兰花英语短文

茉莉花 :学名：Jasminum sambac 玫瑰花:英文:Rose 丁香花：学名：Syringa oblata 桂花：英文：Sweet Osmanthus 康乃馨：英文：Carnation 紫罗兰：学名：Matthiola incana 百合：学名：LiliumL 水仙花：英文：Chinese Narsissus 荷花：英文：Hindu Lotus 莲花：英文：Hindu Lotus 百合：英文：Lily rose 玫瑰花 tulip 郁金香 balsam 凤仙花 canna 美人蕉 lily 百合花 jasmine 茉莉 sweet pea 香豌豆花 sunflower 向日葵 geranium 大竺葵 morning-glory 牵牛花 cosmos 大波斯菊 pansy 三色堇 poppy 罂粟花 marigold 金盏花 carnation 麝香石竹 amaryllis 孤挺花 dahlia 大丽花 pink 石竹花 crocus 番红花 iris 蝴蝶花 hyacinth 风信花 daffodil 黄水仙 chrysanthemum 菊 marguerite, daisy 雏菊 gladiolus 剑兰 cantury plant 龙舌兰 magnolia 木兰 yucca 丝兰 orchid 兰花 freesia 小苍兰 cyclamen 仙客来 begonia 秋海棠 anemone 银莲花 wisteria 柴藤 redbud 紫荆 dogwood 山茱萸 hawthorn 山楂 camellia 山茶 hydrangea 八仙花 hibiscus 木槿 peony 芍药 azalea 杜鹃 rhododendron 杜鹃花 daphne 瑞香 gardenia 栀子 lilac 紫丁香 中文名 英文名 花语 中文名 英文名 花语 中国水仙 new year lily 自尊/单恋 石榴 pomegranate 相思/永生 月桂 victor\'s laurel 胜利/不诚实 报春花 polyanthus 初恋/自作多情 木棉 cotton tree 热情 紫丁香 lilac 青春的回忆 吊钟 lady\'s eardrops 尝试/热心 紫荆 chinese redbud 故情/手足情 百合 lily 纯净/神圣 紫罗兰 wall flower 信任/爱的羁绊 桃花 peach 被你俘虏 紫藤 wistaria 沉迷的爱 杜鹃 azalea 爱的快乐/节制 铃兰 lily-of-the-valley 纤细/希望/纯洁 牡丹 tree paeony 富贵/羞怯 银杏 ginkgo 长寿 芍药 paeony 害羞 蝴蝶兰 moth orchid 幸福/纯洁/吉祥 辛夷 violet magnolia 友情/爱自然 蟹爪仙人掌 christmas cactus 锦上添花 玫瑰 rose 爱情/爱与美 郁金香 tulip 名誉/慈善/美丽 茶花 common camelia 美德/谦逊 千日红 common globe-amaranth 永恒的爱/不朽 非洲堇 african vioet 永恒的美 天人菊 indian blanket 团结/协力 栀子花 cape jasmine 喜悦/纯洁 木槿 rose of sharon 劝告/短暂的美 风信子 hyacinyh 悲哀/永远怀念 百子莲 african lily 爱的来临 牵牛花 morning glory 爱情/依赖 君子兰 kafir lily 宝贵/高贵 荷包花 lady\'s pocketbook 聚集财富 含笑花 banana shrub 矜持/含蓄 非洲菊 african daisy 神秘/兴奋 含羞草 esnsitive plant 敏感 茉莉 arabian jasmine 你属于我/亲切 猪笼草 pitcher plant 财源广进 凌霄花 creeper 好高骛远 树兰 orchid tree 平凡而清雅 康乃馨 caronation 温馨/慈祥 鸡冠花 cockscomb 永生/爱美/痴情 荷花 lotus 神圣/纯洁 鸢萝 cypress vine 关怀/依附 菩提 bo-tree 结婚/圣洁 大理花 dahlia 移情别恋/优雅 圣诞百合 christmas bell 温暖的心 一串红 scarlet sage 热切的思念 紫薇 crape myrtle 圣洁/喜悦/长寿 勿忘草 forget-me-not 不要忘记我 睡莲 water lily 信仰/纯洁的心 文心兰 dacing lady 乐不思蜀 吊兰 spider plant 无奈/还有希望 白头翁 pappy anemone 坚忍/背信之恋 向日葵 sunflower 爱慕/光辉/高傲 矢车菊 cornflower 纤细/优雅/幸福 竹 bamboo 君子/平安 金鱼草 snapdrgon 傲慢/好管闲事 夹竹桃 oleander 深刻友情/谨慎 金盏花 pot marigold 离别之痛/迷恋 扶桑 china rose 体贴之美/纤细 金银花 japanese honeysuckle 真诚的爱/羁绊 长春花 old maid 愉快的回忆 金莲花 garden nasturium 爱国心 秋海棠 begonia 亲切/诚恳/单恋 非洲凤仙 african touch-me-not 不要碰我 美人蕉 canna 妄想/猜疑 曼佗罗 angel\'s trumpet 恐怖/敬爱 晚香玉 tuberose 危险边缘的快乐 梅花 flowering apricot 忠实/坚毅 野姜花 ginger lily 无聊 圣诞红 common poinsettia 祝福你/付出 菊花 chrysamthemum 清廉/高洁 虞美人 iceland poppy 安慰/遗忘/休息 昙花 epiphyllum 热情/短暂 鸢尾 iris 优雅的心/使命 龙胆 royal blue 最爱忧伤时的你 腊梅 winter sweet 依恋/慈爱 麒麟花 bojers spurge 自卫 木芙蓉 cotton rose 纤细之美 九重葛 paper flower 夏日恋情/陶醉 火鹤花 flamingo flower 燃烧的心/烦恼 三色堇 tricolor viola 思念/爱的告白 嘉德丽亚兰 cattleya 敬爱/善意/倾慕 报春花（Primula malacoides） 贝母（Fritillaria thunbergii） 波斯菊 （Cosmos bipinnatus） 茶梅（Camellia sasanqua） 长春花（Catharanthus roseus) 雏菊（Bellis perennis） 春兰（Cymbidium goeringii） 翠雀 （Delphinium grandiflorum） 大花葱 （Allium giganteun） 大丽菊 （Dahlia pinnata） 倒吊金钟 （Fuchsia hybrida） 兜兰 （Paphiopedilum） 多花菊（Chrysanthemum cvs.） 风铃草（Campanula medium） 风信子（Hyacinthus orientalis） 凤仙花（Impatiens balsamina） 凤眼莲 （Eichhornia crassipes） 福寿草（Adonis aestivalis） 旱金莲（Tropaeolum majus） 荷包牡丹（Dicentra spectabilis） 鹤望兰（Strelitzia reginae） 虎刺梅（Euphorbia milii） 虎眼万年青（Ornithogalum caudatum） 花毛茛（Ranunculus asiaticus） 火棘（Pyracantha fortuneana） 火炬花 （Kniphofia uvaria） 嘉兰 （Gloriosa superba） 姜花（Hedychium coronarium） 结香 （Edgeworthia chrysantha） 金缕梅（Hammelis mollis） 金鱼草（Antirrhinum majus） 君子兰（Clivia miniata） 卡特兰（Cattleya boruingiana） 康乃馨【粉花】（Dianthus caryophyllus） 蜡梅（Chimonanthus praecox） 铃兰（Convallaria majalis） 鹭兰（Habenaria radiata） 马蹄莲 （Zantedeschia elliotiana） 毛地黄 （Digtalis purpurea） 梅花（Prunmus mune） 密尔顿兰（Miltonia sp.） 