萨克雷英文简介

萨克雷(1811～1863)[Thackeray，William Makepeace]英国作家。1811年7月18日生于印度加尔各答附近的阿里帕，1863年12月24日卒于伦敦。父亲为英国东印度公司官员。4岁丧父，继父为富商，萨克雷得以在英国查特豪斯公学及剑桥大学三一学院接受系统教育，出入上流社会，并赴欧洲大陆游学。离开大学后，曾尝试办报，并在巴黎学习绘画。1833年以后，所得遗产挥霍殆尽，先后任《弗雷泽杂志》和《笨拙》杂志专栏作者，撰写了大量中短篇小说、长篇小说、散文、游记、书评。1847年以后开始创作长篇连载小说《名利场》，1851～1853年在本国及美国举办文学讲座，其讲稿发表的有《18世纪的英国幽默作家》。1859～1862年任《康希尔杂志》主编。长篇小说《名利场》是萨克雷的成名作和代表作。它以辛辣讽刺的手法，真实描绘了1810～1820年摄政王时期英国上流社会没落贵族和资产阶级暴发户等各色人物的丑恶嘴脸和弱肉强食、尔虞我诈的人际关系。这部小说篇幅宏大，场面壮观，情节复杂，心理刻画深入，其尖锐泼辣的讽刺风格更为精彩。萨克雷因《名利场》叱咤文坛，与狄更斯齐名。萨克雷还创作有长篇小说《彭登尼斯》、《亨利·埃斯蒙德》、《纽克姆一家》、《弗吉尼亚人》，中篇小说《巴利·林顿的遭遇》 ，短篇小说集《 势利眼集》等。其中以《亨利·埃斯蒙德》和《纽克姆一家》最为出色。萨克雷以英国有教养的绅士所特有的机智幽默甚至玩世不恭的态度无情地展示生活的真实，是对英国18世纪由斯威夫特、菲尔丁、斯特恩等人开创的讽刺小说传统的继承和发扬。他成为英国19世纪小说发展高峰时期的重要作家。《名利场》是萨克雷的成名作品，也是他生平著作里最经得起时间考验的杰作，在英国现实主义小说的发展史上开辟了新的天地。萨克雷是一位可以与狄更斯齐名的小说家，这不仅是因为他们生活在同一个时代，又同为现实主义小说家，更是因为萨克雷在创作中所显示出的与狄更斯迥异的对现实社会冷嘲热讽的创作风格所取得的非凡成就，他和狄更斯一样享有着世界声誉，后来英国的乔治艾略特、美国的霍桑，甚至法国的普鲁斯特的创作都曾受其影响。正如前苏联著名文艺评论家车尔尼雪夫斯基所说：“萨克雷观察细微，对人生和人类的心灵了解深刻，富有幽默感，刻画人物非常精确，叙述故事非常动人……在当代欧洲作家里，萨克雷是第一流的大天才。”萨克雷一生创作浩繁，全集多达35卷，其笔锋犀利，语调幽默，是一位风格独具的现实主义作家，在英国文学史上一直占有非常重要的地位，他的《名利场》发表后立即引起轰动，被认为是英国文学的一个里程碑，是他生平著作里最经得起时间考验的杰作，奠定了他在文学史上的地位。在《名利场》中萨克雷以现实主义的笔触真实地再现了19世纪英国资产阶级上升时期的社会状况，并塑造了具有不同特点的、刻有新时代烙印的典型人物形象。而且，这部小说还展示出作者已经成熟了的幽默讽刺风格，和狄更斯的《大卫科波菲尔》并称为19世纪英国文学的两块瑰宝，这部小说已先后被6次拍成电影，其影响力可见一斑。萨克雷认为：“小说的艺术是表现本质，即尽可能强烈地表达真实的情感。”他的这种理论主张在他的成名作《名利场》中得到了极好的体现。故事发生在19世纪初。在写出《名利场》以前的十余年对于萨克雷来说基本上是一个准备阶段，在这个期间萨克雷对社会上各式各样“上等人”的观察越来越深入细致，艺术手法也日益成熟。《名利场》便是在这个基础上完成的现实主义的杰作。《名利场》里创造了比较丰满的人物形象，描写了社会生活的广阔画面，并通过人物命运的交织而对生活作了总的评价。《名利场》通过情节的安排企图说明“一切都是浮名浮利”，标题本身出自《天路历程》。他揭开了资本主义社会五光十色的繁荣外表，让人们看到它的本质。萨克雷自己说过，他在《名利场》里要写“一群极端愚蠢自私的人，不顾一切地为非作歹而又热烈追求浮名浮利”，同时，他又说，书中所描写的“全是死亡、争吵、金钱和病痛”。《名利场》并没有严密的故事结构，故事的内容基本上是由两个女主人公利蓓加与爱米丽亚的生活道路串联起来的。爱米丽亚是一位资产阶级小姐，而利蓓加则是个一无所有、在资本主义社会里浑水摸鱼的女人，通过这两个主人公的命运，萨克雷描绘出了当时上流社会中形形色色的众生相。还有一个，因为无法复制， 所以你自己看一下吧：

The saxophone (also referred to as the sax) is a conical-bore transposing musical instrument that is a member of the woodwind family. Saxophones are usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet. The saxophone was invented by the Belgian clarinetist Adolphe Sax in 1846. He wanted to create an instrument that would both be the most powerful and vocal of the woodwinds and the most adaptive of the brass, which would fill the then vacant middle ground between the two sections. He patented the sax on June 28, 1846 in two groups of seven instruments each. Each series consisted of instruments of various sizes in alternating transposition. The series pitched in B♭ and E♭, designed for military bands, has proved extremely popular and most saxophones encountered today are from this series. A few saxophones remain from the less popular orchestral series pitched in C and F. These instruments never gained a foothold in the orchestral world. Although the C-melody was quite popular in the late 1920s and early 30s as a parlor instrument, it never gained a legitimate standing. Instruments keyed in F are rare.While proving very popular in military band music, the saxophone is most commonly associated with popular music, big band music, blues, early rock and roll, ska and particularly jazz. There is also a substantial repertoire of concert music in the classical idiom for the members of the saxophone family. Saxophone players are called saxophonists.The saxophone was developed in 1846 by Adolphe Sax, a Belgian-born instrument-maker, flautist, and clarinetist working in Paris. While still working at his father's instrument shop in Brussels, Sax began developing an instrument which had the projection of a brass instrument with the agility of a woodwind. Another priority was to invent an instrument which would overblow at the octave, unlike the clarinet, which rises in pitch by a twelfth when overblown; an instrument which overblew at the octave would have identical fingering for both registers.

Thackeray (1811 ~ 1863) [Thackeray, William Makepeace] British writer. Born near Calcutta, India, on July 18, 1811.December 24, 1863, passed away in London. Father of the British East India Company officials. At 4-year-old, his father passed away, his stepfather was a wealthy merchant. Thackeray attended the United Kingdom Charterhouse School and Trinity College, and was accept to Cambridge. Thus he gained access to high society, and studied abroad in Europe . After college, he tried running a newspaper, and studied painting in Paris. In 1833, after squandering away money from his family, Thackeray worked for "Fraser magazine" and "clumsy" magazine as a columnist. During that time, he wrote a large number of short stories, novels, essays, travelogues, book reviews. After 1847, Thackeray began writing his serial novel "Vanity Fair", From 1851 to 1853 Thackeray held literary talks in the US, the speech was published as the "18th century British humorist." From 1859 to 1862,Thackeray became editor in chief for "Cornhill Magazine" .刚刚翻译了第一段，太长了。。