根本违约英语

卖方把货物特定化是一项具有重大法律意义的行为。大多数国家的法律都将货物的特定化作为货物的风险和所有权移转于买方的必要条件。由于各国在所有权法律制度方面差异较大，《公约》对所有权问题没有涉及，但在风险转移方面做了相同的规定。由于货物特定化常常和所有权及风险转移相关，当事人对货物特定化常常发生争议，为避免此类纠纷的发生，应为货物的特定化建立客观标志。 根本违约问题 违约行为，称违反合同义务的行为。它是指合同一方当事人违反合同约定义务的行为。违约行为的实质是合同一方当事人违反了合同中义务性条款的规定，侵害了合同另一方的债权。公约25条规定：“一方当事人违反合同的结果，如果使另一方当事人蒙受损害，以至于实际上剥夺了他根据合同规定有权期待得到的东西，即为根本违反合同，除非违反合同一方并不预知而且一个同等资格、同情达理的人处于相同情况中也没有理由预知会发生这种结果。”公约的这一规定采取的是“结果主义”的判断标准，而不是根据违反条款的性质来判断。 公约规定的三种违约形态中，预期违约比较明显，但根本违约和非根本违约就比较难区分，而这二者的区分将直接决定受害方所能采取的救济方法。在根本违约的情况下，受害方有权宣布解除合同或要求对方重新交付替代货物，并要求损害赔偿。即使货物灭失的风险已经转移到买方，买方同样可以采取上述救济措施。在非根本违约的情况下，受害方不具备前述权利。因此区分根本违约与非根本违约成为公约处理相关问题的重要原则。 公约25条对根本违约的规定比较抽象，对根本违约缺乏具体的界定。依据公约下的定义，根本违约应包含两个要素：违约的后果使当事人遭受损失，这种损失是根据合同预期能实现的利益。违约方预知违约后果的严重性，并且在相同情况下一个同情达理的第三方也能够预见。 因此对预期利益、违约方是否明知的判断是认定是否构成根本违约的关键所在。 依照对公约25条的理解，根本违约所造成的损害的重点是受害方对合同的预期利益，即“他根据合同约定有权期待得到的东西。”这就是说，一方能否实现合同预期利益以及实现程度，将是判断另一方违约所造成损害的基本标准。需要注意的是，这里判断违约方违约性质的标准不单是受害方单方面主张的主观利益，而应该是能够根据合同本身评估出来的预期利益。另外，预期利益的损失必须是实质性的，即完全剥夺了当事人依据合同有权期待得到的东西。对于何为实质性损害，在实际中操作比较困难。一方当事人完全不履行合同应视为对另一方预期利益构成实质损害，这种情况毫无疑问应构成根本违约。但当事人部分履行或延迟履行合同也有可能造成对方当事人预期利益的损失，仅就这一点无法区分开根本违约与非根本违约。如果这种违约行为将使整个合同无法实现，那么应视为根本违约。反之，如果这种违约行为并不导致整个合同目的无法实现，如卖方交付的部分货物不符合合同约定，但货物仍不失商销性，就不应视为根本违约。并且，违约方还有做出补救的权利，如卖方交付的货物不符合合同的规格要求，卖方可以用合格货物进行替换，使交货符合合同的规定，当然对方当事人可以要求损害赔偿。在这种情况下就不构成根本违约。因此判断是否对预期利益造成实质损害，应从以下两点考虑：当事人的违约行为是否造成合同目的立即落空；违约方是否作出补救，有无补救的必要。 对于违约方是否明确预知，这是一个主观判断标准，也是违约方用来减轻自己责任的手段之一。对这一问题，应从两个方面进行分析：如何判断违约方无法预知、时间因素。在给受害方造成实质损害的前提下，违约方都会主张自己无法预见。基于公平考虑，违约方应对自己无法预知承担举证责任。法官对此进行裁量，考虑违约方的背景、知识结构、职业、经济状况等，并与一个通情达理的第三人进行类比，由于各国法律制度、风俗习惯差异较大，选择参照点并非易事。关于时间因素，公约对此没有明确规定，对这一问题的认识有两种不同的观点，一种认为应在合同订立之时，另一种观点认为应界定在合同订立之后违约之前。我认为第二种观点比较合理，因为合同订立以后至合同完全履行完毕，根据合同的性质不同，这个期限长短不一，有的合同期限可能很长，在这一期限里可能出现很多情况，违约行为只是在其中的某一不确定的点发生。要求当事人在合同订立之初就对整个合同过程作出明确的预知不太现实，也有失公平。