茉莉花 （Jasminum sambac） 葡萄风信子（Hyacinthus orientalis） 蒲包花 （Calceolaria herbeohybrida） 蒲公英 （Taraxacum mongolicum） 牵牛花 （Pharbitis nil） 秋水仙 Colchicum autumnale） 日本猪牙（Erythronium japonicum） 三色堇（Viola sp.） 三叶草 （Trifolium repens） 芍药（Paeonia lactiflora） 石斛兰（Dendrobium nobile） 石蒜（Nerine） 水仙（Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis） 桃花（Prunus persica） 万带兰 （Vanda spp.） 仙客来（Cyclamen persicum） 香豌豆（Lathyrus odoratus） 香雪兰【黄色】(Freesia refracta) 向日葵 （Helianthus cannuus） 萱草 （Hymenocallis speciosa） 雪滴花（Galanthus nivalis） 薰衣草 （Lavandula angustifolia） 叶子花 （Bougainvillea spectabilis） 一品红（Euphoriia pulcherrima） 银莲花（Anemone sp.） 樱花 (Prunus serrulata) 迎春花（Jasminum nudiflorum） 油菜花（Brassica campestris） 虞美人（Papaver nudicaule） 玉簪 （Hosta plantaginea） 郁金香 （Tulipa gesnerianna） 栀子花 （Gardenia jasminoides） 中国桔梗（Platycodon grandiflorus） 紫荆（Cercis chinensis） 紫罗兰（Matthiola incana） 紫藤 （Wisteria sinensis） 紫薇 （Lagerstroemia indica）

比尔的家有三口人，饮食却都不同。早餐的时候，爸爸喜欢吃沙拉，妈妈喜欢吃薯条，比尔早餐则喜欢吃牛奶鸡蛋，取代他不爱吃的薯条。中午的时候，爸爸会在工厂吃有肉的米饭，妈妈在医院上班，中午的时候会在医院吃有土豆的米饭，比尔的学校离家不是特别近，所以会经常吃汉堡和鱼。到了晚上，比尔的妈妈经常会好好为家人做顿饭，为比尔做他爱吃的鸡肉，为爸爸做西兰花，还会再炒些菜，肯定会有她自己喜欢吃的炒西红柿。那是多么诱人的美味呀！

比尔家有三口人。他们都吃不同的食物。他们在家吃早餐。比尔的爸爸早餐喜欢吃色拉。他的爸爸喜欢吃炸薯条，但是比尔不喜欢吃炸薯条。他早餐喜欢吃蛋和牛奶。正午时，他的爸爸在工厂吃午饭，在那儿他吃米饭和肉。他的妈妈在医院上班。在医院她午餐吃米饭和马铃薯。比尔的学校离家不近，因此他午饭在学校里吃汉堡包和鱼。晚上，比尔的妈妈经常做好吃的食物。她为比尔炖鸡吃。那是比尔最喜欢的食物。她为比尔的爸爸做西兰花，然后她炒菜，其中一样就是炒西红柿。她喜欢吃西红柿。他们的食物多好吃呀！

With today’s way of life, people are more likely to suffer from obesity, and exposed to various diseases or contract some forms of cancer. On the other hand, modern day medicine has evolved such that people can rely on the latest drugs or devices to treat cancer.现在，人们患上肥胖症，癌症的几率越来越高。从另一方面来说，现在人们可以依赖先进的药品和其他设备来治疗癌症。When it comes to treating cancer, prevention and detection is probably the best way to nipping it in its bud. Thus, we should always go for regular health screenings to detect cancer in its early stages and isolate it early. On the other hand, we also try to prevent or delay contracting cancer as far as possible by consuming healthy foods, which we have compiled a list of for you. (Do not replace this list with your regular health checkup.)但是，说到治疗、预防和发现癌症，最好的方法还是防患未然。所以，我们应该找到一些可以提早预防癌症的方法。从另一方面来说，我们也可以摄取健康的食物来预防或者延缓癌症，以下就是一些对身体有益的食物单（不要用它们完全替代你的正常体检）。1. Cauliflower1. 花椰菜Cauliflower contains sulforaphane, a compound that has been shown to have anti-cancer effects. Sulforaphane are released when cauliflower is broken down, so focus on chewing it before swallowing. This compound seeks and destroys certain cancer cells without harming your healthy cells.花椰菜含有萝卜硫素，这种物质可以对抗癌症。当花椰菜分解时，会释放萝卜硫素，所以一定要在吞咽之前好好咀嚼它们。这种物质可以破坏癌细胞，而不损害我们的健康。There are plenty of recipes available online on how you can add cauliflower to your meals. Cauliflower and broccoli have similar effects, so add broccoli to your list of foods too.在网上你可以找到各种各样做花椰菜的菜谱。花椰菜和西兰花有相似的功效，所以吃西兰花也是个不错的选择。2. Carrots2. 胡萝卜Even though carrots are mainly thought to be good for one’s eye sight, researches from the last ten years suggest that they are also good against some types of cancer, one of which is prostate cancer.尽管大多数人都知道胡萝卜对我们的眼睛好，但是研究人员在过去十年经过研究证实，胡萝卜可以对抗癌症，尤其是前列腺癌。A study was done on mice who were fed an increased carrot intake, and the study showed that carrots could stop the growth of prostate cancer. Carrot have many other health benefits too, there is no reason not to eat them!在老鼠身上进行的实验发现，摄入胡萝卜可以使前例腺癌停止扩大。胡萝卜还有许多其他的好处，所以吃胡萝卜非常好！