过度竞争英语

acquiring company 收购公司 bad loan 呆帐 chart of cash flow 现金流量表 clearly-established ownership 产权清晰 debt to equity 债转股 diversity of equities 股权多元化 economy of scale 规模经济 emerging economies 新兴经济 exchange-rate regime 汇率机制 fund and financing 筹资融资 global financial architecture 全球金融体系 global integration, globality 全球一体化，全球化 go public 上市 growth spurt （经济的）急剧增长 have one's "two commas" 百万富翁 hedge against 套期保值 housing mortgage 住房按揭 holdings 控股，所持股份 holding company 控股公司 initial offerings 原始股 initial public offerings 首次公募 innovative business 创新企业 intellectual capital 智力资本 inter-bank lending 拆借 internet customer 网上客户 investment payoff period 投资回收期 joint-stock 参股 mall rat 爱逛商店的年轻人 means of production 生产要素 (the)medical cost social pool for major diseases 大病医疗费用社会统筹 mergers and acquisitions 并购 mobile-phone banking 移动电话银行业 moods 人气 net potato 网虫 non-store seling 直销 offering 新股 online-banking 网上银行业 online-finance 在线金融 online client （银行的）网上客户 paper profit 帐面收益 physical assets 有形资产 project fund system 项目资本金制度 pyramid sale 传销 recapitalize 资产重组 regional corrency blocks 地区货币集团 regulate 调控 sell off 变现 share(stock) option 期权，股票认购权 smart card 智能卡 slash prices 杀价 spare capacity 闲置的生产能力 strong growth 强劲的增长势头 switch trade 转手贸易 take…public 上市 tap the idle assets 盘活存量资产 transaction （银行的） 交易 transfer payment from the exchequer 财政转移支付 venture-capital 风险资本 virtual bank 虚拟银行 wire transfer 电子转帐 经济金融术语汉英对照表 DD 打白条 issue IOU 大额存单 certificate of deposit（CD） 大额提现 withdraw deposits in large amounts 大面积滑坡 wide-spread decline 大一统的银行体制 （all-in-one）mono-bank system 呆账（请见“坏账”） bad loans 呆账准备金 loan loss reserves（provisions） 呆滞贷款 idle loans 贷款沉淀 non-performing loans 贷款分类 loan classification 贷款限额管理 credit control;to impose credit ceiling 贷款约束机制 credit disciplinary（constraint）mechanism 代理国库 to act as fiscal agent 代理金融机构贷款 make loans on behalf of other institutions 戴帽贷款 ear-marked loans 倒逼机制 reversed transmission of the pressure for easing monetary condition 道德风险 moral hazard 地区差别 regional disparity 第一产业 the primary industry 第二产业 the secondary industry 第三产业 the service industry;the tertiary industry 递延资产 deferrable assets 订货不足 insufficient orders 定期存款 time deposits 定向募集 raising funds from targeted sources 东道国（请见“母国”） host country 独立核算 independent accounting 短期国债 treasury bills 对冲操作 sterilization operation;hedging 对非金融部门债权 claims on non-financial sector 多种所有制形式 diversified ownership 经济金融术语汉英对照表 E-FE 恶性通货膨胀 hyperinflation 二级市场 secondary market F 发行货币 to issue currency 发行总股本 total stock issue 法定准备金 required reserves;reserve requirement 法人股 institutional shares 法人股东 institutional shareholders 法治 rule of law 房地产投资 real estate investment 放松银根 to ease monetary policy 非现场稽核 off-site surveillance（or monitoring） 非银行金融机构 non-bank financial institutions 非赢利性机构 non-profit organizations 分税制 assignment of central and local taxes;tax assignment system 分业经营 segregation of financial business（services）;division of business scope based on the type of financial institutions 风险暴露（风险敞口） risk exposure 风险管理 risk management 风险意识 risk awareness 风险资本比例 risk-weighted capital ratios 风险资本标准 risk-based capital standard 服务事业收入 public service charges;user's charges 扶贫 poverty alleviation 负增长 negative growth 复式预算制 double-entry budgeting;capital and current budgetary account 经济金融术语汉英对照表 GG 改革试点 reform experimentation 杠杆率 