送别人的东西是否可以要回，需要具体分析。

东西是否能够要回有一个前提：就是赠与的财产还没有完成权利转移。关于财产权利的转移，法律上主要从以下两个方面判断：如果赠与的是动产的话，完成交付即完成了权利的转移，如果是不动产的话，要办理相应的过户登记才算是完成权利转移。

也就是说，如果送的东西是一般的小件的东西，能拿得动、搬得走的，只要给了人家就不能要回来了。如果送的东西是房子、土地使用权这种不动产的，要去有关部门办理过户登记才算完成转移，这些不动产在过户之前赠与人随时都可以要回来，在过户之后一般情况下就不能要回来了。

法律依据：

《民法典》第六百五十八条，赠与人在赠与财产的权利转移之前可以撤销赠与。经过公证的赠与合同或者依法不得撤销的具有救灾、扶贫、助残等公益、道德义务性质的赠与合同，不适用前款规定。

送别人东西，法律上叫赠与。关于赠与的规定，规定在《民法典》第11章赠与合同中，即第657至666条。一般来说，是不能要回的了。因为多数东西，您一赠与，所有权就转移了，所以不能撤销赠与。

Article 2. Term 第2条 2.1 This Agreement shall become effective upon its execution by the parties hereto and shall continue in force for 12 months from the execution date of the Agreement unless earlier terminated under Article 3. 本协议将在双方执行之日起生效，并且从生效之日起持续的12个月内有效，除非依据第3条提前解除。 2.2 This term may be amended by the parties mutual agreement, if required, during the performance of the Services hereunder. 2.2在本协议下服务的履行过程中，如有需要，经双方协商同意，可以修改本协议条款。 Article 3. Termination 第3条 3.1 Either party may terminate this Agreement if the other party commits a material breach of this Agreement and such breach is either not curable, or not cured by defaulting party within (15) days from the date when the defaulting party received the written notice from the non-defaulting party, or if either party making an assignment for the benefit of creditors, or being adjudged bankrupt, or insolvent, or filing any petition seeking for itself any arrangement for dissolution and liquidation of its interests. 3.1如任何一方有根本违约且该违约行为不可弥补，或违约一方收到非违约一方的通知起15天内未作出补救措施；或者任何一方转让其债权人权利，被法院宣告破产或被清算，或者为寻求自身利益而主动作出申请解散或者清算的安排；另一方均可终止本协议。 3.2 Notwithstanding foregoing, Part A may terminate at any time this Agreement by giving to Part B thirty days prior written termination notice without any reason. 3.2此外，在提前三十天书面通知B方解除协议的情况下，A方可以无理由解除本协议。 3.3 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason attributable Part A before the term expires, Part A will pay the costs and expenses actually used and incurred in accordance with the Part B’s prompt written report within the limitation of Consultant Fee. 3.3如本协议到期前因A方原因被解除，在B方书面报告的情况下，A方将在顾问费范围内支付B方实际支出的费用，并赔偿B方实际发生的损失。 3.4 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason attributable Part B before the term expires, Part B will pay ten percent (10%) of the Consultant Fee as liquidated damages. 3.4如本协议到期前因B方原因被解除，B方将支付顾问费的百分之十10%)作为违约金。 Article 4. Consultant Fee 第4条.顾问费 4.1 In consideration of the Service rendered by Part B, Part A agrees to pay Part B CNY500,000 as Part B’s consultant fee (“Consultant Fee”) against Part B’s invocies. 4.1考虑到B方提供的服务，A方同意支付B方然民币500,000元作为B方的顾问费（“顾问费”）来抵消B方的账单。 4.2 The Consulatant Fee shall be paid to Part B by the end of December. 4.2 顾问费将于十二月底前支付给B方。 Article 5. Reimbursable Expenses 第5条.可报销支出 5.1 Following expenses incurred by Part B relating to this Agreement (“Reimbursable Expenses”) shall be reimbursed by Part A to Part B subject to the Part A’s prior written consent for which Part B shall provide Part A with the ten(10)days prior written notice describing the situation and estimated Reimbursable Expenses: 5.1在A方对B方提前10天提交的书面说明情况以及可报销支出估计的通知作出确认的情况下，B方发生的与协议有关的以下支出（“可报销支出”）将由A方支付给B方： a. Travel (business class international), accommodation; b. translation, and communication; a.交通费（国际商务等级），住宿 b.翻译和通讯 5.2 Part B shall provide Part A with the invoice for Reimbursable Expenses together with the detailed record for and documents evidencing such Reimbursable Expenses, and the Reimbursable Expenses shall be made concurrently with the invoice for the Consultant Fee specified in Article 4. Part B shall keep the record for all Reimbursable Expenses on a generally recognized accounting basis and such record for Reimbursable Expenses shall be available to Part A or Part A’s authorized representative for review. 5.2B方将向A方提供关于可报销支出的账单以及该可报销支出的详细记录和证明单据，且该可报销支出账单和记录需与第4条所述顾问费账单同时提交。B方将按普遍公认的会计基础方式保留所有关于可报销支出的记录并供A方及A方的授权代表审查。 5.3 Notwithstanding foregoing, all Reimbursable Expenses shall not exceed ten percent (10%) of total Consultant Fee. 5.3此外，所有可报销支出不能超出顾问费的百分之十（10%）。