3. Avocados3. 牛油果Not many people are fans of this fruit, but avocados as a food are so beneficial, they are almost a must-have item in your kitchen. Avocados have an abundance of nutrients, mostly antioxidants which have been proven to reduce the risk of certain forms of cancer.许多人都不喜欢吃牛油果，但是这种食物好处多多，是你厨房的必备品。牛油果的营养丰富，大多都是抗氧化剂，可以减少患癌症的风险。Avocados also have a high amount of healthy monounsaturated fat. This is a high-fat fruit, which is definitely interesting, considering how most of the other fruits are very low in fat or even fat free, and avocados can actually help you lose weight and not the reverse.牛油果还含有大量健康的单元不饱和脂肪。这是一种高脂肪水果，但是有趣的是，其他水果都是脂肪含量低或者零脂肪，但是吃牛油果反而能够促进减肥。As a food, they are very versatile. You can make guacamole out of it, add slices to a sandwich or mix in with other fruits to create a juice or smoothie.作为一种食物，牛油果的做法很多。你可以做鳄梨色拉酱，夹着三明治吃，或者同其他水果、果汁或者奶昔一起吃。4. Broccoli4. 西兰花Broccoli is one of the best natural cancer fighters against many types of cancer. Colon and bladder cancer are among the top two cancers that can be treated or even prevented when eating broccoli. Find it in whichever form you can, be it fresh, frozen or pre-cooked, it will still retain most of its nutritional value!西兰花是抗癌小能手，可以抵御多种癌症。其中，它们抵抗结肠癌和膀胱癌的作用最好。你可以随便做西兰花，生吃、凉拌吃或者做熟吃，它的营养基本不会流失！The high fibre levels in broccoli can also help with your digestion, so broccoli is a vegetable that is beneficial for your health to eat often.西兰花的纤维素含量很高，可以促进肠胃蠕动。所以，多吃西兰花对你的身体有好处。5. Tomatoes5. 西红柿Tomatoes are healthy and tasty at the same time. Cooked tomatoes help your body release more lycopene, a specific phytochemical that provides cancer fighting benefits.西红柿既健康又好吃。做熟的西红柿可以促使你的身体释放更多的番茄红素，这种植物化学成分对抗癌效果特别好。Tomatoes also provide you with lots of antioxidants for your body, and are known to be useful to treat or prevent prostate cancer.西红柿也有许多抗氧化剂，可以预防和治疗前列腺癌。There are many ways to eat tomatoes, it can be eaten raw or cooked with dishes, or blended to make juice as well.吃西红柿的方法也有很多。可以生吃，熟吃，也可以榨汁。6. Walnuts6. 坚果Want to prevent breast cancer or prostate cancer? Walnuts may be your answer. They also contain lots of omega 3, a type of fatty acids that is actually beneficial to our health such as lowering our risk of coronary heart diseases and reducing high cholesterol. Walnuts are great as a breakfast food or as a snack in between meals.想预防乳腺癌或者前列腺癌吗？坚果可以帮助你。它们含有许多欧米茄3脂肪酸，这种脂肪酸对健康有好处，可以降低我们患有冠心病和高胆固醇的概率。坚果可以在早饭时吃，也可以作为加餐。7. Garlic7.大蒜Eating garlic has numerous health benefits, one of which of course is that it helps to prevent cancer. Garlic is said to be able to stop cancer cells from multiplying and spreading. They also have antiviral and antibacterial effects, acting like antibiotics and can work well especially against fungal infections.吃大蒜有许多好处，其中一个就是预防癌症。大蒜能够让癌细胞停止生长和扩散。它们还有抗病毒抗菌的效果，尤其是对抗真菌感染。8. Ginger8. 姜Studies have shown that ginger actually works better than cancer drugs in fighting against cancer cells! This is especially noted in a study done examining the effects of ginger has on prostate cancer cells.研究表明姜比癌症药品的治疗效果还要好！尤其是在治疗前列腺癌症方面。Apart from that, it also has anti-inflammatory properties, and can help as a cure against motion sickness. If you tend to suffer from motion sickness, eat some dried ginger peels, or boil ginger in water to make a light ginger water or tea.此外，姜还有抗炎物质，可以治疗晕车。如果你有这样的症状，吃一些干姜皮，或者姜水姜茶，都会有效果。

