挪威英文介绍

基本情况 国名：挪威王国（The Kingdom of Norway，Kongeriket Norge） 国名释义：挪威一词，大约出现于9 世纪， 它是由Norreweg转来，意为"通往北方之路"、"北方航道"。当时来往于斯堪的纳维亚半岛的航道主要有3条：东路经波罗的海，西路经北海，北路沿着半岛的北岸出入。 当时，北路一线海岸地区依航线的名称被叫做"诺雷韦格(Norreweg)地区"，是将日耳曼语的Norre( 北)和Weg(路)拼合而成的地名。在英语中，将其后半部的"韦格"Weg(路)换成英语的"威 "Way(路)，读作"挪威"(Norway)。但在挪威本国，人们还是把从古名演变过来的Norge作为正式国名。 独立日：6月7日（1905年） 国庆日：5月17日（1814年） 国花：石南花 国鸟：河鸟 国歌：《对！我们热爱祖国》 语言：挪威语 挪威通行两种相似的官方语言，学校也教授这两种语言。波克默尔语(Bokmal) 是主要语言，因为由丹麦文演变而来，所以又称丹麦式挪语(Dano-Norwegian)。通用于百分之八十的人口。 另一种语言则是新挪威语(New-Norwegian或Nynorsk)，因为是从丹麦统治时的旧挪威语演变而来，包涵许多日常方言的特色，具草根性。二次大战后，由于都市化的影响，新挪威语明显少用了，所以波克默尔语还是占优势。观光区的挪威人也普遍说英文，但乡村地区的人们几乎不说英文。 民族：日耳曼族挪威人占95%，北部有萨米族约2万人。 宗教：基督教 货币：挪威克朗(krone)通常在国际汇市写成NOK，在北欧写成Nkr，挪威境内则是kr。 1挪威克郎等于100欧雷(Ore)，有面额50欧雷，1、5、10、20克郎的硬币及50、100、200、500、1000克郎的纸币。 国旗：呈长方形，长与宽之比为11:8。旗地为红色，旗面上有蓝、白色的十字形图案，略偏左侧。挪威曾在1397年与丹麦、瑞典结成卡尔马联盟，为丹麦所统治，所以国旗上的十字源自丹麦国旗的十字图案。挪威国旗有两种，政府机构悬挂燕尾式国旗，其他场合悬挂上述横长方形国旗。1821年，挪威制定商船旗时以此为图案。1905年独立时，正式定为国旗。红、蓝、白三色的组合，是典型的自由与独立的标志。 国徽：挪威简洁明了的国徽呈盾形，红色的盾面上直立着一只金色狮子，头戴王冠，持金柄银斧。金狮是力量的象征，银斧是挪威自由的保护者圣奥拉夫的武器。盾徽上端是一顶镶嵌着圆球和十字的金色王冠。它最初于13世纪出现在哈康国王祖先斯瓦莱国王的旗帜与徽章上。盾徽中雄狮前肢紧握战斧的图案是8世纪以来神圣国王的个人象征。金色雄狮头上的王冠造形简朴，体现了斯堪的纳维亚地区金属制作的特有风格。盾徽顶端的王冠，象征王族的威严和至高无上的权力。 国家政要：国王哈拉尔五世 (Harald V)，１９９１年继承王位；首相斯托尔滕贝格(Jens Stoltenberg)，２００５年１０月任职。 餐饮简介： 广大的国土却有三分之一位于北极圈内，因此份量充足又能提供热能的饮食，便形成日常生活的餐饮模式。早餐份量充足，起士、熏鲑鱼、鸡蛋、麦片、面包、咖啡、红茶等，午餐用得不多，晚餐可以品尝烧烤驯鹿肉或雷鸟，不过著名的维京料理却是一种以冷食为主的餐点，有兴趣也可以试试。挪威人最爱喝啤酒，葡萄酒和威士忌价钱很高。 习俗：挪威人非常喜欢握手。无论何时，当陌生人相会，总要握手及互道姓名。同样地，当以后遇见了不怎么熟的人，你也得在招呼时及道别时握手。 电话： 挪威电话号码无区域码，所有国内电话号码皆为8码。公用电话收1、5、10克郎硬币，查号台：180。 打长途电话用卡式电话会较方便，电话卡面额有35、98及210克郎3种，可在报摊(Narvesen)购得。17:00-8:00的通话费是其它时段的1/3。 自然地理 面积为３８５１５５平方公里（包括斯瓦尔巴群岛、扬马延岛等属地）。位于北欧斯堪的纳维亚半岛西部，东邻瑞典，东北与芬兰和俄罗斯接壤，南同丹麦隔海相望，西濒挪威海。海岸线长２．１万公里（包括峡湾），多天然良港。斯堪的纳维亚山脉纵贯全境，高原、山地、冰川约占全境２／３以上。南部小丘、湖泊、沼泽广布。大部分地区属温带海洋性气候。 挪威是世界重要的海事国之一，其海岸线曲折，近海岛屿达１５万多个，既是优良港口，又是风景优美的游览区。 挪威本土属亚寒带针叶林气候，斯瓦尔巴群岛、扬马延岛属苔原气候。首都年平均气温7℃，年降水量740毫米左右。 在位于其西海岸的贝根，可欣赏到由百万年冰川地形变动而形成的峡湾景色，远眺群山环抱两岸风光美丽，令人目不暇给。奥斯陆是挪威的著名港口，四周山水环抱，风光如画，亦是全国最大的经济文化中心。福洛格纳公园、维京船博物馆等都是这里的著名游览区，还有一座滑雪博物馆，详细介绍关于滑雪的历史。 挪威地处偏北，其最南点（北纬约５８度）比中国最北点（不到北纬５４度）还要北。北极圈横穿挪威北部，北部一些城市到了６、７月份根本没有夜，可以看到午夜的太阳以及美丽的北极光。最北端的北角也是欧洲大陆的最北点。 许多人把木制狭板教堂看成是斯堪的纳维亚国家的特色，如今，这类教堂在世界上保存最完好的主要是在挪威。挪威现存３０座木制教堂，而奥尔内斯木制教堂则是它们当中最引人注目的一座。它位于西海岸的松恩－菲尤拉讷郡，建于１２世纪。教堂是一个四方形的三层建筑，全部用木材建成，每层都有陡峭的披檐，上为尖顶，外形颇似东方的神庙。教堂的山墙上刻有各种图案。教堂内的陈设至今仍保持着中世纪时的风格。教堂目前保存完好，观光者络绎不绝。１９７９年，奥尔内斯木制教堂被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产之一。 霍尔门考山是挪威的滑雪圣地。它位于奥斯陆东北约１３公里处，海拔３７１米，风景优美。从１８９２年起，每年３月，世界闻名的滑雪大赛都在此举行。如果从远处眺望奥斯陆城市的轮廓，你会看到霍尔门考伦跳雪台非常醒目地高高耸立在奥斯陆霍尔门考伦山上。它也是这项最具有挪威特色的体育项目的非常生动、形象的一种标志。霍尔门考伦山下还有一个滑雪博物馆。 人口 ４６０．５万（２００５年１月）。９６％为挪威人，外国移民约占４.６％。有萨米族约３万人，主要分布在北部。官方语言为挪威语，英语为通用语。９０％居民信奉国教基督教路德宗。 首都 奥斯陆（Oslo），市区人口约５３万（２００５年１月）。 奥斯陆是挪威的政治中心,也是金融,商业和工业中心,它的造船业在世界造船业中占有突出地位,堪称“海洋之都” 行政区划 全国设１市１８郡，下设４５４个市政：奥斯陆（市）、阿克什胡斯、东福尔、海德马克、奥普兰、布斯克吕、西福尔、泰勒马克、东阿格德尔、西阿格德尔、罗加兰、霍达兰、松恩－菲尤拉讷、默勒－鲁姆斯达尔、南特伦德拉格、北特伦德拉格、诺尔兰、特罗姆斯、芬马克。