法律英语之合同和协议

导语：如何用英语去表达合同和协议的相关问题?下面是我整理的法律英语之合同和协议，希望对你有帮助!

1.A contract cannot arise out of an illegal act.

违法行为不能构成合约。

2.A contract is established when the acceptance becomes effective.

承诺生效即合同成立。

3.A contract may be modified if the parties reach a consensus through consultation.

当事人协商一致即可以变更合同。

4.A person is not liable for debts contracted during his minority.

一个人无须对他在未成年时期的合同债务承担责任。

5.A transaction between two parties ought not to operate to the disadvantage of a third.

合约不约束第三人。

6.An acceptance once given cannot be revoked unless the offeror consents.

除非要约人同意，承诺一经做出即不得撤回。

7.An acceptance is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.

承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。

8.An offeror may withdraw an offer at any time before it has been accepted.

在要约被受要约人接受以前，要约人可以随时撤回要约。

9.Any amendment to this contract shall become effective only by a written agreement by Patry A and Party B.

对本合同的任何修改，只有经甲、乙双方签署书面协议后方能生效。

10.Any annex is the integral part of this contract.

本合同一切附件均为本合同的有效组成部分。

11.Any departure from the terms and conditions of the contract must be advised in writing.

任何与合同条款相背离的地方，都应以书面形式通知。

12.Any failure by a party to carry out all or part of his obligations under the contract shall be considered as a substantial breach.

一方当事人不履行本合同的全总或任何部分义务均应被视为是根本违约。

13.Any party has no right to terminate this contract without another party's agreement.

未经另一方当事人同意，任何当事人均无权终止合同。

14.Any violation of deadlines contained in the contract will equate to breach of contract.

凡违反合同规定的任何期限都等同违约。

15.Contract law is initially concerned with determining what promises the law will enforce or recognize as creating legal rights.

合同法首先涉及确认哪些许诺可以作为创设的法律权利而由法律强制实施或承认。

16.Examples of void contracts are those entered into as a result of misrepresentation, duress or undue influence.

