牛顿英语

Isaac Newton

英 [ˈaizək ˈnjuːtən]   美 [ˈaɪzək ˈnuːtən]

Isaac

名字性别：男孩英文名

来源语种：古英语、希伯来语

名字寓意：笑声

名字含义：笑声，是从希伯来文名字יִצְחָק（Yitzchaq）演变而来，意思是“他会笑，他会喜乐”，从צָחַק（tzachaq）派生意思是“笑”。

Newton

来源语种：古英语

牛顿（Isacc Newton，1642—1727）是英国数学家、天文学家和物理学家。

1642年12月25日出生于英国北部林肯郡的偏僻农村，1661年牛顿中学毕业考入剑桥大学，1665年牛顿大学毕业，获得了学士学位，留校做研究工作。

在天文学方面，牛顿创制了反射望远镜。在数学方面，牛顿与莱布尼茨独立发展出了微积分学，并为之创造了各自独特的符号。在力学上，牛顿阐明了动量和角动量守恒的原理，提出牛顿运动定律。

在光学上，他发明了反射望远镜，并基于对三棱镜将白光发散成可见光谱的观察，发展出了颜色理论。他还系统地表述了冷却定律，并研究了音速。牛顿的研究领域非常广泛，他除了在数学、光学、力学等方面做出卓越贡献。

参考资料来源：百度百科-艾萨克·牛顿

Isaac Newton was a famous scientist.He invented many useful things.He was born on December 25, 1642, in Woolsthorpe, England.

Isaac Newton was one of the leading figures of the scientific revolution is the seventeenth century. He devoted his life to the study of the natural world, discovering the laws of gravity and motion, analyzing light, and developing the mathematics of calculus. He was born prematurely on December 25, 1642, in Woolsthorpe, England, to a poor farming family. Newton was taken out of school to work on the family farm at the age of 16 after his stepfather's death. 回答者： O型血男孩 - 秀才 二级 10-3 18:55Sir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of science.[2] His treatise Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics. By demonstrating consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and this system, he was the first to show that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. The unifying and predictive power of his laws was central to the scientific revolution, the advancement of heliocentrism, and the broader acceptance of the notion that rational investigation can reveal the inner workings of nature. In mechanics, Newton also markedly enunciated the principles of conservation of momentum and angular momentum. In optics, he invented the reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into a visible spectrum. Newton notably argued that light is composed of particles. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and proposed a theory of the origin of stars. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of calculus. He also demonstrated the generalized binomial theorem, developed the so-called "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function, and contributed to the study of power series. 艾萨克·牛顿爵士（Sir Isaac Newton，格里历1643年1月4日—1727年3月31日），英国数学家、科学家和哲学家，同时是当时炼金术热衷者。他在1687年7月5日发表的《自然哲学的数学原理》里提出的万有引力定律以及他的牛顿运动定律是经典力学的基石。牛顿还和莱布尼茨各自独立地发明了微积分。他总共留下了50多万字的炼金术手稿和100多万字的神学手稿。 牛顿被誉为人类历史上最伟大的科学家之一。他的万有引力定律在人类历史上第一次把天上的运动和地上的运动统一起来，为日心说提供了有力的理论支持，使得自然科学的研究最终挣脱了宗教的枷锁。 牛顿还发现了太阳光的颜色构成，还制作了世界上第一架反射望远镜。

