计算机的历史英文

One early use of the term "personal computer" appeared in a November 3, 1962, New York Times article reporting John W. Mauchly's vision of future computing as detailed at a recent meeting of the American Institute of Industrial Engineers. Mauchly stated, "There is no reason to suppose the average boy or girl cannot be master of a personal computer.[1]Six years later a manufacturer took a risk at referring to their product this way when Hewlett Packard advertised their "Powerful Computing Genie" as "The New Hewlett Packard 9100A personal computer".[2] This advertisement was deemed too extreme for the target audience and replaced with a much drier ad for the HP 9100A programmable calculator.[3][4]During the next seven years the phrase had gained usage so when Byte magazine, published its first edition it referred to its readers as being in the "personal computing field",[5] while Creative Computing defined the personal computer as a "non-(time)shared system containing sufficient processing power and storage capabilities to satisfy the needs of an individual user."[6] Two years later when the 1977 Trinity of preassembled small computers hit the markets, the Apple II[7] and the PET 2001[8] were advertised as personal computers, while the TRS-80 was a microcomputer used for household tasks including "personal financial management". By 1979 over half a million microcomputers were sold and the youth of the day had a new concept of the personal computer.[9]On January 3 1983, the Personal Computer was the first non-human to be announced as Person of the Year by Time Magazine, in 1982.[10]The initialism PC may refer generically to a personal computer, or may be intended to refer to one of the original IBM PC compatible computers, or may refer to a Microsoft Windows computer currently available. 这个One early use of the term "personal computer" appeared in a November 3, 1962, New York Times article reporting John W. Mauchly's vision of future computing as detailed at a recent meeting of the American Institute of Industrial Engineers. Mauchly stated, "There is no reason to suppose the average boy or girl cannot be master of a personal computer.[1] Six years later a manufacturer took a risk at referring to their product this way when Hewlett Packard advertised their "Powerful Computing Genie" as "The New Hewlett Packard 9100A personal computer".[2] This advertisement was deemed too extreme for the target audience and replaced with a much drier ad for the HP 9100A programmable calculator.[3][4] During the next seven years the phrase had gained usage so when Byte magazine, published its first edition it referred to its readers as being in the "personal computing field",[5] while Creative Computing defined the personal computer as a "non-(time)shared system containing sufficient processing power and storage capabilities to satisfy the needs of an individual user."[6] Two years later when the 1977 Trinity of preassembled small computers hit the markets, the Apple II[7] and the PET 2001[8] were advertised as personal computers, while the TRS-80 was a microcomputer used for household tasks including "personal financial management". By 1979 over half a million microcomputers were sold and the youth of the day had a new concept of the personal computer.[9] On January 3 1983, the Personal Computer was the first non-human to be announced as Person of the Year by Time Magazine, in 1982.[10] The initialism PC may refer generically to a personal computer, or may be intended to refer to one of the original IBM PC compatible computers, or may refer to a Microsoft Windows computer currently available.

The scientific term of computer is a computer, from the dynamoelectric calculator development in earlier period since then of.In 1945, in the world appeared the first set"ENIAC" of the electronics digital computer, used for calculation trajectory.From American second faculty of engineering manufacturing of the university Mo Er electricity of the guest Xi method Ni of, but it of the physical volume be huge, cover area more than 500 square meters and the weight is about 30 tons and consume the electric power of about 100 kilowatts.Obviously, so of the calculator cost be very high, difficult to use.In 1956, the transistor computer was born and this be the next generation computer.As long as several cupboards with a little bit bigger can permit it next, operate the speed also consumedly raised.What to appear is the third generation integrated circuit calculator in 1959. 电脑的学名为电子计算机，是由早期的电动计算器发展而来的。1945年，世界上出现了第一台电子数字计算机“ENIAC”，用于计算弹道。是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学莫尔电工学院制造的，但它的体积庞大，占地面积500多平方米，重量约30吨，消耗近100千瓦的电力。显然，这样的计算机成本很高，使用不便。1956年，晶体管电子计算机诞生了，这是第二代电子计算机。只要几个大一点的柜子就可将它容下，运算速度也大大地提高了。1959年出现的是第三代集成电路计算机。

计算机的诞生酝酿了很长一段时间。1946年2月，第一台电子计算机ENIAC在美国加州问世，ENIAC用了18000个电子管和86000个其它电子元件，有两个教室那么大，运算速度却只有每秒300次各种运算或5000次加法，耗资100万美元以上。尽管ENIAC有许多不足之处，但它毕竟是计算机的始祖，揭开了计算机时代的序幕。 计算机的发展到目前为止共经历了四个时代，从1946年到1959年这段时期我们称之为“电子管计算机时代”。第一代计算机的内部元件使用的是电子管。由于一部计算机需要几千个电子管，每个电子管都会散发大量的热量，因此，如何散热是一个令人头痛的问题。电子管的寿命最长只有3000小时，计算机运行时常常发生由于电子管被烧坏而使计算机死机的现象。第一代计算机主要用于科学研究和工程计算。 从1960年到1964年，由于在计算机中采用了比电子管更先进的晶体管，所以我们将这段时期称为“晶体管计算机时代”。晶体管比电子管小得多，不需要暖机时间，消耗能量较少，处理更迅速、更可靠。第二代计算机的程序语言从机器语言发展到汇编语言。接着，高级语言FORTRAN语言和cOBOL语言相继开发出来并被广泛使用。这时，开始使用磁盘和磁带作为辅助存储器。第二代计算机的体积和价格都下降了，使用的人也多起来了，计算机工业迅速发展。第二代计算机主要用于商业、大学教学和政府机关。 从1965年到1970年，集成电路被应用到计算机中来，因此这段时期被称为“中小规模集成电路计算机时代”。集成电路（Integrated Circuit，简称r）是做在晶片上的一个完整的电子电路，这个晶片比手指甲还小，却包含了几千个晶体管元件。第三代计算机的特点是体积更小、价格更低、可靠性更高、计算速度更快。第三代计算机的代表是IBM公司花了50亿美元开发的IBM 360系列。 从1971年到现在，被称之为“大规模集成电路计算机时代”。第四代计算机使用的元件依然是集成电路，不过，这种集成电路已经大大改善，它包含着几十万到上百万个晶体管，人们称之为大规模集成电路（LargeScale lntegrated Circuit，简称LSI）和超大规模集成电路（Very Large Scale lntegrated Circuit，简称VLSI）。1975年，美国1BM公司推出了个人计算机PC（PersonaI Computer），从此，人们对计算机不再陌生，计算机开始深入到人类生活的各个方面