因欺诈、胁迫和乘人之危而签订的合同属于可撤销合同。

17.He is incompetent to sign the contract.

他没有签署合同的行为能力。

18.He reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental non-performance of the contract by the other party.

他有理由认为对方当事人将会不履行合同以致根本违约。

19.He signed a covenant against under letting the premises.

他签署了一个反对廉价出租屋的契约。

20.He was incapable of fulfilling the terms of the contract.

他没有能力履行合同条款。

21.If a contract becomes invalid, the validity of its independently existing clauses pertaining to the settlement of disputes shall not be affected.

合同无效并不影响合同中独立存在的有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。

22.If a minor ratifies a contract upon reaching the age of majority, he or she is then bound to it.

如未成年人在达到法定年龄时追认合同，他/她便应受合同之约束。

23.If any of the above-mentioned clauses is inconsistent with the following additional clauses, the latter is to be taken as authentic.

以上任何条款如与下列附加条款相抵触，以下列附加条款为准。

24.If there are provisions as otherwise stated in respect to contracts in other laws, such provisions shall be followed.

其他法律对合同另有规定，应依照这些规定。

25.If there is no acceptance, by definition there is no contract.

按照定义，没有承诺合同便不能成立。

26.In case of heavy losses, failure of a party to fulfill the obligations prescribed by the contract of force majeure, the contract may be terminated.

如发严重亏损，一方不履行合同规定的义务或不可抗力等，可提前终止合同。

27.Lawfully established contracts shall be protected by law.

依法成立的合同应受法律保护。

28.Marine insurance contracts are indemnity contracts and require the parties to exercise the utmost good faith.

海上保险合同属于赔偿合同，要求双方当事人尽到最大善意的义务。

29.No change in or modification of this Agreement shall be valid unless the same is made in writing.

本协议之修改必须作成书面始生效力。

30.No consideration, no contract.

合同无对价不成立。

31.Other special terms will be listed bellow.

甲、乙双方如有特殊约定将在下列另行规定。

32.Party A and B have reached an agreement through friendly consultation to conclude the following contract.

甲、乙双方，经友好协商一致，订立要合同。

33.Parties hereto may revise or supplement through negotiation matters not mentioned herein.

本合同如有未尽事宜，双方可协商修订或补充。

34.Payment will be held up until the contract has been signed.

付款将延期到合同签订。

35.Please amend your copy of the contract accordingly.

请将你的合同文本做相应的'修正。

36.Promises resulting from either express or an implied agreement can be enforced.

明示协定或默示协定所产生的允诺都可具有强制力。

37.She did not abide by the terms of the agreement.

她没有遵守协议的条款。

38.The agreement is binding on all parties.

该协议对各方当事人都有约束力。

39.The agreement of the parties is subject to review and approval of the board of directors.

当事人的协议须经董事会的审查和批准。

40.The conditions of the contract are still to be determined.

合同条件还有待确定。

41.The contact has been engrossed ready for signature.

合同已正式写成等待签署。

42.The contract has to be signed in the presence of two witnesses.

该合同必须在两个证人出席的情况下签署。

43.The contract was declared null and void.

合同被宣告无效。

44.The contract was annulled by the court.

合同被法院废止。

45.The express agreement of parties overcomes the law.

双方当事人的明示协议胜过法律。

46.The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as an integral part of this contract.

下列文件应被认为、读做、解释为本合同的组成部分。

47.The issue of this action is the date of the contract.

这案件的争论点是合约的日期。

48.The parties may dissolve the contract upon consensus through consultation.

当事人协商一致，可以解除合同。

49.The parties shall, when making a contract, have corresponding capacity for civil rights and civil conduct.

当事人订立合同，应当具有相应的民事权利能力和民事行为能力。

50.The parties to a contract shall fully fulfill their obligations pursuant to the terms of the contract.

合同的双方当事人应当按照合同的约定，全部履行自己的义务。

51.The parties to the contract have equal legal status, and neither party may impose its will on the other.