Isaac NewtonFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search Editing of this article by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled.Such users may discuss changes, request unprotection, log in, or create an account.Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton at 46 in Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portraitBorn 4 January 1643 [OS: 25 December 1642][1]Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, Lincolnshire, EnglandDied 31 March 1727 [OS: 20 March 1727][1]Kensington, London, EnglandOccupation Physicist, mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopherSir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of science.[2] His treatise Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from this system, he was the first to show that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. The unifying and predictive power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution, the advancement of heliocentrism, and the broader acceptance of the notion that rational investigation can reveal the inner workings of nature.In mechanics, Newton also markedly enunciated the principles of conservation of momentum and angular momentum. In optics, he invented the reflecting telescope and discovered that the spectrum of colors observed when white light passes through a prism is inherent in the white light and not added by the prism (as Roger Bacon had claimed in the thirteenth century). Newton notably argued that light is composed of particles. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and proposed a theory of the origin of stars. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of calculus. He also demonstrated the generalized binomial theorem, developed the so-called "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function, and contributed to the study of power series.French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange often said that Newton was the greatest genius who ever lived, and once added that he was also "the most fortunate, for we cannot find more than once a system of the world to establish."[3] English poet Alexander Pope was moved by Newton's accomplishments to write the famous epitaph:“ Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;God said "Let Newton be" and all was light. ”Contents[hide] * 1 Biography o 1.1 Early years o 1.2 Middle years + 1.2.1 Mathematics + 1.2.2 Optics + 1.2.3 Mechanics and Gravitation o 1.3 Later life * 2 Religious views o 2.1 Newton's effect on religious thought * 3 Newton and the counterfeiters * 4 Enlightenment philosophers * 5 Newton's laws of motion * 6 Newton's apple * 7 Writings by Newton * 8 See also * 9 Footnotes and references * 10 Resources o 10.1 References o 10.2 Further reading * 11 External linksBiographyThe life ofIsaac NewtonEarly lifeMiddle yearsLater lifeWriting PrincipiaReligious viewsOccult studiesEarly years Main article: Isaac Newton's early life and achievementsNewton was born at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. He was born to a family of farmers who owned animals and land, thus making them fairly wealthy. The location he was born at was about seven miles from Grantham, where he later attended school. By his own later accounts, Newton was born prematurely and no one expected him to live; his mother Hannah Ayscough said that his body at that time could have fit inside a quart mug. His father, also named Isaac Newton, had been a yeoman farmer and had died three months before Newton's birth, at the time of the English Civil War. When Newton was three, his mother remarried and went to live with her new husband, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough.According to E.T. Bell and H. Eves: Newton began his schooling in the village schools and was later sent to The King's School, Grantham, where he became the top boy in the school. At Kings, he lodged with the local apothecary, William Clarke and eventually became engaged to the apothecary's stepdaughter, Anne Storey, before he went off to Cambridge University at the age of 19. As Newton became engrossed in his studies, the romance cooled and Miss Storey married someone else. It is said he kept a warm memory of this love, but Newton had no other recorded "sweet-hearts" and never married.[4]However, Bell and Eves' sources for this claim, William Stukeley and Mrs. Vincent (the former Miss Storey - actually named Katherine, not Anne), merely say that Newton entertained "a passion" for Storey while he lodged at the Clarke house. From the age of about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at The King's School, Grantham (where his signature can still be seen upon a library window sill). He was removed from school, and by October 1659, he was to be found at Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, where his mother attempted to make a farmer of him. He was, by later reports of his contemporaries, thoroughly unhappy with the work. It appears to be Henry Stokes, master at the King's School, who persuaded his mother to send him back to school so that he might complete his education. This he did at the age of eighteen, achieving an admirable final report.In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge. At that time, the college's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, but Newton preferred to read the more advanced ideas of modern philosophers such as Descartes and astronomers such as Galileo, Copernicus and Kepler. In 1665, he discovered the generalized binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that would later become calculus. Soon after Newton had obtained his degree in 1665, the University closed down as a precaution against the Great Plague. For the next 18 months Newton worked at home on calculus, optics and the law of gravitation.Middle years Main article: Isaac Newton's middle yearsIsaac Newton (Bolton, Sarah K. Famous Men of Science. NY: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1889)Isaac Newton (Bolton, Sarah K. Famous Men of Science. NY: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1889)MathematicsNewton and Gottfried Leibniz developed calculus independently, using their own unique notations. Although Newton had worked out his method years before Leibniz, he published almost nothing about it until 1693, and did not give a full account until 1704. Meanwhile, Leibniz began publishing a full account of his methods in 1684. Moreover, Leibniz's notation and "differential Method" were universally adopted on the Continent, and after 1820 or so, in the British Empire. Newton claimed that he had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he feared being mocked for it. Starting in 1699, other members of the Royal Society accused Leibniz of plagiarism, and the dispute broke out in full force in 1711. Thus began the bitter calculus priority dispute with Leibniz, which marred the lives of both Newton and Leibniz until the latter's death in 1716. This dispute created a divide between British and Continental mathematicians that may have retarded the progress of British mathematics by at least a century.Newton is generally credited with the generalized binomial theorem, valid for any exponent. He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method, classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three in two variables), made substantial contributions to the theory of finite differences, and was the first to use fractional indices and to employ coordinate geometry to derive solutions to Diophantine equations. He approximated partial sums of the harmonic series by logarithms (a precursor to Euler's summation formula), and was the first to use power series with confidence and to revert power series. He also discovered a new formula for pi.He was elected Lucasian professor of mathematics in 1669. In that day, any fellow of Cambridge or Oxford had to be an ordained Anglican priest. However, the terms of the Lucasian professorship required that the holder not be active in the church (presumably so as to have more time for science). Newton argued that this should exempt him from the ordination requirement, and Charles II, whose permission was needed, accepted this argument. Thus a conflict between Newton's religious views and Anglican orthodoxy was averted.OpticsFrom 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on optics. During this period he investigated the refraction of light, demonstrating that a prism could decompose white light into a spectrum of colours, and that a lens and a second prism could recompose the multicoloured spectrum into white light.A replica of Newton's 6-inch reflecting telescope of 1672 for the Royal Society.A replica of Newton's 6-inch reflecting telescope of 1672 for the Royal Society.He also showed that the coloured light does not change its properties, by separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various objects. Newton noted that regardless of whether it was reflected or scattered or transmitted, it stayed the same colour. Thus the colours we observe are the result of how objects interact with the incident already-coloured light, not the result of objects generating the colour. For more details, see Newton's theory of colour.From this work he concluded that any refracting telescope would suffer from the dispersion of light into colours, and invented a reflecting telescope (today known as a Newtonian telescope) to bypass that problem. By grinding his own mirrors, using Newton's rings to judge the quality of the optics for his telescopes, he was able to produce a superior instrument to the refracting telescope, due primarily to the wider diameter of the mirror. In 1671 the Royal Society asked for a demonstration of his reflecting telescope. Their interest encouraged him to publish his notes On Colour, which he later expanded into his Opticks. When Robert Hooke criticised some of Newton's ideas, Newton was so offended that he withdrew from public debate. The two men remained enemies until Hooke's death.Newton argued that light is composed of particles, but he had to associate them with waves to explain the diffraction of light (Opticks Bk. II, Props. XII-L). Later physicists instead favoured a purely wavelike explanation of light to account for diffraction. Today's quantum mechanics restores the idea of "wave-particle duality", although photons bear very little resemblance to Newton's corpuscles (e.g., corpuscles refracted by accelerating toward the denser medium).In his Hypothesis of Light of 1675, Newton posited the existence of the ether to transmit forces between particles. The contact with the theosophist Henry More, revived his interest in alchemy. He replaced the ether with occult forces based on Hermetic ideas of attraction and repulsion between particles. John Maynard Keynes, who acquired many of Newton's writings on alchemy, stated that "Newton was not the first of the age of reason: he was the last of the magicians."