Orchidaceae, also called the Orchid family, is the largest family of the flowering plants (Angiospermae). Its name is derived from the genus Orchis.The Royal Botanical Gardens of Kew list 880 genera and nearly 22,000 accepted species, but the exact number is unknown since classification differs greatly in the academic world. About 800 new species are added each year. The largest genera are Bulbophyllum (2,000 species), Epidendrum (1,500 species), Dendrobium (1,400 species) and Pleurothallis (1,000 species). The family also includes the Vanilla (the genus of the vanilla plant), Orchis (type genus) and many commonly cultivated plants like some Phalaenopsis or Cattleya.Moreover, since the introduction of tropical species in the 19th century, horticulturists have more than 100,000 hybrids and cultivars.Orchidaceae are cosmopolitan, occurring in almost every habitat apart from deserts and glaciers. The great majority are to be found in the tropics, mostly Asia, South America and Central America. They are found above the Arctic Circle, in southern Patagonia and even on Macquarie Island, close to Antarctica.The following list gives a rough overview of their distribution: tropical America: 300 to 350 genera tropical Asia: 250 to 300 genera tropical Africa: 125 to 150 genera Oceania: 50 to 70 genera Europe and temperate Asia: 40 to 60 genera North America: 20 to 30 genera A majority of species are perennial epiphytes; they are found in tropical moist broadleaf forests or mountains and subtropics. These are anchored on other plants, mostly trees, sometimes shrubs.A few are lithophytes, growing naturally on rocks or on very rocky soil.Others are terrestrial. This group includes nearly all temperate orchids.Some orchids, like Neottia and Corallorhiza, lack chlorophyll and are myco-heterotrophs (formerly incorrectly called saprophytes). These achlorophyllous (i.e. nonphotosynthetic) orchids live on an ectomycorrhizal symbiosis and are completely dependent on soil fungi feeding on decaying plant matter, such as fallen leaves, to provide them nutrients.Orchids are easily distinguished, as they share some very evident apomorphies. Among these: bilaterally symmetric (zygomorphic) and resupinate, a petal (labellum) is always highly modified, stamens and carpels are fused and the seeds are extremely small.Like most monocots, orchids generally have simple leaves with parallel veins, although some Vanilloideae have a reticulate venation. They may be ovate, lanceolate, or orbiculate and very variable in size. Their characteristics are often diagnostic. They are normally alternate on the stem, often plicate, and have no stipules. Orchids leaves often have siliceous bodies called stegmata in the vascular bundle sheaths (not present in the Orchidoideae) and are fibrous.The structure of the leaves corresponds to the specific habitat of the plant. Species that typically bask in sunlight, or grow on sites which can be occasionally very dry, have thick, leathery leaves and the laminas are covered by a waxy cuticle to retain their necessary water supply. Shade species, on the other hand, have long, thin leaves.The leaves of most orchids are perennial, that is they live for several years, while others, especially those with plicate leaves, shed them annually and develop new leaves together with new pseudobulbs, as in Catasetum.The leaves of some orchids are considered ornamental. The leaves of the Macodes sanderiana, a semiterrestrial or lithophyte, show a sparkling silver and gold veining on a light green background. The cordate leaves of Psychopsiella limminghei are light brownish green with maroon-puce markings, created by flower pigments. The attractive mottle of the leaves