合同当事人的法律地位平等，一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一方。

52.The use of a prescribed contract form can reduce the uncertainty.

格式化合同的采用可以减少不确定性。

53.They took the unilateral decision to cancel the contract.

他们单方面决定撤消合同。

54.This Agreement and the schedules hereto constitute the entire agreement between the parties relating to the subject mater hereof.

本协议及其附件构成双方关于本协议标的之完整协议。

55.This contract is executed in three counterparts, all of which are considered as originals and of the same effect.

本合同一式三份，均应视为原件，具有同等效力。

56.This contract will be effective after being signed by both parties.

本合同一经双方签字后立即生效。

57.This offer will be lapsed automatically after the time limit.

这项要约在期限过后，便会自动失效。

58.We hereby revoke the agreement of May8,2004.

这项特此宣告2004年5月8日的协议无效。

59.What is left unmentioned in contract may be added there as an appendix.

本合同未尽事宜，可由双方增补作为合同附件。

60.You have to get the permission of all the signatories to the agreement if you want to change the terms.

如果你要改动条款必须获得协议所有签署者的允许。

律师常用的法律英语汇总

导语：律师是指通过国家司法考试并依法取得律师执业证书，接受委托或者指定，为当事人提供法律服务的执业人员。律师常用的法律英语有哪些呢?现在一起去看看吧!欢迎查看!

法律实务英语-律师部分

案件受理费 court acceptance fee

案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case

案由 cause of action

案子 case

包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits

被告 defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件)

被上诉人 appellee

被诉人 respondent; defendant

本案律师 councel pro hac vice

本地律师 local counsel

毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate

辩护词 defense; pleadings

辩护律师 defense lawyer

辩护要点 point of defense

辩护意见 submission

财产租赁 property tenancy

裁定书 order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定)

裁决书 award(用于仲裁)

裁决书 verdict(用于陪审团)

采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence

草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests

查阅法条 source legal provisions

产权转让 conveyancing

出差 go on errand; go on a business trip

出国深造 further study abroad

出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion

出示的证据 exhibit

出庭 appear in court

传票 summons; subpoena

答辩状 answer; reply

代理词 representation

代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate

代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记 agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations

代理仲裁 agency for arbitration

代写文书 drafting of legal instruments

待决案件 pending case

当事人陈述 statement of the parties

第三人 third party

吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license

调查笔录 investigative record

调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence

调解 mediation

调解书 mediation

二审案件 case of trial of second instance

发送电子邮件 send e-mail

法律顾问 legal consultants

法律意见书 legal opinions

法律援助 legal aid

法律咨询 legal counseling

法庭 division; tribunal

法学博士学位 LL.D (Doctor of Laws)

法学会 law society

法学课程 legal courses

法学硕士学位 LL.M (Master of Laws)

法学系 faculty of law; department of law

法学学士学位 LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)

J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)