[5] Newton's interest in alchemy cannot be isolated from his contributions to science.[6] (This was at a time when there was no clear distinction between alchemy and science.) Had he not relied on the occult idea of action at a distance, across a vacuum, he might not have developed his theory of gravity. (See also Isaac Newton's occult studies.)In 1704 Newton wrote Opticks, in which he expounded his corpuscular theory of light. He considered light to be made up of extremely subtle corpuscles, that ordinary matter was made of grosser corpuscles and speculated that through a kind of alchemical transmutation "Are not gross Bodies and Light convertible into one another,...and may not Bodies receive much of their Activity from the Particles of Light which enter their Composition?"[7] Newton also constructed a primitive form of a frictional electrostatic generator, using a glass globe (Optics, 8th Query).Mechanics and GravitationNewton's own copy of his Principia, with hand written corrections for the second edition.Newton's own copy of his Principia, with hand written corrections for the second edition. Further information: The writing of Principia MathematicaIn 1679, Newton returned to his work on mechanics, i.e., gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets, with reference to Kepler's laws of motion, and consulting with Hooke and Flamsteed on the subject. He published his results in De Motu Corporum (1684). This contained the beginnings of the laws of motion that would inform the Principia.The Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (now known as the Principia) was published on July 5, 1687 with encouragement and financial help from Edmond Halley. In this work Newton stated the three universal laws of motion that were not to be improved upon for more than two hundred years. He used the Latin word gravitas (weight) for the force that would become known as gravity, and defined the law of universal gravitation. In the same work he presented the first analytical determination, based on Boyle's law, of the speed of sound in air.With the Principia, Newton became internationally recognised. He acquired a circle of admirers, including the Swiss-born mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, with whom he formed an intense relationship that lasted until 1693. The end of this friendship led Newton to a nervous breakdown.Later life For more details on this topic, see Isaac Newton's later life.Isaac Newton in 1712Isaac Newton in 1712In the 1690s Newton wrote a number of religious tracts dealing with the literal interpretation of the Bible. Henry More's belief in the universe and rejection of Cartesian dualism may have influenced Newton's religious ideas. A manuscript he sent to John Locke in which he disputed the existence of the Trinity was never published. Later works — The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (1728) and Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John (1733) — were published after his death. He also devoted a great deal of time to alchemy (see above).Newton was also a member of the Parliament of England from 1689 to 1690 and in 1701, but his only recorded comments were to complain about a cold draft in the chamber and request that the window be closed.Newton moved to London to take up the post of warden of the Royal Mint in 1696, a position that he had obtained through the patronage of Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, then Chancellor of the Exchequer. He took charge of England's great recoining, somewhat treading on the toes of Master Lucas (and finagling Edmond Halley into the job of deputy comptroller of the temporary Chester branch). Newton became perhaps the best-known Master of the Mint upon Lucas' death in 1699, a position Newton held until his death. These appointments were intended as sinecures, but Newton took them seriously, retiring from his Cambridge duties in 1701, and exercising his power to reform the currency and punish clippers and counterfeiters. As Master of the Mint in 1717 Newton unofficially moved the Pound Sterling from the silver standard to the gold standard by creating a relationship between gold coins and the silver penny in the "Law of Queen Anne"; these were all great reforms at the time, adding considerably to the wealth and stability of England. It was his work at the Mint, rather than his earlier contributions to science, that earned him a knighthood from Queen Anne in 1705.Newton's grave in Westminster AbbeyNewton's grave in Westminster AbbeyNewton was made President of the Royal Society in 1703 and an associate of the French Académie des Sciences. In his position at the Royal Society, Newton made an enemy of John Flamsteed, the Astronomer Royal, by prematurely publishing Flamsteed's star catalogue, which Newton had used in his studies.Newton died in London on March 20th, 1727, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. His half-niece, Catherine Barton Conduitt,[8] served as his hostess in social affairs at his house on Jermyn Street in London; he was her "very loving Uncle",[9] according to his letter to her when she was recovering from smallpox. Although Newton, who had no children, had divested much of his estate onto relatives in his last years he actually died intestate. His considerable liquid estate was divided equally between his eight half-nieces and half-nephews (three Pilkingtons, three Smiths and two Bartons (including Catherine Barton Conduitt).[10] Woolsthorpe Manor passed to his heir-in-law, a John Newton ("God knows a poor representative of so great a man"), who, after six years of "cock[fight]ing, horse racing, drinking and folly" was forced to mortgage and then sell the manor before dying in a drunken accident.[11]After his death, Newton's body was discovered to have had massive amounts of mercury in it, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life.[12]Religious views Main article: Isaac Newton's religious views See also: Isaac Newton's occult studiesAlthough the laws of motion and universal gravitation became Newton's best-known discoveries, he warned against using them to view the universe as a mere machine, as if akin to a great clock. He said, "Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who set the planets in motion. God governs all things and knows all that is or can be done."[13]His scientific fame notwithstanding, Newton's study of the Bible and of the early Church Fathers were among his greatest passions. He devoted more time to the study of the Scriptures, the Fathers, and to Alchemy than to science, and said, "I have a fundamental belief in the Bible as the Word of God, written by those who were inspired. I study the Bible daily."[14] Newton himself wrote works on textual criticism, most notably An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture. Newton also placed the crucifixion of Jesus Christ at 3 April, AD 33, which is now the accepted traditional date. He also attempted, unsuccessfully, to find hidden messages within the Bible (See Bible code). Despite his focus on theology and alchemy, Newton tested and investigated these ideas with the scientific method, observing, hypothesising, and testing his theories. To Newton, his scientific and religious experiments were one and the same, observing and understanding how the world functioned.Newton may have rejected the church's doctrine of the Trinity. In a minority view, T.C. Pfizenmaier argues that he more likely held the Eastern Orthodox view of the Trinity rather than the Western one held by Roman Catholics, Anglicans, and most Protestants.[15] In his own day, he was also accused of being a Rosicrucian (as were many in the Royal Society and in the court of Charles II).[16]In his own lifetime, Newton wrote more on religion than he did on natural science. He believed in a rationally immanent world, but he rejected the hylozoism implicit in Leibniz and Baruch Spinoza. Thus, the ordered and dynamically informed universe could be understood, and must be understood, by an active reason, but this universe, to be perfect and ordained, had to be regular.Newton's effect on religious thought"Newton," by William Blake; here, Newton is depicted as a 'divine geome

