琵琶英文介绍

琵琶编辑词条编辑摘要摘要[ Pí pá ]（英文：Lute, pipa) 被称为“民乐之王”，“弹拨乐器之王”，“弹拨乐器首座”。 拨弦类弦鸣乐器。南北朝时由印度经龟兹传入内地。木制。音箱呈半梨形，张四弦，颈与面板上设用以确定音位的“相”和“品”。演奏时竖抱，左手按弦，右手五指弹奏。是可独奏、伴奏、合奏的重要民族乐器。 历史上的所谓琵琶，并不仅指具有梨形共鸣箱的曲项琵琶，而是多种弹拨乐器，形状类似，大小有别，象现在的柳琴，月琴，阮等，都可说是琵琶类乐器。其名“琵”、“琶”是根据演奏这些乐器的右手技法而来的。琵和琶原是两种弹奏手法的名称，琵是右手向前弹，琶是右手向后弹。琵琶是我国历史悠久的主要弹拨乐器。

When the sui and tang dynasties popular pipa journals. To the Ming dynasty, has developed into 4 phases and product, in the early nineteenth century for 4 phases, 10 to 12 in the early 20th century, range increased to 3 degrees. The method also played for vertical to play with five fingers, BoZi instead of playing Musical Instruments, expanded the technique and the expressive plays. In the beginning, for 6 phase, presently for 18 June 25, in a complete, widely used in song and dance, folk music, drama and instrumental ensemble performance, and with a solo. Peipah solo have daqu, small. Daqu and respond, many more closely for an organic whole, or the form of song league. Daqu, wu of the curve. Article sets of style, such as the flute fair sun drum, the moon palace, Wu set of powerful virility, such as "house of flying daggers" and "the green with the swan. Lee says again small, usually for 68 plate structure. 隋唐时曲颈琵琶颇为流行 。至明代 ，已发展为4相9品，19世纪初为4相10品 ，20世纪初增为12品 ，音域扩大至3个八度 。演奏方法也改横弹为竖弹 ，以5个手指代替拨子弹奏，扩展了该乐器的演奏技法和表现力 。30年代初又增为6相18品，现为 6 相25品，半音齐全 ，广泛应用于歌 、舞 、曲艺、戏曲的伴奏，以及器乐合奏、重奏和独奏。 琵琶独奏曲有大曲、小曲之分。大曲又称大套，多为多段形式的紧密有机整体或小曲联套形式。大曲中又有文、武曲之别。文套风格秀雅，如《夕阳箫鼓》、《汉宫秋月》 ；武套气概雄健，如《十面埋伏》、《海青拿天鹅》。小曲又称小套，通常为68板结构。

这是在英文版的维基百科上截取的我选取的段落讲的是琵琶的含义 以及它简短的历史 其实楼主以后遇到这样的情况 不应该在中文网页里找 应该用英文版google 直接输入 pipa introduction 就一堆东西出来了 不用在这里浪费你的分数的 The pipa (Chinese: 琵琶) is a plucked Chinese string instrument. Sometimes called the Chinese lute, the instrument has a pear-shaped wooden body. It has been played for nearly two thousand years in China, and belongs to the plucked category of instruments. Several related instruments in East and Southeast Asia are derived from the pipa; these include the Japanese biwa, the Vietnamese đàn tỳ bà, and the Korean bipa. The Korean instrument is the only one of the three that is no longer used. Attempts to revive the instrument have failed, although examples survive in museums.Prototypes of the pipa already existed in China in the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC). At that time, there were two types of pipa. One was straight-necked, with a round sound box constructed from lacquered Paulownia wood, and two faces mounted with leather. The other was believed to be inspired by the primitive forms of zheng, konghou, and zou. It also has a straight neck, a round sound box, and also four strings, along with twelve standards of notes. This model was later developed into the instrument known today as the ruan. The modern pipa is closer to the instrument which originated in Persia/Middle-East (where it was called barbat) and was introduced into China beginning in the late Jin Dynasty (265-420 A.D.).