leverage ratio 杠杆收购 leveraged buyout 高息集资 to raise funds by offering high interest 个人股 non-institutional shares 根本扭转 fundamental turnaround（or reversal） 公开市场操作 open market operations 公款私存 deposit public funds in personal accounts 公用事业 public utilities 公有经济 the state-owned sector;the public sector 公有制 public ownership 工业成本利润率 profit-to-cost ratio 工业增加值 industrial value added 供大于求 supply exceeding demand;excessive supply 鼓励措施 incentives 股份合作企业 joint-equity cooperative enterprises 股份制企业 joint-equity enterprises 股份制银行 joint-equity banks 固定资产贷款 fixed asset loans 关税减免 tariff reduction and exemption 关税减让 tariff concessions 关税优惠 tariff incentives;preferential tariff treatment 规范行为 to regularize（or standardize）…behavior 规模效益 economies of scale 国计民生 national interest and people's livelihood 国家对个人其他支出 other government outlays to individuals 国家风险 country risk 国际分工 international division of labor 国际收支 balance of payments 国有独资商业银行 wholly state-owned commercial banks 国有经济（部门） the state-owned（or public）sector 国有企业 state-owned enterprises（SOEs） 国有制 state-ownership 国有资产流失 erosion of state assets 国债回购 government securities repurchase 国债一级自营商 primary underwriters of government securities 过度竞争 excessive competition 过度膨胀 excessive expansion 过热迹象 signs of overheating 经济金融术语汉英对照表 HH 合理预期 rational expectation 核心资本 core capital 合资企业 joint-venture enterprises 红利 dividend 宏观经济运营良好 sound macroeconomic performance 宏观经济基本状况 macroeconomic fundamentals 宏观调控 macroeconomic management（or adjustment） 宏观调控目标 macroeconomic objectives（or targets） 坏账 bad debt 还本付息 debt service 换汇成本 unit export cost;local currency cost of export earnings 汇兑在途 funds in float 汇兑支出 advance payment of remittance by the beneficiary's bank 汇率并轨 unification of exchange rates 活期存款 demand deposits 汇率失调 exchange rate misalignment 混合所有制 diversified（mixed）ownership 货币政策态势 monetary policy stance 货款拖欠 overdue obligations to suppliers 经济金融术语汉英对照表 JJ 基本建设投资 investment in infrastructure 基本经济要素 economic fundamentals 基本适度 broadly appropriate 基准利率 benchmark interest rate 机关团体存款 deposits of non-profit institutions 机会成本 opportunity cost 激励机制 incentive mechanism 积压严重 heavy stockpile;excessive inventory 挤提存款 run on banks 挤占挪用 unwarranted diversion of（financial）resources（from designated uses） 技改投资 investment in technological upgrading 技术密集型产品 technology-intensive product 计划单列市 municipalities with independent planning status 计划经济 planned economy 集体经济 the collective sector 加大结构调整力度 to intensify structural adjustment 加工贸易 processing trade 加快态势 accelerating trend 加强税收征管稽查 to enhance tax administration 加权价 weighted average price 价格放开 price liberalization 价格形成机制 pricing mechanism 减亏 to reduce losses 简化手续 to cut red tape;to simplify（streamline）procedures 交投活跃 brisk trading 缴存准备金 to deposit required reserves 结构扭曲 structural distortion 结构失调 structural imbalance 结构性矛盾突出 acute structural imbalance 结构优化 structural improvement（optimization） 结汇、售汇 sale and purchase of foreign exchange 金融脆弱 financial fragility 金融动荡 financial turbulence 金融风波 financial disturbance 金融恐慌 financial panic 金融危机 financial crisis 金融压抑 financial repression 金融衍生物 financial derivatives 金融诈骗 financial fraud 紧缩银根 to tighten monetary policy 紧缩政策 austerity policies;tight financial policies 经常账户可兑换 current account convertibility 经济特区 special economic zones（SEZs） 经济体制改革 