Modesty is like a shado, some just persistent thinking energy.

9、你该将名誉作为你最高人格的标志。

You should regard fame as the mark of your highest personality.

10、有时候，爱情就像是树上的一只苹果，当你无意中散步到树下的时候，它可能一下子就掉下来砸在你的头上！

Sometimes love is like an apple in a tree. the early start, the first light has been retained, start sloe shining all the light.

28、思索，继续不断的思索，以待天曙，渐近乃见光明。

Think, continue to think, for the day is asymptotically Shu, see light.

29、辛苦是获得一切的定律。

Hard is the law of getting everything.

30、一个人如果控制不了自巳的脾气，脾气将控制你。

If a person cant control your temper, mandment of Jesuss Salvation -- love as yourself.

34、没有大胆的猜测就作不出伟大的发现。

No bold guesses cant make great discoveries.

35、你若想获得知识，你该下苦功；你若想获得食物，你该下苦功；你若想得到快乐，你也该下苦功，因为辛苦是获得一切的定律。

If you plex, you can find nehod, just for a thing for a long time very enthusiastic to consider.

1、企图光以迫切祷告祈求上帝的祝福，来取代自己所该付出的努力，是一种不诚实的行为，是出于人性的懦弱。

2、大学里绝不会教你如何生存；同样道理，大学教授也和我们一样，简直对这事一无所知。

3、我始终把思考的主题像一幅画般摆在面前，再一点一线的去勾勒，直到整幅画慢慢的凸显出来。这需要长期的安静与不断的默想。

4、愉快的生活是由愉快的思想造成的。

5、我并没有什么方法，只是对于一件事情很长时间很热心地去考虑罢了。

6、无论做什么事情，只要肯努力奋斗，是没有不成功的。

7、如果说我比别人看得略为远些，那是因为我是站在巨人们的肩膀上的缘故。

8、简单的事情考虑得很复杂，可以发现新领域，把复杂的现象看得很简单，可以发现新规律。

9、一个人如果控制不了自巳的脾气，脾气将控制你。

10、我并无特别过人的智慧，有的只是坚持不懈的思索精力而已。

11、用钱谨慎将是基督生活的基本学习。

12、我不知道这个世界将来怎么看我，对我而言，我只像海滩边玩耍的男孩，偶然间发现了一粒比较圆的石头，和一粒比较漂亮的贝壳，就觉得很愉快，但是在我前面，尚未被发现的石头、贝壳仍然多如大海。

13、思索，继续不断的思索，以待天曙，渐近乃见光明。

14、你该将名誉作为你最高人格的标志。

15、如果你问一个善于溜冰的人怎样获得成功时，他会告诉你：跌倒了，爬起来，这就是成功。

16、谦虚对于优点犹如图画中的阴影，会使之更加有力，更加突出。

17、我的成就，当归功于精微的思索。

18、我的成就，当归功于精力的思索。

19、我不知道世上的人对我怎样评价。我却这样认为：我好像是在海滨上玩耍的孩子，时而拾到几块莹洁的石子，时而拾到几片美丽的贝壳并为之欢欣。那浩瀚的真理的海洋仍展现在面前。

20、把简单的事情考虑得很复杂，可以发现新领域；把复杂的现象看得很简单，可以发现新定律。

21、辛苦是获得一切的定律。

22、胜利者往往是从坚持最后五分钟的时间中得来成功。

23、我不知道世人怎样看我，但我自己以为我不过像一个在海边玩耍的孩子，不时为发现比寻常更为美丽的一块卵石或一片贝壳而沾沾自喜，至于展现在我面前的浩翰的真理海洋，却全然没有发现。