CHINESE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTSThere are many deep traditions of the bowed, plucked, wind, and percussion instrument families, and many in these families of instruments are listed here below. These instruments are used for traditional music, classical music, folk music, and modern music and compositions (there are also many other older instruments used by the many Minority groups in China). (NOTE - all of the tunings listed in the bowed and plucked instruments are from the lowest pitched strings to the highest - and the word "qin" 琴 means "instrument"): Bowed Instruments:1.Erhu 二胡 - the Chinese two string violin with metal strings, tuned a fifth interval apart, to D and A, or sometimes to C and G. "Huqin" is the name for this family of Chinese bowed instruments; and "qin" is the general name for an instrument. It is called nanju (or the nanhu 南胡 ) by Cantonese and Taiwan people.. 2.Jinghu 京胡 - the Beijing Opera two string violin pitched one octave above the erhu. The soundbox is made of bamboo and the strings are usually metal; traditionally the strings were silk, and silk strings are occasionally still used. The strings are tuned a fifth interval apart. 3.Gaohu 高胡 - the soprano version of the two string erhu, tuned a fourth interval higher than the erhu, with metal strings tuned a fifth interval apart. 4.Zhonghu 中胡 - the deeper "viola" version of the two string erhu, with metal strings tuned in fifth intervals; and tuned a fourth or a fifth lower than the erhu. 5.Gehu 革胡 - the deeper "cello" version of the two string erhu, with metal strings tuned a fifth interval apart. Bei gehu 倍革胡 is the big deeper "bass" with four metal strings tuned in fifth intervals. 6.Sihu 四胡 - an erhu type instrument with four silk strings tuned in fifth and fourth intervals, to C-G-C-G, or D-A-D-A. It sounds much like the human voice, and it has a bow which has two simultaneous bowing parts. 7.Dalei 大擂 - an erhu type instrument with the soundbox made of copper, tuned lower than the erhu, also sounding much like the human voice, with two metal strings tuned a fifth interval apart; traditionally they were tuned a fourth interval apart. 8.Banhu 板胡 - a loud erhu type instrument made of coconut, with two metal strings tuned in fifth intervals. 9.Nanju (or the Nanhu 南胡 ) - the Cantonese opera erhu, with two metal strings tuned a fifth interval apart. 10.Matouqin 马头琴 (or in Mongolian, the Morin Huur, the Morin Khuur, the Morin Xuur, the Morin Khor, or the Marinhur, or the Chaoer in eastern Mongolia), the Mongolian deep sounding two string bowed instrument that got its name from the carved horse head by the tuning pegs, with nylon or metal strings, and traditionally with horsehair strings, and they are tuned a fifth interval apart. There are three different sizes, like the Western violin, viola, and cello. Traditionally in eastern Mongolia the fingerboard is played normally like a violin, and the instrument is also called the Chaoer, but in western Mongolia, traditionally the string is played where the bottom of the nail meets the skin of the finger, so that the sound is produced with both the nail and the finger. Di Matouqin 低马头琴 - the bigger and lower pitched Matouqin, also tuned in fifth intervals. Plucked Instruments:1.Pipa 琵琶 - the four string Chinese fretted lute, with metal strings, and occasionally with silk strings. It is tuned G-C-D-G, or A-D-E-A. 2.Liuqin 柳琴 - the small pipa, the Chinese fretted lute, with three or four metal strings. It has either three strings tuned G-D-G, or four strings tuned G-D-G-D; and the four strings can also be tuned in fifths like a Western violin, to G-D-A-E. 3.Yueqin 月琴 - also called the "moon guitar", played with the Beijing Opera, a banjo-like fretted instrument with three or four metal strings. It is tuned A-D-A, or G-C-G, or D-A-D, or C-G-C; or with four strings, it is tuned D-A-D-A, or C-G-C-G. 4.Ruan 阮 - similar to the yueqin, but it has a hollow soundbox and a longer neck. It has three or four metal strings and is fretted. Xiaoruan 小阮 has three strings tuned D-A-D, or four strings tuned D-A-D-A. Zhongruan 中阮 , the medium lower ruan, has four metal strings tuned D-A-D-A, or to G-D-G-D; or tuned in fifth intervals like the Western cello to C-G-D-A, and it is fretted. Daruan 大阮, the big bass ruan, is traditionally tuned D-A-D-A, and in modern times it is also tuned in fifth intervals like the Western cello C-G-D-A, and it is usually bowed. 