The Kingdom of Norway (Norwegian: Kongeriket Norge - bokmål; Kongeriket Noreg - nynorsk) is a Nordic country on the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, located in Europe, and bordering Sweden, Finland and Russia. Norway has a very elongated shape; the country's extensive coastline along the North Atlantic Ocean is home to its famous fjords. The Kingdom of Norway also includes the Arctic island territories of Svalbard and Jan Mayen. The Norwegian sovereignty on Svalbard is based upon the Svalbard Treaty, but this does not apply to Jan Mayen. Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean and a claim for Peter I Island in the South Pacific Ocean are also external dependencies, but these are not part of the Kingdom. Norway also claims Queen Maud Land in Antarctica where it has established the Troll permanent research station.HistoryMain article: History of Norway Archaeological finds indicate that there were people in Norway as early as about 12,000 years ago. They probably came from more southern regions, that is northern Germany, and traveled farther north along the Norwegian coastline.In the 9th century, Norway consisted of a number of petty kingdoms. According to tradition, Harald Fairhair gathered the small kingdoms into one in 872 with the battle of Hafrsfjord. He became the first king of a united Norway.The Viking age (8th to 11th centuries) was one of unification and expansion. The Norwegians established settlements on Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and parts of Britain and Ireland, and attempted to settle at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada (it is the Vinland of the Saga of Eric the Red). Norwegians founded the modern-day Irish cities of Limerick and Waterford and established trading communities near the Celtic settlements of Cork and Dublin which later became Ireland's two most important cities. The spread of Christianity in Norway in this period is in large part attributed to the missionary kings Olav Trygvason (995-1000) and Saint Olav (1015-1028), although Haakon the Good was Norway's first Christian king and the Norse tradition was replaced slowly over two centuries (9th and 10th centuries).In 1349, the Black Death wiped out between 40% and 50% of the Norwegian population,[1] causing a decline in both society and economics. During this decline, the Fairhair dynasty died out in 1387. Royal politics at the time resulted in several personal unions between the Nordic countries, eventually bringing the thrones of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden under the control of Queen Margrethe when the country entered into the Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden. Sweden declared its independence in 1523, but Norway remained under the Oldenburg dynasty for 434 years until 1814. During the national romanticism of the 19th century, this period was by some referred to as the "400-Year Night", since all of the kingdom's royal, intellectual, and administrative power was centered in Copenhagen, Denmark. However, it must be said that the