24、我的心经常是认真与安静，不陷入忧郁。

25、应当把荣誉当作你最高的人格的标志。

26、真理的大海，让未发现的一切事物躺卧在我的眼前，任我去探寻。

27、如果我看得远，那是因为我站在巨人的肩上。

28、没有大胆的猜测就作不出伟大的发现。

29、我不知道世上的人对我怎样评价。我却这样认为：我好像是在海上玩耍，时而发现了一个光滑的石子儿，时而发现一个美丽的贝壳而为之高兴的孩子。尽管如此，那真理的海洋还神秘地展现在我们面前。

30、如果说我对世界有些微贡献的话，那不是由于别的，而是由于我的辛勤耐久的思索所致。

31、聪明人之所以不会成功，是由于他们缺乏坚韧的毅力。

32、无知识的热心，犹如在黑暗中远征。

33、如果说我对世界有些微贡献的话，那不是由于别的，只是由于我的辛勤耐久的思索所致。

34、每一个目标，我都要它停留在我眼前，从第一线曙光初现开始，( )一直保留，慢慢展开，直到整个大地一片光明为止。

35、如果说我看得远，那是因为我站在巨人们的肩上。

36、有时候，爱情就像是树上的一只苹果，当你无意中散步到树下的时候，它可能一下子就掉下来砸在你的头上！

37、不管任何环境下，要守住耶稣基督救赎的真理与最大诫命爱人如己。

38、人生往往是复杂的，使复杂的人生。

39、你若想获得知识，你该下苦功；你若想获得食物，你该下苦功；你若想得到快乐，你也该下苦功，因为辛苦是获得一切的定律。

40、天才就是长期劳动的结果。

41、如果说我所看的比笛卡尔更远一点，那是因为站在巨人肩上的缘故。

1、如果你问一个善于溜冰的人怎样获得成功时，他会告诉你：“跌倒了，爬起来”，这就是成功。

2、我不知道在别人看来，我是什么样的人；但在我自己看来，我不过就象是一个在海滨玩耍的小孩，为不时发现比寻常更为光滑的一块卵石或比寻常更为美丽的一片贝壳而沾沾自喜，而对于展现在我面前的浩瀚的真理的海洋，却全然没有发现。

3、我始终把思考的主题像一幅画般摆在面前，再一点一线的去勾勒，直到整幅画慢慢的凸显出来。这需要长期的安静与不断的默想。

4、我不知道世人怎样看我，但我自己以为我不过像一个在海边玩耍的孩子，不时为发现比寻常更为美丽的贝壳而沾沾自喜。

5、把简单的事情考虑得很复杂，可以发现新领域；把复杂的现象看得很简单，可以发现新定律。

6、一个人如果控制不了自巳的脾气，脾气将控制你。

7、不管任何环境下，要守住耶稣基督救赎的真理与最大诫命——爱人如己。

8、如果说我比别人（笛卡尔）看得更远些，那是因为我站在巨人肩上的缘故。

9、我并没有什么方法，只是对于一件事情很长时间很热心地去考虑罢了。

10、用钱谨慎将是基督生活的基本学习。

11、我的成就，当归功于精微的思索。

12、我不知道世上的人对我怎样评价。我却这样认为：我好像是在海上玩耍，时而发现了一个光滑的石子儿，时而发现一个美丽的贝壳而为之高兴的孩子。尽管如此，那真理的海洋还神秘地展现在我们面前。

13、谦虚对于优点犹如图画中的阴影，会使之更加有力，更加突出。

14、每一个目标，我都要它停留在我眼前，从第一线曙光初现开始，一直保留，慢慢展开，直到整个大地一片光明为止。

15、我不知道世人怎样看我，但我自己以为我不过像一个在海边玩耍的孩子，不时为发现比寻常更为美丽的一块卵石或一片贝壳而沾沾自喜，至于展现在我面前的浩翰的真理海洋，却全然没有发现。

16、如果说我看得远，那是因为我站在巨人们的肩上。

17、如果说我比别人看得略为远些，那是因为我是站在巨人们的肩膀上的缘故。

18、如果说我比别人看得更远些，那是因为我站在了巨人的肩上。

19、没有大胆的猜测就作不出伟大的发现。

20、如果说我对世界有些微贡献的话，那不是由于别的，而是由于我的辛勤耐久的思索所致。

21、聪明人之所以不会成功，是由于他们缺乏坚韧的毅力。

22、我的成就，当归功于精力的思索。

23、有时候，爱情就像是树上的一只苹果，当你无意中散步到树下的时候，它可能一下子就掉下来砸在你的头上！

24、简单的事情考虑得很复杂，可以发现新领域，把复杂的现象看得很简单，可以发现新规律。

25、你若想获得知识，你该下苦功；你若想获得食物，你该下苦功；你若想得到快乐，你也该下苦功，因为辛苦是获得一切的定律。

26、我的心经常是认真与安静，不陷入忧郁。

27、我并无特别过人的智慧，有的只是坚持不懈的思索精力而已。

28、你该将名誉作为你最高人格的标志。

29、如果我看得远，那是因为我站在巨人的肩上。

30、愉快的生活是由愉快的思想造成的。

31、思索，继续不断的思索，以待天曙，渐近乃见光明。

32、大学里绝不会教你如何生存；同样道理，大学教授也和我们一样，简直对这事一无所知。

33、无知识的热心，犹如在黑暗中远征。

34、天才就是长期劳动的结果。

35、真理的大海，让未发现的一切事物躺卧在我的眼前，任我去探寻。

36、我不知道世上的人对我怎样评价。我却这样认为：我好像是在海滨上玩耍的孩子，时而拾到几块莹洁的石子，时而拾到几片美丽的贝壳并为之欢欣。那浩瀚的真理的海洋仍展现在面前。

