actual vs. normalactual costing实际成本制,in which direct material and direct labour are added to WIP at their actual amounts,and overhead iss applied to WIP using an actual overhead rate calculated at the end of each accounting period.normal costing,which direct material and direct labour are added to WIP at their actual amounts,but overhead is applied to WIP using a predetermined overhead rate.activity-based costing成本作业法,基于活动分配