法学院 law school

法院公告 court announcement

反诉状 counterclaim

房地产律师 real estate lawyer; real property lawyer

非合伙律师 associate lawyer

非诉讼业务 non-litigation practice

高级合伙人 senior partner

高级律师 senior lawyer

各类协议和合同 agreements and contracts

公安局 Public Security Bureau

公司上市 company listing

公诉案件 public-prosecuting case

公证书 notarial certificate

国办律师事务所 state-run law office

国际贸易 international trade

国际诉讼 international litigation

国内诉讼 domestic litigation

合伙律师 partner lawyer

合伙制律师事务所 law office in partner-ship; cooperating law ofice

合同审查、草拟、修改 contract review, drafting and revision

会见当事人 interview a client

会见犯罪嫌疑人 interview a criminal suspect

兼职律师 part-time lawyer

监狱 prison; jail

鉴定结论 expert conclusion

缴纳会费 membership dues

举证责任 burden of proof; onus probandi

决定书 decision

勘验笔录 record of request

看守所 detention house

抗诉书 protest

控告人 accuser; complainant

跨国诉讼 transnational litigation

劳动争议 labor disputes

劳动争议仲裁委员会 arbitration committee for labor disputes

劳改场 reform-through-labor farm; prison farm

利害关系人 interested party; party in interest

律管处处长 director of lawyer control department

律师 lawyer attorney; attorney at law

律师惩戒 lawyer discipline

律师法 Lawyer Law

律师费 lawyer fee

律师函 lawyer’s letter

律师见证 lawyer attestation/authentication

律师见证书 lawyer certification/authentication/witness

律师卷宗 lawyer’s docile; file

律师刊物 lawyer’s journal

律师联系电话 contact phone number of a lawyer

律师事务所 law office; law firm

律师收费 billing by lawyer

律师网站 lawyer website

律师协会 National Bar (Lawyer) Association

律师协会会员 member of Lawyer Association

律师协会秘书长 secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association

律师协会章程 Articles of Lawyer Assocition

律师业务室 lawyer’s office

律师执业证 lawyer license

律师助理 assistant lawyer

律师资格考试 bar exam; lawyer qualification exam

律师资格证 lawyer qualification certificate

民事案件 civil case

民事调解 civil mediation

民事诉讼 civil litigation

派出所 local police station; police substation

判决 judgement(用于民事、行政案件);

determination(用于终审);

sentence(用于刑事案);

verdict(由陪审团作出)

旁证 circumstantial evidence

企业章程 articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw

企业重组 corporate restructure

起诉状 information; indictment

取消律师资格 disbar

全国律师代表大会 National Lawyer Congress

缺席宣判 pronounce judgement or determination by default

人民法院 People’s Court

人民检察院 People’s Procuratorate

认定事实 determine facts

上诉案件 case of trial of second instance; appellate case

上诉人 appellant

上诉状 petition for appeal

涉外律师 lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters

申请复议 administrative reconsideration petition

申请加入律师协会 application for admission to Law Association

申请人 petitioner; claimant

申诉案件 appeal case

申诉人(仲裁) claimant; plaintiff

申诉书 appeal for revision, petition for revision

实习律师 apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period

实习律师证 certificate of apprentice lawyer

视听证据 audio-visual reference material

适用法律 apply law to facts

受害人 victim

书证 documentary evidence

司法部 Ministry of Justice

司法建议书 judicial advise

司法局 Judicial Bureau

司法局副局长 deputy director of Judicial Bureau

司法局局长 director of Judicial Bureau

司法统一考试 uniform judicial exam

送达 service of process

诉讼 litigation; action; lawsuit

诉讼当事人 litigation party; litigious party

诉讼业务 litigation practice

诉状 complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim

推销法律服务 promote/market legal service

外国律师事务所 foreign law office

委托代理合同 authorized representation contract

委托代理人 agent ad litem; entrusted agent

委托授权书 power of attorney

物证 material evidence

嫌疑人 criminal suspect

项目融资 project financing

项目谈判 project negotiating

刑事案件 criminal case

刑事诉讼 criminal litigation

行政诉讼 administrative litigation

休庭 adjourn the court; recess

宣判 pronounce judgement; determination

宣誓书 affidavit

业务进修 attendance in advanced studies

一审案件 case of trial of first instance

与国外律师事务所交流 communicate with foreign law firms

原告 plaintiff

证券律师 securities lawyer

证人证言 testimony of witness; affidavit

执行笔录 execution record

执业登记 registration for practice

执业范围 scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area

执业申请 practice application

执业证年检 annual inspection of lawyer license

仲裁 arbitration

仲裁案件 arbitration case

仲裁机构 arbitration agency

专门律师 specialized lawyer

专职律师 professional lawyer; full-time lawyer

撰写法律文章 write legal thesis

资信调查 credit standing investigation

自诉案件 private prosecuting case

2、常见英语短句

近期的.一系列审理案件，法律离我们越来越近，一系列法律术语耳熟能详，现在英文版的来咯。一边关注最新法律实事，一边温习你的英语吧。

1.Divine‘s punishments， though slow， are always sure.