37、我不知道这个世界将来怎么看我，对我而言，我只像海滩边玩耍的男孩，偶然间发现了一粒比较圆的石头，和一粒比较漂亮的贝壳，就觉得很愉快，但是在我前面，尚未被发现的石头、贝壳仍然多如大海。

38、应当把荣誉当作你最高的人格的标志。

39、胜利者往往是从坚持最后五分钟的时间中得来成功。

40、辛苦是获得一切的定律。

41、无论做什么事情，只要肯努力奋斗，是没有不成功的。

42、如果说我所看的比笛卡尔更远一点，那是因为站在巨人肩上的缘故。

43、企图光以迫切祷告祈求上帝的祝福，来取代自己所该付出的努力，是一种不诚实的行为，是出于人性的懦弱。

【牛顿．因为我站在巨人们的肩膀上】

【简介】

1642年12月25日，在英格兰林肯郡小镇沃尔索浦的一个自耕农家庭里，依撒克牛顿诞生了。牛顿是一个早产儿，出生时只有三磅重，接生婆和他的亲人都担心他能否活下来。谁也没有料到这个看起来微不足道的小东西会成为了一位震古烁今的科学巨人，并且活到了85岁的高龄。

牛顿上中学之前的学习成绩并不出众，只是爱好读书，但他对自然现象充满好奇心，喜欢别出心裁地制作一些小工具、小技巧、小发明、小试验。

1661年，牛顿考进剑桥大学。在这里，他的才华得到了充分的发挥。牛顿作为一个科学家和近代科学的力学奠基人，在科学的很多领域里都取得了巨大的成就，他的著作《自然哲学的数学原理》问世，标志着人类科学时代的开始。

1727年3月20日，牛顿病逝于伦敦郊区。英国政府为他举行了隆重的国葬。同其他很多杰出的英国人一样，他被埋葬在了威斯敏斯特教堂。

【名言名句】

无知识的热心，犹如在黑暗中远征。

我的成就，当归功于精微的思索。

聪明人之所以不会成功，是由于他们缺乏坚韧的敷力。

胜利者往往是从坚持最后五分钟的时间中得来成功。

你该将名誉作为你最高人格的标志。

【人物小传】

牛顿是科学史上的巨人之一。他发现了万有引力定律，建立了成为经典力学基础的牛顿运动定律；他进行了光的分解而创立了光学；在热力学方面，他确定了冷却定律；在天文学方面，他创制了反射望远镜，考察_『行星运动规律，科学地解释了潮汐现象，预言了地球不是正球体；在数学方面，他是微积分学的创始人恩格斯在《英国状况》一文中对他的伟大成就赞叹不已。然而牛顿本人却非常谦逊，从来不认为自己有什么了不起的贡献。当整个英国都在关注他的科学成就时，他却说自己是尚徘徊在科学殿堂门口的人，偶尔窥见了里面的一线光芒。

1727年，85岁高龄的牛顿在出席皇家学会例会后突然病倒，上至英国国王，下至普通市民，大家都在关注他的病情，报界每时每刻都在向外界报道着他的身体状况。在最后的时刻，有位朋友握着牛顿的手说道：你是我们这个时代的伟人当他一听到伟人这两个字眼时便摇摇头说：不要那么说，我不知道在别人看来，我是什么样的人；但在我自己看来，我不过就像是一个在海滨玩耍的小孩，为不时发现比寻常更为光滑的一块卵石或比寻常更为美丽的一片贝壳而沾沾自喜，但真理的汪洋大海在我眼前还未被熟悉，未被发现哩。旁边又有人说道：在我们这个时代，您已经超越了所有人，您走得最远。哦，不，你们过誉了，假如说我比笛卡儿看得远些，那是因为我站在巨人们的肩膀上的缘故说完这段话，他平静地闭上了眼睛。牛顿的临终遗言被翻译成各国语言，在世界各地流传，感染了一代又一代的青年。

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) English physicist, mathematician, and natural philosopher, considered one of the most important scientists of all time. Newton formulated laws of universal gravitation and motion—laws that explain how objects move on Earth as well as through the heavens (see Mechanics). He established the modern study of optics—or the behavior of light—and built the first reflecting telescope. His mathematical insights led him to invent the area of mathematics called calculus (which German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz also developed independently). Newton’s revolutionary contributions explained the workings of a large part of the physical world in mathematical terms, and they suggested that science may provide explanations for other phenomena as well.

