, and the average pressure on the ground is 497 kPa.

The inclination angle is 3.99 degrees, 2.5 meters away from the outer edge of the foundation and 4.5 meters out of the top. Tilt was first found in 1174.

After the completion of the project in 1838, the accelerated tilt of the Leaning Tower of Pisa lasted for several years.

then stabilized, reduced to about 0.1 cm per year, and the tower has deviated from the "natural posture" for more than 5 meters.

2、中文

比萨斜塔建造于1173年8月，是意大利比萨城大教堂的独立式钟楼，位于意大利托斯卡纳省比萨城北面的奇迹广场上。

比萨斜塔从地基到塔顶高58.36米，从地面到塔顶高55米，钟楼墙体在地面上的宽度是4.09米，在塔顶宽2.48米，总重约14453吨，重心在地基上方22.6米处。

圆形地基面积为285平方米，对地面的平均压强为497千帕。倾斜角度3.99度，偏离地基外沿2.5米，顶层突出4.5米。1174年首次发现倾斜。

1838年的工程结束以后，比萨斜塔的加速倾斜又持续了几年，然后又趋于平稳，减少到每年倾斜约0.1厘米，塔身偏离“自然姿势”已有5米多。

扩展资料：

建筑风格：

比萨斜塔毫无疑问是建筑史上的一座重要建筑。在发生严重的倾斜之前，它大胆的圆形建筑设计已经向世人展现了它的独创性。

虽然在更早年代的意大利钟楼中，采用圆形地基的设计并不少见，类似的例子可以在拉文纳、托斯卡纳和翁布里亚找到，但是，比萨钟楼被认为是独立于这些原型。

在更大程度上，它是在借鉴前人建筑经验的基础上，独立设计并对圆形建筑加以了发展，形成了独特的比萨风格。

比如，钟楼的圆形设计被认为是为了同一旁的大教堂建筑形成反射而相对应，因此有意地模仿教堂半圆形后殿的曲线设计。

更重要的是，钟楼与广场上对圆形结构的强调是相一致的，尤其是在宏伟的、同样是圆形的洗礼堂奠基以后，整个广场更像是有意设计成耶路撒冷复活教堂（Anastasis）的现代版本。这种的设计正来源于经典的古代建筑。

钟楼的装饰格调继承了大教堂和洗礼堂的经典之作，墙面用大理石或石灰石砌成深浅两种白色带，半露方柱的拱门、拱廊中的雕刻大门、长菱形的花格平顶、拱廊上方的墙面对阳光的照射形成光亮面和遮荫面的强烈反差，给人以钟楼内的圆柱相当沉重的假象。

大教堂、洗礼堂和钟楼之间形成了视觉上的连续性。

参考资料来源：百度百科——比萨斜塔

The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply The Tower of Pisa (La Torre di Pisa) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa. It is situated behind the Cathedral and it is the third structure in Pisa's Campo dei Miracoli (field of Miracles). Although intended to stand vertically, the tower began leaning to the southeast soon after the onset of construction in 1173 due to a poorly laid foundation and loose substrate that has allowed the foundation to shift. The height of the tower is 55.86 m (183.27 ft) from the ground on the lowest side and 56.70 m (186.02 ft) on the highest side. The width of the walls at the base is 4.09 m (13.42 ft) and at the top 2.48 m (8.14 ft). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes. The tower has 294 steps.

Leaning Tower of Pisa, the campanile, freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of Pisa, Italy. Like the cathedral and associated baptistery, the tower was built in the Romanesque style (see Romanesque Art and Architecture). Adjacent to the three structures is a cemetery, or camposanto (Italian: literally, holy field, originally meant to hold sacred soil from the holy land).The tower is renowned for its marked tilt. This spectacular irregularity has tended to obscure the fact that it is also a magnificent example of Romanesque architecture and decoration. Begun in 1173, the eight-story round tower is 55 m (180 ft) tall and 16 m (52 ft) in diameter at the base. The ground floor is encircled by a blind arcade, or series of walled-in arches. Six additional levels of open galleries, consisting of round arches supported on columns, are surmounted by the bell chamber, somewhat smaller in diameter. Although the tower's ancient bells remain in place, they are no longer rung. The interior of the tower is occupied by a 294-step spiral staircase that leads to the bell chamber. The exterior is adorned with fine multicolored marbles and excellent carved work. The doorway, which is especially ornate, features grotesque carvings of animals.Construction of the campanile stretched over a period of nearly 200 years, partly because of delays caused by the tower's persistent structural problems. By the time the first three stories were completed, one side of the tower had already begun to sink into the soft soil, and construction was halted for nearly 100 years. The first attempts to counter the lean of the structure were made in 1275, when construction resumed. By 1301 six stories were complete, and the tower was finished about 1350.At its summit, the structure tilts about 5 m (16 ft) from the vertical, and the lean is said to be increasing at a rate of about 1 mm (about 1/25 of an inch) per year. Italian physicist Galileo conducted his famous experiments with gravity and the relative speed of falling objects from the top story of the tower. The structure has been closed to the public since 1990 due to safety and conservation concerns. 意大利比萨斜塔修建于1173年，由著名建筑师那诺·皮萨诺主持修建。它位于罗马式大教堂后面右侧，是比萨城的标志。开始时，塔高设计为100米左右，但动工五六年后，塔身从三层开始倾斜，直到完工还在持续倾斜，在其关闭之前，塔顶已南倾(即塔顶偏离垂直线)3.5米。1990年，意大利政府将其关闭，开始进行整修。 在实际工作中，许多有关专家对比萨斜塔的全部历史以及塔的建筑材料、结构、地质、水源等方面进行充分的研究，并采用各种先进的仪器设备进行测试。比萨中古史学家皮洛迪教授研究后认为，建造塔身的每一块石砖都是一块石雕佳品，石砖与石砖间的粘合极为巧妙，有效地防止了塔身倾斜引起的断裂，成为斜塔斜而不倒的一个因素。但他仍强调指出，现在当务之急是弄清比萨斜塔斜而不倒的奥妙。 从事观测该塔的专家盖里教授根据比萨斜塔近几年来倾斜的速度推测出，斜塔将于250年后因塔身的重心超出塔基外缘而倾倒。但是公共事务部比萨斜塔服务局的有关人员，针对盖里教授的看法提出了反驳，认为只按数学方式推算是不可靠的，比萨斜塔是“一个由多种事实交织成的综合性问题”。另一些研究者调查发现比萨斜塔塔身曾一度向东倾斜，尔后又转向南倾斜，他们同样认为该塔在过去几百年间斜而不倒，250年后倒与不倒恐怕不能局限于简单的假设和预测。 当然，最关心斜塔命运的自然是比萨人，尽管他们也对斜塔的倾斜感到担忧，但更多的是骄傲和自豪，为自己的故乡拥有一个自认为可与世界上著名建筑媲美的斜塔而感到自豪。他们坚信它不会倒下，他们有这样一句俗语，比萨塔像比萨人一样健壮结实，永远不会倒下去。他们对那些把斜塔重新纠正竖直的建议最为深恶痛绝。如1934年，在地基及四周喷入90吨水泥，实施基础防水工程，塔身反而更加不稳，向周围移动，倾斜得更快。 人们目前还难以预言比萨斜塔今后的命运，但仍感叹它斜而不倒的壮观景象参考资料：转自中华网