5.Sanxian 三弦 - the three string unfretted lute with metal, or gut, or nylon strings, with a long neck and made of snake skin. This instrument is also played in Japan, and it is also the main instrument for traditional music in Okinawa. It is tuned C-G-C. 6.Yangqin 扬琴 - the hammered dulcimer, called the "Butterfly Harp." 7.Guqin 古琴 - (or the qin), the ancient seven string Chinese zither with metal strings wrapped with nylon, played by sliding the fingernail up the strings. It originally had five strings, and was called the qin, meaning "instrument," or "stringed instrument"; and the term "gu" means ancient. The standard tuning (listed in the key of C) is G-A-C-D-E-G-A. Another very common tuning (for the key of F) is C-D-F-G-A-C-D, and there are many others. 8.Guzheng 古筝 (or the Gu-Zheng, or the Zheng, or the Cheng), the Chinese zither/ harp with 16 to 25 strings and a moveable bridge. The 18 string and the older 16 string ones have metal strings and the 21 to 25 string ones have wire strings wrapped with nylon. Traditionally the older instrument had 13 strings made of silk, and that one was the ancestor of the Japanese Koto. The two most common tunings are the C pentatonic scale (C-D-E-G-A), and the G pentatonic scale (G-A-B-D-E); the pentatonic scale has the first, second, third, fifth, and sixth degrees of the scale. 9.Konghou 箜篌 - the vertical guzheng, the Chinese zither/harp, somewhat like a Western harp, with four pedals, and it usually has five or six octaves. It has metal strings wrapped with nylon in the lower section, and the higher strings are sometimes metal. 10.Se 瑟 - the ancient 50 string zither with a moveable bridge, which is no longer played. It may have been the forerunner of the guzheng, the Chinese zither/ harp (see related article). It had silk strings. 11.Hudie Zheng 蝴蝶筝 - somewhat like two guzhengs combined, sometimes called the "butterfly guzheng", which is a recent invention, but rarely played. It has metal strings wrapped with nylon, and some of the high strings can be metal. It has a set of 25 strings tuned normally to a pentatonic scale on the right side (with the first, second, third, fifth, and sixth degrees of the scale - in the key of C those notes are C, D, E, G, and A), where the bridge is moveable; and on the left side of the bridge, with notes that cannot be bent (and without a moveable bridge), a set of strings is tuned in half steps to all twelve chromatic Western pitches within the octave; also the left side has some pairs of strings that are tuned to the same notes that correspond to the notes of the strings on the right side of the bridge that are in the pentatonic tuning. 12.Khomuz (or the Koxianqin 口弦琴) - the Mongolian jaw harp with one or two metal reeds, played by holding it in the mouth and changing the tones with the mouth cavity. 13.Duxianqin 独弦琴 - an old one string instrument with a metal string supported by a wood bow, played by plucking the string and bending the wood bow. Wind Instruments:1.Xun 埙(or the Huin, or the Hsuin, or the Hsun) - a clay wind instrument with eleven holes. It was revived by the Guzheng master Cao Zheng in the early 1970s, and it became very popular again in 1998. 2.Dizi 笛子 - the horizonal side-blown bamboo flute.3.Xiao 箫 (or the Hsiao) - the vertical bamboo flute.4.Paixiao 排箫 - Chinese pan-pipes.5.Sheng 笙 - the bamboo mouth organ, blown both in and out. It was the ancient ancestor of the Western harmonica. Diyinsheng is the big mouth organ with 48 pipes.6.Hulusi 葫芦丝 - made of bamboo or another plant such as straw grass, and played like a mouth organ, blown both in and out. Shuangguan Hulusi is the double-reed hulusi.7.Bawu 巴乌 - the small and deeper sounding bamboo flute.8.Guanzi 管子 - the short cylindrical-bore oboe type older flute, made of wood. Shuangguan 双管 is a double-pipe flute made of wood.9.Suona 唢呐 - Chinese trumpet, further specialized into gaoyinsuona, the soprano trumpet; zhongyinsuona, the lower trumpet; and diyinsuona, the bass trumpet.这样应该挺详细的吧，嘿嘿·

琵琶编辑词条编辑摘要摘要[ Pí pá ]（英文：Lute, pipa) 被称为“民乐之王”，“弹拨乐器之王”，“弹拨乐器首座”。 拨弦类弦鸣乐器。南北朝时由印度经龟兹传入内地。木制。音箱呈半梨形，张四弦，颈与面板上设用以确定音位的“相”和“品”。演奏时竖抱，左手按弦，右手五指弹奏。是可独奏、伴奏、合奏的重要民族乐器。 历史上的所谓琵琶，并不仅指具有梨形共鸣箱的曲项琵琶，而是多种弹拨乐器，形状类似，大小有别，象现在的柳琴，月琴，阮等，都可说是琵琶类乐器。其名“琵”、“琶”是根据演奏这些乐器的右手技法而来的。琵和琶原是两种弹奏手法的名称，琵是右手向前弹，琶是右手向后弹。琵琶是我国历史悠久的主要弹拨乐器