牛顿，伟大的英国物理学家，1642年12月25日生于林肯郡伍尔索普村的一个农民家庭．12岁他在格兰撒姆的公立学校读书时，就表现了对实验和机械发明的兴趣，自己动手制作了水钟、风磨和日晷等．1661年，牛顿就读于剑桥大学的三一学院，成了一名优秀学生．1669年，年仅27岁，就担任了剑桥的数学教授．1672年当选为英国皇家学会会员． 1685～1687年，在天文学家哈雷的鼓励和赞助下，牛顿发表了著名的《自然哲学的数学原理》，完成了具有历史意义的发现——运动定律和万有引力定律，对近代自然科学的发展，作出了重大贡献．1703年，当选为英国皇家学会会长．1727年3月27日，逝世于伦敦郊外的一个小村落里． 牛顿不仅对于力学，在其他方面也有很大贡献．在数学方面，他发现了二项式定理，创立了微积分学；在光学方面，进行了太阳光的色散实验，证明了白光是由单色光复合而成的，研究了颜色的理论，还发明了反射望远镜． 回答者：匿名 1-23 20:50 回答者：IQ太低 - 见习魔法师 二级 1-23 20:50Isaac Newton was one of the leading figures of the scientific revolution is the seventeenth century. He devoted his life to the study of the natural world, discovering the laws of gravity and motion, analyzing light, and developing the mathematics of calculus. He was born prematurely on December 25, 1642, in Woolsthorpe, England, to a poor farming family. Newton was taken out of school to work on the family farm at the age of 16 after his stepfather's death. 够了吗？不够就在这个网页找 参考资料： English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor farming family. Luckily for humanity, Newton was not a good farmer, and was sent to Cambridge to study to become a preacher. At Cambridge, Newton studied mathematics, being especially strongly influenced by Euclid, although he was also influenced by Baconian and Cartesian philosophies. Newton was forced to leave Cambridge when it was closed because of the plague, and it was during this period that he made some of his most significant discoveries. With the reticence he was to show later in life, Newton did not, however, publish his results. Newton suffered a mental breakdown in 1675 and was still recovering through 1679. In response to a letter from Hooke, he suggested that a particle, if released, would spiral in to the center of the Earth. Hooke wrote back, claiming that the path would not be a spiral, but an ellipse. Newton, who hated being bested, then proceeded to work out the mathematics of orbits. Again, he did not publish his calculations. Newton then began devoting his efforts to theological speculation and put the calculations on elliptical motion aside, telling Halley he had lost them (Westfall 1993, p. 403). Halley, who had become interested in orbits, finally convinced Newton to expand and publish his calculations. Newton devoted the period from August 1684 to spring 1686 to this task, and the result became one of the most important and influential works on physics of all times, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687), often shortened to Principia Mathematica or simply "the Principia." In Book I of Principia, Newton opened with definitions and the three laws of motion now known as Newton's laws (laws of inertia, action and reaction, and acceleration proportional to force). Book II presented Newton's new scientific philosophy which came to replace Cartesianism. Finally, Book III consisted of applications of his dynamics, including an explanation for tides and a theory of lunar motion. To test his hypothesis of universal gravitation, Newton wrote Flamsteed to ask if Saturn had been observed to slow down upon passing Jupiter. The surprised Flamsteed replied that an effect had indeed been observed, and it was closely predicted by the calculations Newton had provided. Newton's equations were further confirmed by observing the shape of the Earth to be oblate spheroidal, as Newton claimed it should be, rather than prolate spheroidal, as claimed by the Cartesians. Newton's equations also described the motion of Moon by successive approximations, and correctly predicted the return of Halley's Comet. Newton also correctly formulated and solved the first ever problem in the calculus of variations which involved finding the surface of revolution which would give minimum resistance to flow (assuming a specific drag law). Newton invented a scientific method which was truly universal in its scope. Newton presented his methodology as a set of four rules for scientific reasoning. These rules were stated in the Principia and proposed that (1) we are to admit no more causes of natural things such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances, (2) the same natural effects must be assigned to the same causes, (3) qualities of bodies are to be esteemed as universal, and (4) propositions deduced from observation of phenomena should be viewed as accurate until other phenomena contradict them. These four concise and universal rules for investigation were truly revolutionary. By their application, Newton formulated the universal laws of nature with which he was able to unravel virtually all the unsolved problems of his day. Newton went much further than outlining his rules for reasoning, however, actually describing how they might be applied to the solution of a given problem. The analytic method he invented far exceeded the more philosophical and less scientifically rigorous approaches of Aristotle and Aquinas. Newton refined Galileo's experimental method, creating the compositional method of experimentation still practiced today. In fact, the following description of the experimental method from Newton's Optics could easily be mistaken for a modern statement of current methods of investigation, if not for Newton's use of the words "natural philosophy" in place of the modern term "the physical sciences." Newton wrote, "As in mathematics, so in natural philosophy the investigation of difficult things by the method of analysis ought ever to precede the method of composition. This analysis consists of making experiments and observations, and in drawing general conclusions from them by induction...by this way of analysis we may proceed from compounds to ingredients, and from motions to the forces producing them; and in general from effects to their causes, and from particular causes to more general ones till the argument end in the most general. This is the method of analysis: and the synthesis consists in assuming the causes discovered and established as principles, and by them explaining the phenomena preceding from them, and proving the explanations." Newton formulated the classical theories of mechanics and optics and invented calculus years before Leibniz. However, he did not publish his work on calculus until afterward Leibniz had published his. This led to a bitter priority dispute between English and continental mathematicians which persisted for decades, to the detriment of all concerned. Newton discovered that the binomial theorem was valid for fractional powers, but left it for Wallis to publish (which he did, with appropriate credit to Newton). Newton formulated a theory of sound, but derived a speed which did not agree with his experiments. The reason for the discrepancy was that the concept of adiabatic propagation did not yet exist, so Newton's answer was too low by a factor of , where is the ratio of heat capacities of air. Newton therefore fudged his theory until agreement was achieved (Engineering and Science, pp. 15-16). In Optics (1704), whose publication Newton delayed until Hooke's death, Newton observed that white light could be separated by a prism into a spectrum of different colors, each characterized by a unique refractivity, and proposed the corpuscular theory of light. Newton's views