of Lady's Slippers from temperate zones (Paphiopedilum) is caused by uneven distribution of chlorophyll. Also Phalaenopsis schilleriana is a lovely pastel pink orchid with leaves spotted dark green and light green. The Jewel Orchid (Ludisia discolor) is grown more for its colorful leaves than its fairly inconspicuous white flowers.Some orchids, as Polyrrhiza lindenii (Ghost Orchid), Aphyllorchis and Taeniophyllum depend on their green roots for photosynthesis and lack normally developed leaves, as of course do all of the heterotrophic species.All orchids are perennial herbs and lack any permanent woody structure. Orchids can grow according to two patterns: Monopodial: The stems grows from a single bud, leaves are added from the apex each year and the stem grows longer accordingly. The stem of orchids with a monopodial growth can reach several meters in length, as in Vanda and Vanilla. Sympodial: The plant produces a series of adjacent shoots which grow to a certain size, bloom and then stop growing, to be then replaced. Sympodial orchids grow laterally rather than vertically, following the surface of their support. The growth continues by development of new leads, with their own leaves and roots, sprouting from or next to those of the previous year, as in Cattleya. While a new lead is developing, the rhizome may start its growth again from a so-called 'eye', an undeveloped bud, thereby branching. Terrestrial orchids may be rhizomatous or forme corms or tubers. The root caps of terrestrials are smooth and white.Some sympodial terrestrials, such as Orchis and Ophrys, have two subterranean tuberous roots. One is used as a food reserve for wintery periods, and provides for the development of the other one, from which visible growth develops.In warm and humid climates, many terrestrial orchids do not need pseudobulbs.Epiphytic orchids have modified aerial roots that can sometimes be a few meters long. In the older parts of the roots, a modified spongy epidermis called velamen has the function to absorbe humidity. It is made of dead cells and can have a silvery-grey, white or brown appearance.The cells of the root epidermis grow at a right angle to the axis of the root to allow them to get a firm grasp on their support. Nutrients mainly come from animal droppings on their supporting tree.The base of the stem of sympodial epiphytes, or in some species essentially the entire stem, may be thickened to form what is called a pseudobulb that contains nutrients and water for drier periods.The pseudobulb has a smooth surface with lengthwise grooves and can have different shapes, often conical or oblong. Its size is very variable; in Bulbophyllum (black orchids) it is no longer than two millimeters, while in the largest orchid in the world, Grammatophyllum speciosum (giant orchid), it can reach three meters. Some Dendrobium have long, canelike pseudobulbs with short, rounded leaves over the whole length, some other orchids have hidden or extremely small pseudobulbs, completely included inside the leaves.With ageing the pseudobulb sheds its leaves and becomes dormant. At this stage it is often called a backbulb. A pseudobulb then takes over, exploiting the last reserves accumulated in the backbulb, which eventually dies off too. A pseudobulb typically lives for about five years.Orchidaceae are well known for the many structural variations in their flowers.Some orchids have single flowers but most have a racemose inflorescence, sometimes with a large number of flowers. The flowering