天网恢恢，疏而不漏。

2.An act is not a crime unless the law says it is one.

法无明文规定者不为罪。

3.This contract is made of one original and two duplicate originals， all of which are of the same effect.

本合同一式三份，具有同等效力。

4. The law does not concern itself about family trifles.

法律难断家务事。

5.This document is legally binding.

该文件具有法律约束力。

6. This law is in abeyance.

此法暂缓执行。

7. This law has become a dead letter.

此法已成为一纸空文。

8. This law will go into effect on the day of its promulgation.

本法自公布之日起施行。

9 The court dismissed the action.

法院驳回诉讼。

10. The court ordered the case to be retried.

法院命令重审此案……

11.Giving the killer what he deserves.

予杀人者以应得之罪。

12. Hate the sin but not the sinner.

可恨的是罪行而非罪人。

13.Everyone has the right to freedom of expression.

每个人都享有言论自由。

14. Everyone is equal before the law.

法律面前人人平等。

15. First in time， first in right.

先在权利优先。

16. No rights can rest on one person without a corresponding duty resting on some other person or persons.

没有无义务的权利。

17. In most civil contexts it does not matter whether negligence is “gross” or “slight”.

在多数民事事项环境中，过失行为是否“严重”或“轻微”并不关紧要。

18. Traditionally， firm referred to a partnership， as opposed to a company.

按惯例，firm是指合伙企业，与公司相对。

19.A transaction between two parties ought not to operate to the disadvantage of a third.

合约不约束第三人。

20. An acceptance once given cannot be revoked unless the offeror consents.

除非要约人同意，承诺一经做出即不得撤回。

21. A contract may be modified if the parties reach a consensus through consultation.

当事人协商一致即可以变更合同。

22. Any amendments to this contract shall become effective only by a written agreement by Party A and Party B.

对本合同的任何修改，只有经甲、乙双方签署书面协议后方能生效。

23. Any annex is the integral part of this contract.

本合同一切附件均为本合同的有效组成部分。

24. Any departure from the terms and conditions of the contract must be advised in writing.

任何与合同条款相背离的地方，都应以书面形式通知。

25. Any failure by a party to carry out all or part of his obligations under the contract shall be considered as a substantial breach.

一方当事人不履行本合同的全部或任何部分义务均应被视为是根本违约。

26. Any party has no right to terminate this contract without another party‘s agreement.

未经另一方当事人同意，任何当事人均无权终止本合同。

27.Examples of void contracts are those entered as a result of misrepresentation， duress or undue influence.

因欺诈、胁迫和乘人之危而签订的合同属于可撤销合同。

28. If any of the above-mentioned clauses is inconsistent with the following additional clauses， the latter to be taken as authentic.

以上任何条款如与下列附加条款相抵触，以下列附加条款为准。

29. If there are provisions as otherwise stated in respect to contracts in other laws， such provisions shall be followed.

其他法律对合同另有规定的，应依照这些规定。

30.No consideration， no contract.

合同无对价不成立。

31. Other special terms will be listed bellows.

甲、乙双方如有特殊约定将在下列另行约定。

32. Party A and B have reached an agreement through friendly consultation to conclude the following contract.

甲、乙双方，经友好协商一致，订立本合同。

33. Parties hereto may revise or supplement through negotiation matters not mentioned herein.

本合同如有未尽事宜，双方可协商修订或补充。

34. The parties may dissolve the contract upon consensus through consultation.

当事人协商一致，可以解除合同。

35. Counsel must not lead the witness.

律师不得诱导证人。

36. The jury returned a verdict of guilty， and the judge will pass sentence next week.

陪审团裁定有罪，法官将于下周判刑。

37. The jury was unable to reach a unanimous decision.

陪审团未能达成意见一致的裁决。

38.Judgment was entered for the plaintiff.

判决原告胜诉。

39. Now the court is in session.

现在开庭。

40. Order in the court.

法庭内保持肃静。

41. objection -反对 objection overruled——反对驳回

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