common people of Norway had more freedom and paid lower taxes than the Danish people because it was difficult for royal bureaucracy to have strict control over its distant Norwegian provinces. Other factors also contributed to Norway's decline in this period. With the introduction of Protestantism in 1537, the archbishopry in Trondheim was dissolved, and and the church's incomes were distributed to the court in Copenhagen in Denmark instead. Norway lost the steady stream of pilgrims to the relics of St. Olav at the Nidaros shrine, and with them, much of the contact with cultural and economic life in the rest of Europe. Additionally, Norway saw its land area decrease in the 17th century with the loss of the provinces Bohuslän, Jemtland, and Herjedalen to Sweden, as a result of the wars between Denmark-Norway and Sweden.After Denmark-Norway was attacked by Britain, it entered into an alliance with Napoleon, and in 1814 found itself on the losing side in the Napoleonic Wars and in dire conditions and mass starvation in 1812. The Dano-Norwegian Oldenburg king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden. Norway took this opportunity to declare independence, adopted a constitution based on American and French models, and elected the Danish crown prince Christian Fredrik as king on May 17, 1814. However, Sweden militarily forced Norway into a personal union with Sweden, establishing the Bernadotte dynasty as rulers of Norway. Under this arrangement, Norway kept its liberal constitution and independent institutions, except for the foreign service. See also Norway in 1814.This period also saw the rise of the Norwegian romantic nationalism cultural movement, as Norwegians sought to define and express a distinct national character. The movement covered all branches of culture, including literature (Henrik Wergeland, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, Jørgen Moe, Henrik Ibsen), painting (Hans Gude, Adolph Tiedemand), music (Edvard Grieg), and even language policy, where attempts to define a native written language for Norway led to today's two official written forms for Norwegian; Bokmål and Nynorsk.Christian Michelsen, a Norwegian shipping magnate and statesman, was Prime Minister of Norway from 1905 to 1907. Michelsen is most known for his central role in the peaceful separation of Norway from Sweden on June 7, 1905. Norway's growing dissatisfaction with the union with Sweden during the late 19th century, combined with nationalism contributed to the dissolution of the union. After a national referendum confirmed the people's preference for a monarchy over a republic, the Norwegian government offered the throne of Norway to the Danish Prince Carl. Parliament Stortinget unanimously elected him king. He took the name of Haakon VII, after the medieval kings of independent Norway. In 1898 all men were granted universal sufferage, and in 1913, Norwegian women too suffrage.Norway was a neutral country during