on optics were born out of the original prism experiments he performed at Cambridge. In his "experimentum crucis" (crucial experiment), he found that the image produced by a prism was oval-shaped and not circular, as current theories of light would require. He observed a half-red, half-blue string through a prism, and found the ends to be disjointed. He also observed Newton's rings, which are actually a manifestation of the wave nature of light which Newton did not believe in. Newton believed that light must move faster in a medium when it is refracted towards the normal, in opposition to the result predicted by Huygens's wave theory. Newton also formulated a system of chemistry in Query 31 at the end of Optics. In this corpuscular theory, "elements" consisted of different arrangements of atoms, and atoms consisted of small, hard, billiard ball-like particles. He explained chemical reactions in terms of the chemical affinities of the participating substances. Newton devoted a majority of his free time later in life (after 1678) to fruitless alchemical experiments. Newton was extremely sensitive to criticism, and even ceased publishing until the death of his arch-rival Hooke. It was only through the prodding of Halley that Newton was persuaded at all to publish the Principia Mathematica. In the latter portion of his life, he devoted much of his time to alchemical researches and trying to date events in the Bible. After Newton's death, his burial place was moved. During the exhumation, it was discovered that Newton had massive amounts of mercury in his body, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. This would certainly explain Newton's eccentricity in late life. Newton was appointed Warden of the British Mint in 1695. Newton was knighted by Queen Anne. However, the act was "an honor bestowed not for his contributions to science, nor for his service at the Mint, but for the greater glory of party politics in the election of 1705" (Westfall 1993, p. 625). Newton singlehandedly contributed more to the development of science than any other individual in history. He surpassed all the gains brought about by the great scientific minds of antiquity, producing a scheme of the universe which was more consistent, elegant, and intuitive than any proposed before. Newton stated explicit principles of scientific methods which applied universally to all branches of science. This was in sharp contradistinction to the earlier methodologies of Aristotle and Aquinas, which had outlined separate methods for different disciplines. Although his methodology was strictly logical, Newton still believed deeply in the necessity of a God. His theological views are characterized by his belief that the beauty and regularity of the natural world could only "proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being." He felt that "the Supreme God exists necessarily, and by the same necessity he exists always and everywhere." Newton believed that God periodically intervened to keep the universe going on track. He therefore denied the importance of Leibniz's vis viva as nothing more than an interesting quantity which remained constant in elastic collisions and therefore had no physical importance or meaning. Although earlier philosophers such as Galileo and John Philoponus had used experimental procedures, Newton was the first to explicitly define and systematize their use. His methodology produced a neat balance between theoretical and experimental inquiry and between the mathematical and mechanical approaches. Newton mathematized all of the physical sciences, reducing their study to a rigorous, universal, and rational procedure which marked the ushering in of the Age of Reason. Thus, the basic principles of investigation set down by Newton have persisted virtually without alteration until modern times. In the years since Newton's death, they have borne fruit far exceeding anything even Newton could have imagined. They form the foundation on which the technological civilization of today rests. The principles expounded by Newton were even applied to the social sciences, influencing the economic theories of Adam Smith and the decision to make the United States legislature bicameral. These latter applications, however, pale in contrast to Newton's scientific contributions. It is therefore no exaggeration to identify Newton as the single most important contributor to the development of modern science. The Latin inscription on Newton's tomb, despite its bombastic language, is thus fully justified in proclaiming, "Mortals! rejoice at so great an ornament to the human race!" Alexander Pope's couplet is also apropos: "Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night; God said, Let Newton be! and all was light." 参考资料： 回答者：匿名 1-23 20:50Isaac Newton (1642-1727) English physicist, mathematician, and natural philosopher, considered one of the most important scientists of all time. Newton formulated laws of universal gravitation and motion—laws that explain how objects move on Earth as well as through the heavens (see Mechanics). He established the modern study of optics—or the behavior of light—and built the first reflecting telescope. His mathematical insights led him to invent the area of mathematics called calculus (which German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz also developed independently). Newton’s revolutionary contributions explained the workings of a large part of the physical world in mathematical terms, and they suggested that science may provide explanations for other phenomena as well. 回答者：熊猫公主1213 - 高级魔法师 六级 1-23 20:50Sir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of science.[2] His treatise Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from this system, he was the first to show that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. The unifying and predictive power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution, the advancement of heliocentrism, and the broader acceptance of the notion that rational investigation can reveal the inner workings of nature. In mechanics, Newton also markedly enunciated the principles of conservation of momentum and angular momentum. In optics, he invented the reflecting telescope and discovered that the spectrum of colors observed when white light passes through a prism is inherent in the white light and not added by the prism (as Roger Bacon had claimed in the thirteenth century). Newton notably argued that light is composed of particles. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and proposed a theory of the origin of stars. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of calculus. He also demonstrated the generalized binomial theorem, developed the so-called "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function, and contributed to the study of power series. French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange often said that Newton was the greatest genius who ever lived, and once added that he was also "the most fortunate, for we cannot find more than once a system of the world to establish."[3] English poet Alexander Pope was moved by Newton's accomplishments to write the famous epitaph: