前言英语

翻译： 英语 » 中文 Chlorocholine chloride (2-chloroethyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride,CCC) is an anti-gibberellin growth retardant,its mechanism is based on the restraint of the gibberellin biosynthesis in plant tissues.It is well known that CCC induces changes in the growth rate of grasses and the morphogenesis of potato plants cultured in vitro (Aphalo et al.,1997;Bandara et al.,1998;Luoranen et al.,2002). Attention has been paid in recent years to chlorocholine chloride (CCC) used widely in agricultural industry,especially increase potato tuber yield and quality, prevent wheat lodge and cotton growth like mad (Cao et al.,1997; Yamamoto and Nakata,1997;Caldiz et al.,1998).However the effects improved potato yield by CCC are not incarnated adequately. Many researchers have studied the effects of CCC on the different aspects of photosynthesis of potato,such as carbohydrate composition and activities of sucrose metabolising enzymes (Sharma et al.,1998; Sharma et al.,1998; Liu,et al.,2005).Leaves of high-yielding potato usually have high chlorophyll content and higher net photosynthetic rate and longer functional leaf period (Dyson et al.,1965;Geigenberger et al.,2004).CCC was found to decrease the growth of stems,leaves and stolons,but promotes tuberisation in potato (Kumar and Wareing,1974;Menzel,1980;Nemchenko et al.,1981; Hussain et al.,2006.).CCC also promote tuberisation in potato plants growing under non-inducing long day conditions and completely reversed the inhibitory effect of high temperature on tuber production (Pruski et al.,2001;Tekalign and Hammmes,2004).CCC treatment effectively increased tuber yield under different salinity levels (Silva et al.,2001).These effects of CCC were suggested to be the modification of the carbohydrate metabolism and the relation between source and sink of plants (Deng and Prange,1988).But the effects of CCC on photosynthesis of potato leaf and its photosynthetic productivity were poorly understood (Jansen et al.,2001;Navrátil et al.,2007).Yet very few attention focused on the effects of CCC on transport and distribution of photoassimilates in potato.Therefore,it is important to study the effects of foliar spray of CCC on the photosynthetic characteristics of potato leaves, transport and distribution of 14C -photoassimilates in potato such as 14C-soluble sugar and 14C-starch with 14CO2 isotopic tracer technique.To our knowledge,these effects have not been systemically studied. The goals of this study were 1) to study the effects of CCC on photosynthetic characteristics,2) to compare the photosynthatic capacity,especially transport and distribution of 14C -photoassimilates in potato such as 14C-soluble sugar and 14C-starch after treatments with CCC in potato plants, 3) to discuss the relationship between source and sink regulated by CCC, and 4) to provide a theoretical basis for CCC application in the high-yield and good-quality cultivation of potato.翻译: 矮壮素（ 2 - chloroethyltrimethyl氯化铵， CCC认证）是一种反赤霉素增长阻燃剂，其作用机制是基于约束的赤霉素合成的植物tissues.it是人所共知的中华基督教会诱导的变化，增长率草形态发生马铃薯植物细胞体外培养（ aphalo等人， 1997年; bandara等人， 1998年; luoranen等人， 2002年） 。注重在近年来矮壮素（ CCC ）的广泛使用在农业产业化，特别是增加马铃薯块茎产量和品质，防止小麦投诉和棉花生长的疯狂（曹等人， 1997年;山和中田英寿， 1997年; caldiz等人， 1998年） ，但效果改善，马铃薯产量由中华基督教会都没有充分体现。 许多学者研究的影响， CCC对不同方面的光合作用，马铃薯等碳水化合物的组成和活动metabolising蔗糖酶（夏尔马等人， 1998年;夏尔马等人， 1998年，刘等人， 2005年） 。叶片的高产优质马铃薯通常有高叶绿素含量和较高的净光合速率和较长的叶片功能期（戴森等人， 1965年;盖根贝格尔等人， 2004年） 。中华基督教会被发现，以减少增长，茎，叶和匍匐茎，但促进tuberisation在马铃薯（ Kumar和wareing ， 1974年;门泽尔， 1980年; nemchenko等人， 1981年;侯赛因等人， 2006年） 。 CCC认证，也促进tuberisation在马铃薯植物生长的非诱导漫长的一天的条件和完全扭转了抑制作用高温对块茎生产（ pruski等人， 2001年; tekalign和hammmes ， 2004年） 。 CCC认证治疗有效地提高了块茎产量下，不同盐度的水平（席尔瓦等人， 2001年） 。这些影响的中华基督教会被建议要修改的碳水化合物代谢及关系的源和汇的植物（邓小平和prange ， 1988年） ，但影响CCC对光合作用的马铃薯叶片及其光合生产力的了解甚少（扬森等人， 2001年; navrátil等人， 2007年） ，但很少注意力集中在影响CCC对运输和分配photoassimilates在potato.therefore ，这是很重要的影响进行研究叶面喷施的CCC对光合特性的马铃薯叶片，运输和分配为14 C - photoassimilates在马铃薯等14碳-可溶性糖和1 4C -淀粉与1 4co2同位素示踪t echnique.to据我们所知，这些影响尚未系统研究。 的目标，本研究1 ）的影响进行研究CCC对光合特性， 2 ）比较photosynthatic能力，尤其是运输和分配为14 C - photoassimilates在马铃薯等14碳-可溶性糖和1 4C淀粉后的治疗与中华基督教会在马铃薯植物， 3 ）讨论之间的关系，源和汇规管的CCC认证，和4 ）提供了理论依据CCC认证应用在高产量和良好的优质栽培马铃薯。

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Today, as the English position in the world is getting more and more stable, we need English urgently in order to go into the world. Like any other language, English eonsists of speech sound, grammatical structure and vocabulary. To learn English well, the very essential is to enlarge his/her vocabulary. English linguist Wilskin (1972) said, Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed''. And British lexicologist Michael McCarthy also said (1990) No matter how well the student learns grammar, no..2《英语词汇学》“English Lexicology课程性质与设置目的：英语词汇学是全国高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业本科段选修课程，是培养和检验自学能力应考者词汇学的基本理论知识和实际语言能力而设置的一门专业课程。英语词汇学是以现代语言学理论为指导，以英语词汇为研究对象的课程。主要内容有词的基本知识，词的形态结构，词的构成方式，词的意义及语义关系，英语词汇的来源与发展，词义的变化，习语及词典知识。英语词汇学以传授英语词汇的基本理论和基本知识为任务，属于理论知识课。但是，其实践性很强，因为词汇本身是构成语言的具体材料，在传授理论的过程中必然要涉及丰富的语言材料和大量的词语例证。设置本课程的目的要求：是自学应考者对英语词汇学具有比较系统，比较完整的知识，比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展所出现的现象作出分析和解释，提高词语的理解，释义和综合运用的能力，以便毕业后能够较好地适应工作的需要。课程内容 Contents以下是内容概要（主干），其实在每一章含内容具体介绍（枝节）Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and VocabularyChapter 2 The development of the English VocabularyChapter 3 Word Formation IChapter 4 Word Formation IIChapter 5 Word MeaningChapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic FieldChapter 7 Changes in Word MeaningChapter 8 Meaning and ContextChapter 9 English IdiomsChapter 10English DictionariesSugegested AnswersReference Books英语词汇学术语英汉对照表后记英语词汇学自学考试大纲《英语词汇学》“English Lexicology作者：主编： 张潍友组编：全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会出版社：外语教学与研究出版社 Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press资料来源：《英语词汇学》“English Lexicology 主编：张潍友

introduction

引言 Preface