World War I. Norway also attempted to claim neutrality during World War II, but was invaded by German forces on April 9, 1940 (Operation Weserübung). The Allies also had plans to invade Norway, in order to take advantage of her strategically important Atlantic coast, but were thwarted by the German operation. Norway was unprepared of the German surprise attack, and military resistance in Norway went on for two months, longer than both Poland and France. The battle of Vinjesvingen eventually became the last stronghold of Norwegian resistance in southern Norway in May, while the armed forces in the north launced an offensive againt the German forces in the Battles of Narvik, until they were forced to surrender June 8th after the fall of France. King Haakon and the Norwegian government continued the fight from exile in Rotherhithe, London. On the day of the invasion, the collaborative leader of the small National-Socialist party Nasjonal Samling — Vidkun Quisling — tried to seize power, but was forced by the German occupiers to step aside. Real power was wielded by the leader of the German occupation authority, Reichskommissar Josef Terboven. Quisling, as minister president, later formed a government under German control. During the five years of Nazi occupation, Norwegians built a strong resistance movement which fought the German occupation forces with both armed resistance and civil disobedience. But more important to the Allied war effort was the role of the Norwegian Merchant Navy. At the time of the invasion Norway had the third largest, fastest and the most effective Merchant Navy in the world. It was led by the Norwegian shipping company Nortraship under the allied force throughout the war and took part in every war operation from the evacuation of Dunkirk to the Normandy landings.Following the war, the Social Democrats came to power and ruled the country for much of the cold war. Norway joined NATO in 1949, and became a close ally of the United States. Two plebiscites to join the European Union failed by narrow margins. Large reserves of oil and gas were discovered in the 1960s, which lead to a continuing boom in the economy.

简史 从9世纪开始，挪威被许多小王国统治而且侵略集团到达诺曼底，冰岛，格陵兰，苏格兰和爱尔兰以外的岛屿，及新世界海岸，挪威最终于12世纪统一并在13世纪到达它中世纪繁荣的高度。 公元９世纪形成统一的王国。900年，国王霍尔法格统一挪威。在９—１１世纪北欧海盗时期，曾不断向外扩张，进入鼎盛时期。１４世纪中叶开始衰落，１３９７年与丹麦和瑞典组成卡尔马联盟，受丹麦统治。１８１４年，丹麦把挪威割让给瑞典，换取西波美拉尼亚。1814年5月17日通过宪法规定挪威为世袭君主立宪国， 定该日为国庆日。１９０５年独立成立君主国，并选丹麦王子卡尔为国王，称哈康七世。第一次世界大战中保持中立。第二次世界大战中被法西斯德国占领，哈康国王及他的政府流亡英国。１９４５年获得解放。１９５７年哈康七世逝世，其子即位，称奥拉夫五世。 政治 现行宪法于１８１４年５月１７日通过，后经多次修订。宪法规定，挪威实行君主立宪制，国王为国家元首兼武装部队统帅，并提名首相人选，但无权解散议会。议会分上下两院，除制定法律先由下院后由上院讨论外，其他问题均由两院合并讨论。 经济 挪威是拥有现代化工业的发达国家。现有可开采原油蕴藏量为４２.８亿立方米，天然气４万多亿立方米。其他矿产资源有：煤２－５亿吨，铁０．３亿吨，钛０．１８亿吨。水力资源丰富，可开发的水电资源约１８７０亿度，已开发６３％。北部沿海是世界著名渔场。农业面积１０４６３平方公里，其中牧草地６３２９平方公里。副食基本可自给，粮食主要靠进口。工业在国民经济中占有重要地位，主要传统工业部门有机械、水电、冶金、化工、造纸、木材加工、鱼产品加工和造船。西欧最大的铝生产国和出口国，镁的产量居世界第二，硅铁合金产品大部分供出口。７０年代兴起的近海石油工业已成为国民经济重要支柱，为西欧最大产油国、世界第三大石油出口国。主要旅游点有奥斯陆、卑尔根、勒罗斯、北角等地。 麻烦采纳，谢谢!