stem can be basal, that is produced from the base of the tuber, like in Cymbidium, apical, meaning it grows from the apex of the main stem, like in Cattleya, or axillary, from the leaf axil, as in Vanda.As an apomorphy of the clade, orchid flowers are primitively zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical), although in some genera like Mormodes, Ludisia, Macodes this kind of symmetry may be difficut to notice.The orchid flower, like most flowers of monocots has two whorls of sterile elements. The outer whorl has three sepals and three petals are in the inner whorl. The sepals are usually very similar to the petals (an thus called tepals, 1), but may be completely distinct.The upper medial petal, called the labellum or lip (6),, is always modified and enlarged. The inferior ovary (7) or the pedicel is rotated 180 degrees, so that the labellum, goes on the lower part of the flower, thus becoming suitable to form a platform for pollinators. This characteristic, called the resupination occours primitively in the family and is considered apomorphic (the torsion of the ovary is very evident from the picture). Some orchids have secondarily lost the resupination, like some Zygopetalum'.The normal form of the sepals can be found in Cattleya, where they form a triangle. In Paphiopedilum (Venus slippers) the lower two sepals are fused together into a synsepal, while the lip has taken the form of a slipper. In Masdevallia all the sepals are fused.Orchid flowers with abnormal numbers of petals or lips are called peloric. Peloria is a genetic trait, but its expression is environmentally influenced and may appear random.Orchid flowers primitively had three stamens, but this situation is now limited to the genus Neuwiedia. Apostasia and the Cypripedioideae have two stamens, the central one being strile and reduced to a staminode. All of the other orchids, the clade called Monandria, retain only the central stamen, the others being reduced to staminodes (4). The filaments of the stamens are always adnate (fused) to the style to form cylindrical structure called the gynostemium or column (2). In the primitive Apostasioideae this fusion is only partial, in the Vanilloideae it is more deep, while in Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae it is total. The stigma (9) is very asymmetrical as all of its lobes are bent towards the centre of the flower and lay on the bottom of the column.Pollen is released as single grains, like in most other plants, in the Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae and Vanilloideae. In the other subfamilies, that comprise the great majority of orchids, the anther (3), carries and two pollinia.A pollinium is a waxy mass of pollen grains held together by the glue-like alkaloid viscin, containing both cellulosic stands and mucopolysaccharides. Each pollinium is connected to a a filament which can take the form of a caudicle, like in Dactylorhiza or Habenaria or a stipe, like in Vanda. Caudicles or stipes hold the pollinia to the viscidium, a sticky pad which sticks the pollinia to the body of pollinators.At the upper edge of the stigma of single-anthered orchids, in front of the anther cap, there is the rostellum (5), a slender extension involved in the complex pollination mechanism.As aforementioned, the ovary is always inferior (located behind the flower). It is three-carpelate and one or, more rarely, three-partitioned, with parietal placentation (axile in the Apostasioideae).Orchids have developed highly specialized pollination systems and thus the chances of being pollinated are often scarce. This is why orchid flowers usually remain receptive for very long periods and why most orchids deliver pollen in a single mass: each time pollination succeeds thousands of ovules can be fertilized.Pollinators are often visually attracted by the shape and colours of the labellum. The flowers may produce attractive odours. Although absent in most species, nectar may be produced in a spur (8) of the labellum, on the point of the sepals or in the septa of the ovary, the most typical position amongst the Asparagales.In orchids that produce pollinia, pollination happens as some variant of the following. When the pollinator enters into the flower, it touches a viscidium, which promptly sticks to its body, generally on the head or abdomen. While leaving the flower, it pulls the pollinium out of the anther, as it is connected to the viscidium by the caudicle or stipe. The caudicle then bends and the pollinium is moved forwards and downwards. When the pollinator enters another flower of the same species, the pollinium has taken such position that it will stick to the stigma of the second flower, just below the rostellum, pollinating it. The possessors of orchids may be able to reproduce the process with a pencil or similar device.Some orchids mainly or totally rely on self-pollination, especially in colder regions where pollinators are particularly rare. The caudicles may dry up if the flower hasn't been visited by any pollinator and the pollina then fall directly on the stigma. Otherwise the anther may rotate and then enter the stigma cavity of the flower (as in Holcoglossum amesianum).The labellum of the Cypripedioideae is poke-shaped and has the function to trap visiting insects. The only exit leads to the anthers that deposit pollen on the visitor.In some extremely specialized orchids, like the Eurasian genus Ophrys, the labellum is adapted to have a colour, shape and odour which attracts male insects via mimicry of a receptive female. Pollination happens as the insect attempts to mate with flowers.Many neotropical orchids are pollinated by male orchid bees, which visit the flowers to gather volatile chemicals they require to synthesize pheromonal attractants. Each type of orchid places the pollinia on a different body part of a different species of bee, so as to enforce proper cross-pollination.An underground orchid in Australia, Rhizanthella slateri, never sees the light of day and depends on ants and other terrestrial insects to pollinate it.Catasetum, a genus discussed briefly by Darwin actually launches its viscid pollinia with explosive force when an insect touches a seta.After pollination the sepals and petals fade and wilt, but they usually remain attached to the ovary.A study in the scientific journal Nature [1] has shown that the origin of orchids goes back much longer than originally expected. A fossilized stingless bee Proplebeia dominicana, an extinct species trapped in Miocene amber about 15-20 million years ago, carried pollen of the orchid Meliorchis caribea (a new genus and species, as of this study) on its wings. This indicates that orchids may have an ancient origin and have arisen 76 to 84 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous, in other words : they may have co-existed with dinosaurs. It shows also that at that time, insects were already active pollinators of orchids.Using the so-called molecular clock method, scientist were able to determine the age of the