economic reform 经济增长方式的转变 change in the main source of economic growth（from investment expansion to efficiency gains） 经济增长减速 economic slowdown;moderation in economic growth 经济制裁 economic sanction 经营自主权 autonomy in management 景气回升 recovery in business activity 境外投资 overseas investment 竞争加剧 intensifying competition 局部性金融风波 localized（isolated）financial disturbance 经济金融术语汉英对照表 K-LK 开办人民币业务 to engage in RMB business 可维持（可持续）经济增长 sustainable economic growth 可变成本 variable cost 可自由兑换货币 freely convertible currency 控制现金投放 control currency issuance 扣除物价因素 in real terms;on inflation-adjusted basis 库存产品 inventory 跨国银行业务 cross-border banking 跨年度采购 cross-year procurement 会计准则 accounting standard L 来料加工 processing of imported materials for export 离岸银行业务 off-shore banking（business） 理顺外贸体制 to rationalize foreign trade regime 利率杠杆的调节作用 the role of interest rates in resource allocation 利润驱动 profit-driven 利息回收率 interest collection ratio 联行清算 inter-bank settlement 连锁企业 franchise（businesses）;chain businesses 良性循环 virtuous cycle 两极分化 growing income disparity;polarization in income distribution 零售物价指数 retail price index（RPI） 流动性比例 liquidity ratio 流动资产周转率/流通速度 velocity of liquid assets 流动资金贷款 working capital loans 流通体制 distribution system 流通网络 distribution network 留购（租赁期满时承租人可购买租赁物） hire purchase 垄断行业 monopolized industry（sector） 乱集资 irregular（illegal）fund raising 乱收费 irregular（illegal）charges 乱摊派 unjustified（arbitrary）levies 经济金融术语汉英对照表 M-PM 买方市场 buyer's market 卖方市场 seller's market 卖出回购证券 matched sale of repo 贸易差额 trade balance 民间信用 non-institutionalized credit 免二减三 exemption of income tax for the first two years ofmaking profit and 50% tax reduction for thefollowing three years 明补 explicit subsidy 明亏 explicit loss 名牌产品 brand products 母国（请见“东道国”） home country N 内部控制 internal control 内部审计 internal audit 内地与香港 the mainland and Hong Kong 内债 domestic debt 扭亏为盈 to turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one 扭曲金融分配 distorted allocation of financial resources 农副产品采购支出 outlays for agricultural procurement 农村信用社 rural credit cooperatives（RCCs） P 泡沫效应 bubble effect 泡沫经济 bubble economy 培育新的经济增长点 to tap new sources of economic growth 片面追求发展速度 excessive pursuit of growth 平衡发展 balanced development 瓶颈制约 bottleneck（constraints） 平稳回升 steady recovery 铺底流动资金 initial（start-up）working capital 普遍回升 broad-based recovery 配套改革 concomitant（supporting）reforms 配套人民币资金 local currency funding of… 经济金融术语汉英对照表 Q-RQ 企业办社会 enterprises burdened with social responsibilities 企业集团战略 corporate group strategy 企业兼并重组 company merger and restructuring 企业领导班子 enterprise management 企业所得税 enterprise（corporate）income tax 企业效益 corporate profitability 企业资金违规流入股市 irregular flow of enterprise funds into the stock market 欠税 tax arrears 欠息 overdue interest 强化税收征管 to strengthen tax administration 强制措施 enforcement action 翘尾因素 carryover effect 切一刀 partial application 清理收回贷款 clean up and recover loans （破产）清算 liquidation 倾斜政策 preferential policy 区别对待 differential treatment 趋势加强 intensifying trend 全球化 globalization 权益回报率 returns on equity（ROE） 缺乏后劲 unsustainable momentum R 绕规模贷款 to circumvent credit ceiling 人均国内生产总值 per capita GDP 人均收入 per capita income 人民币升值压力 upward pressure on the Renminbi（exchange rate） 认缴资本 subscribed capital 软贷款 soft loans 软预算约束 soft budget constraint 软着陆 soft landing 经济金融术语汉英对照表 W-XW 外部审计 external audit 外国直接投资 foreign direct investment （FDI） 外汇储备 foreign exchange reserves 外汇调剂 foreign exchange swap 外汇占款 the RMB counterpart of foreign exchange reserves;the RMB equivalent of offcial foreign exchange holdings 外向型经济 export-oriented economy 外债 external debt 外资企业 foreign-funded enterprises 完善现代企业制度 to improve the modern enterprise system 完税凭证 tax payment documentation 违法经营 illegal business 委托存款 entrusted deposits 稳步增长 steady growth 稳健的银行系统 a sound banking system 稳中求进 to make progress while ensuring stability 无纸交易 book-entry（or paperless/scriptless）transaction 物价监测 price monitoring X 吸纳流动性 to absorb liquidity 稀缺经济 scarcity economy 洗钱 money laundering 系统内调度 fund allocation within a bank 系统性金融危机 systemic financial crisis 下岗工人 laid-off employees 下游企业 down-stream enterprises 现场稽核 on-site examination 现金滞留（居民手中） cash held outside the banking system 乡镇企业 township and village enterprises（TVEs） 消费物价指数 consumer price index（CPI） 消费税 excise（consumption）tax 消灭财政赤字 to balance the budget;to eliminate fiscal deficit 销货款回笼 reflow of corporate sales income to the banking system 销售平淡 lackluster sales 协议外资金额 committed amount of foreign investment 新经济增长点 new sources of economic growth 新开工项目 new projects;newly started projects 新增贷款 incremental credit; loan increment; credit growth; credit expansion 新增就业位置 new jobs;new job opportunities 信贷规模考核 review the compliance with credit ceilings 信号失真 distorted signals 信托投资公司 trust and investment companies 信息不对称 information asymmetry 信息反馈 feedback（information） 信息共享系统 information sharing system 信息披露 information disclosure 信用扩张 credir expansion 信用评级 credit rating 姓“资”还是姓“社” pertaining to socialism or capitalism;socialist orcaptialist 行政措施 administrative measures 需求膨胀 demand expansion; excessive demand 虚伪存款 window-dressing deposits 削减冗员 to shed excess labor force 寻租 rent seeking 迅速反弹 quick rebound 经济金融术语汉英对照表 Y-ZY 养老基金 pension fund 一刀切 universal application;non-discretionary implementation 一级市场 primary market 应收未收利息 overdue interest 银行网点 banking outlets 赢利能力 profitability 营业税 business tax 硬贷款（商业贷款） commercial loans 用地审批 to grant land use right 有管理的浮动汇率 managed floating exchange rate 证券投资 portfolio investment 游资（热钱） hot money 有市场的产品 marketable products 有效供给 effective supply 诱发新一轮经济扩张 trigger a new round of economic expansion 逾期贷款 overdue loans;past-due loans 与国际惯例接轨 to become compatible with internationally accepted 与国际市场接轨 to integrate with the world market 预算外支出（收入） off-budget （extra-budgetary） expenditure（revenue） 预调 pre-emptive adjustment 月环比 on a month-on-month basis; on a monthly basis Z 再贷款 central bank lending 在国际金融机构储备头寸 reserve position in international financial institutions 在人行存款 deposits at （with） the central bank 在途资金 fund in float 增加农业投入 to increase investment in agriculture 增势减缓 deceleration of growth;moderation of growthmomentum 增收节支措施 revenue-enhancing and expenditure control measures 增长平稳 steady growth 增值税 value-added tax（VAT） 涨幅偏高 higher-than-desirable growth rate;excessive growth 账外账 concealed accounts 折旧 depreciation 整顿 retrenchment;consolidation 政策工具 policy instrument 政策性业务 policy-related operations 政策性银行 policy banks 政策组合 policy mix 政府干预 government intervention 证券交易清算 settlement of securities transactions 证券业务占款 funding of securities purchase 支付困难 payment difficulty 支付能力 payment capacity 直接调控方式向 to increase the reliance on indirect policy instruments 间接调控方式转变职能转换 transformation of functions 职业道德 professional ethics 指令性措施 mandatory measures 指令性计划 mandatory plan;administered plan 制定和实施货币政策 to conduct monetary policy;to formulate and implement monetary policy 滞后影响 lagged effect 中介机构 intermediaries 中央与地方财政 delineation of fiscal responsibilities 分灶吃饭重点建设 key construction projects;key investment project 周期谷底 bottom（trough）of business cycle 周转速度 velocity 主办银行 main bank 主权风险 sovereign risk 注册资本 registered capital 逐步到位 to phase in;phased implementation 逐步取消 to phase out 抓大放小 to seize the big and free the small（to maintain close oversight on the large state-ownedenterprises and subject smaller ones to market competition） 专款专用 use of funds as ear-marked 转贷 on-lending 转轨经济 transition economy 转机 turnaround 转折关头 turning point 准财政赤字 quasi-fiscal deficit 准货币 quasi-money 资本不足 under-capitalized 资本充足率 capital adequacy ratio 资本利润率 return on capital 资本账户可兑换 capital account convertibility 资不抵债 insolvent;insolvency 资产负债表 balance sheet 资产负债率 liability/asset ratio;ratio of liabilities to assets 资产集中 asset concentration 资产贡献率 asset contribution factor 资产利润率 return on assets （ROA） 资产质量 asset quality 资产组合 asset portfolio 资金成本 cost of funding;cost of capital;financing cost 资金到位 fully funded （project） 资金宽裕 to have sufficient funds 资金利用率 fund utilization rate 资金缺口 financing gap 资金体外循环 financial disintermediation 资金占压 funds tied up 自筹投资项目 self-financed projects 自有资金 equity fund 综合国力 overall national strength（often measured by GDP） 综合效益指标 overall efficiency indicator 综合治理 comprehensive adjustment（retrenchment）;over-haul 总成交额 total contract value 总交易量 total amount of transactions 总成本 total cost 最后贷款人 lender of last resort

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一、什么是内卷内卷化是近几年来网络上比较流行一个词，英文为“involution”，与之对应的是“evolution”，即演化。一般用于形容某个领域中发生了过度的竞争，导致人们进入了互相内斗、内耗的状态。更宽泛一点说，所有无实质意义的消耗都可称为内卷。

二、内卷通俗易懂的解释内卷也叫做内卷化，指的是在某个领域中发生了过度竞争，从而导致这个领域中的人进入了内斗、内耗的状态。同时也是表明一种社会现象，在某一个社会机构或者群体组织中出现的一种现象，比如职场中，某某加班写了十页PPT报告，某某某知道后，连续加班写了三十页PPT报告，因此职场竞争更加激烈，就是一种内卷。

Business enterprise annex resources integration excessiveness competition the 博弈 theory

ownership 所有权；拥有权 ownership in common 分权共有权 Pacific Basin Central Bank Conference 太平洋地区中央银行会议 Pacific Basin Economic Council 太平洋地区经济议会 Pacific Economic Co-operation Council 太平洋经济合作议会 Pacific Economic Outlook 《太平洋经济展望》 Pacific Finance (Hong Kong) Limited 怡泰富财务（香港）有限公司 package 整套方案 package concept 整体发展概念 package development 组合发展；整体发展 packing credit 打包贷款；打包放款 packing loan 打包放款 paid-in capital 实缴资本；实缴股本 paid-in share 实收股份 paid-up capital 缴足股本 paid-up share capital 缴足款股本 panic buying 恐慌性抢购 panic selling 恐慌性抛售 paper 票据；文件 paper clearing system 票据交换制度 paper gold 纸黄金 paper profit 账面利润；纸上利润 par of exchange 汇兑平价 par value 票面值 parallel transaction 平行交易 parent company 母公司；控股公司 pari passu 平等权利；同等权益；按相同比例 Paris Bourse 巴黎证券交易所 parity of pay 同等薪酬 parity of subsidy principle 相同津贴的原则；平等津贴原则 part owner 有部分拥有权的人 part ownership 部分所有权 partial bid 部分收购建议 partial endorsement 部分背书 partial offer 部分要约 partial return of contribution 发还部分供款 partial settlement 部分交收 participant 参与者 participating preference share 参与优先股 participation 参与；参加；参股 participation in profit 分红 partly paid share 已缴部分股款的股份 partly paid share capital 已缴部分股款的股本 下面网站里面有很多