major branches of the orchid family. This also confirmed that the subfamily Vanilloideae is a branch at the basal dichotomy of the monandrous orchids, and must have evolved very early in the evolution of the family. Since this genus occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, from tropical America to tropical Asia, New Guinea and West Africa, and the continents began to split about 100 million years ago, significant biotic exchange must have occurred after this split (since the age of Vanilla is estimated at 60 to 70 million years).Up to this find, recovered by a private collector in the Dominican Republic in 2000, there was no definite fossil record of orchidsThe extinct orchid M. caribea has been placed within the extant tribe Cranichideae, subtribe Goodyerinae (subfamily Orchidoideae).One orchid genus, Vanilla, is commercially important, used as a foodstuff flavouring.The underground tubers of terrestrial orchids (mainly Orchis mascula) are ground to a powder and used for cooking, such as in the hot beverage salep or the so-called "fox-testicle ice cream" salepi dondurma.The scent of orchids is frequently analysed by perfumists (using Gas-liquid chromatography) to identify potential fragrance chemicals.The other important use of orchids is their cultivation for the enjoyment of the flowers. Most cultivated orchids are tropical or subtropical, but quite a few which grow in colder climates can be found on the market. Temperate species available at nurseries include Ophrys apifera (bee orchid), Gymnadenia conopsea (fragrant orchid), Anacamptis pyramidalis (pyramidal orchid) and Dactylorhiza fuchsii (common spotted orchid).The term botanical orchid loosely denotes those small flowered tropical orchids belonging to several genera (not necessarily related to each other) that don't fit into the "Florist" orchid category. A few of these genera contain enormous numbers of species. Some, such as Pleurothallis and Bulbophyllum, contain approximately 1700 and 2000 species, respectively, and are often extremely vegetatively diverse. The primary use of the term is among orchid hobbyists wishing to describe unusual species they grow, though it is also used to distinguish naturally occurring orchid species from horticulturally created hybrids.Taiwan, the biggest orchid exporter in the world, establishes the Taiwan Orchid Plantation, a science-based industrial park, in 2004, to explore novel ways of growing and distributing orchids. The renowned Taiwanese International Orchid Show, usually held in early March each year, is amongst the top three orchid exhibition in the world [1]. Taiwan is particularly famous for the production of Phalaenopsis, and is a member of the International Phalaenopsis Alliance (IPA). The Taiwan Orchid Growers Association (TOGA), a NPO established in 2001, acts as a bridge between the government and the local orchid producers and distributors.The National Orchid Garden in the Singapore Botanic Gardens is considered by some to be among the finest collections of orchids in cultivation open to the public.Orchids, like tulips, have become a major market throughout the world. Buyers now bid hundreds of dollars on new hybrids or improved ones. Because of their apparent ease in hybridization, they are now becoming one of the most popular cut-flowers on the market.

比尔贾有三口人。他们吃的食物不同，早餐在家解决。比尔爸爸早餐喜欢吃色拉，妈妈喜欢炸薯条。比尔早餐不喜欢吃薯条，而是牛奶和鸡蛋。中午，爸爸在工厂吃，有米饭和肉。妈妈在医院工作，午餐在医院，吃的是米饭和土豆。比尔的学校离家远，所以他在学校里吃汉堡和鱼。晚上，他妈妈经常会烧美味的食物。烧比尔最爱吃鸡，为他爸爸做花椰菜，然后是一些蔬菜，其中一个是炒番茄。她很喜欢吃。他们的晚餐多美味啊！