欧洲历史英文

Europe, conventionally one of the seven continents of the world. Although referred to as a continent, Europe is actually just the western fifth of the Eurasian landmass, which is made up primarily of Asia. Modern geographers generally describe the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, part of the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains as forming the main boundary between Europe and Asia. The name Europe is perhaps derived from that of Europa, the daughter of Phoenix in Greek mythology, or possibly from Ereb, a Phoenician word for “sunset.” The second smallest continent (Australia is the smallest), Europe has an area of 10,355,000 sq km (3,998,000 sq mi), but it has the third largest population of all the continents, 729 million in 2006. The northernmost point of the European mainland is Cape Nordkinn, in Norway; the southernmost, Punta de Tarifa, in southern Spain near Gibraltar. From west to east the mainland ranges from Cabo da Roca, in Portugal, to the northeastern slopes of the Urals, in Russia. Europe has long been a center of great cultural and economic achievement. The ancient Greeks and Romans produced major civilizations, famous for their contributions to philosophy, literature, fine art, and government. The Renaissance, which began in the 14th century, was a period of great accomplishment for European artists and architects, and the age of exploration, beginning in the 15th century, included voyages to new territories by European navigators. European nations, particularly Spain, Portugal, France, and Britain, built large colonial empires, with vast holdings in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. In the 18th century modern forms of industry began to be developed. In the 20th century much of Europe was ravaged by the two world wars. After World War II ended in 1945, the continent was divided into two major political and economic blocs—Communist nations in Eastern Europe and non-Communist countries in Western Europe. Between 1989 and 1991, however, the Eastern bloc broke up. Communist regimes surrendered power in most Eastern European countries. East and West Germany were unified. The Soviet Communist Party collapsed, multilateral military and economic ties between Eastern Europe and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) were severed, and the USSR itself ceased to exist.Modern humans (Homo sapiens) first appeared in Europe during the late Paleolithic Era (the Old Stone Age). Hunters and gatherers, they left behind notable examples of art, dating from approximately 32,000 to 10,000 years ago, that have been found in more than 200 caves, mostly in Spain and France (see Cave Dwellers). Some 10,000 years ago, at the end of the Pleistocene Epoch—the most recent of the Ice Ages—the climate began to improve and gradually approached that of the present. In time, Neolithic (New Stone Age) people developed agricultural economies that replaced hunting. During the 6th millennium bc, farming spread over most of western Europe. Some of these Neolithic cultures, beginning about 5000 bc, erected huge stone monuments (megaliths) either as grave structures or as memorials of notable events. Early Neolithic development was especially intense in the Danube and Balkan areas, in the so-called Starčevo (near Belgrade in present-day Serbia) and Danubian cultures. In the southern Balkans the Sesklo culture (in Thessaly, ancient Greece) had developed complex proto-urban forms by 5000 bc. This in turn led to the Dimini culture (also in Thessaly), which was characterized by fortified villages. Excavations in the Balkans have shown that copper was in use in that area about 4000 bc, during the Vinča culture (4500?-3000? bc). By this time, trade, especially in amber from the Baltic, was becoming more and more important. In central Europe (Bohemia, in what is now the Czech Republic) large deposits of copper and tin facilitated a bronze technology during the 3rd millennium bc. Typical royal or aristocratic burials of this period were covered by barrows or tumuli, but by the late 2nd millennium bc a change occurred; cremation then became common, and burial by urn (in urnfields) became the established custom.When Romulus Augustulus was deposed in 476, he had no designated heir, and when Zeno, the Eastern emperor, was told that there was no immediate reason to appoint a successor, the suggestion seemed reasonable. In law, in theory, and in people’s hearts the empire was indivisible and unconquerable. Many emperors’ reigns had been short, many had ended violently, and the belligerent Germanic peoples had been a fact of Roman political life for more than a century. No one at the time could have known that Romulus Augustulus, who ironically bore the name of Rome’s legendary founder, was to be the last Roman emperor in the West and that an age had come to an end.By the year 1050, Europe was entering a period of great and rapid transformation. The conditions of material life that produced the transformation are not yet well understood, although the following may be noted with certainty: The long period of Germanic and Asian migrations had come to a definite end, and Europe enjoyed a continuity of settled population; a population expansion of striking proportions had begun and was to continue. Town life, which had never entirely ceased during the previous centuries, experienced remarkable growth and development, thereby breaking the tendency of the medieval farm toward economic self-sufficiency. Trade and commerce, particularly in the Mediterranean lands of Italy and southern France and in the Low Countries, increased in quantity, regularity, and extent.The century and a half between the new European contact with America and the end of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) was an age of transition and intellectual tension. After 1648, religion continued to be important in European history, but the priority of secular concerns was never again in doubt. Because this epochal transvaluation left unrest and uncertainty in its wake, the peoples of Europe exhibited a profound ambivalence; no longer medieval, they were not yet modern.Toward the end of the 18th century, the concentration of power in the hands of the monarch began to be challenged. European reaction to absolutism was enhanced by the success of the American Revolution (1775-1783), with its resultant republic, and by the rise of the English bourgeoisie concomitant to the Industrial Revolution. This reaction first crystallized in France in 1789 and from there spread throughout the continent in the following century.For most Europeans, the years from 1871 to 1914 constituted La Belle Epoque (“the beautiful times”). Science had made life more comfortable and secure, representative government had achieved wide acceptance in principle, and continued progress was confidently expected. Proud of their accomplishments and convinced that history had assigned them a civilizing mission, Europe’s powers laid colonial claim to vast territories in Africa and Asia. Some believed, however, that Europe was dancing on a volcano. Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud, and German sociologist Max Weber cautioned against a facile optimism and dismissed the liberal conception of rational humanity, while artists such as Dutch Vincent van Gogh and Norwegian Edvard Munch explored the darker regions of the human heart. Such forebodings began to seem less eccentric in the light of contemporary challenges to the liberal consensus. A new and virulent strain of anti-Semitism infected the political life of Austria-Hungary, Russia, and France; in the home of the revolution, the Dreyfus affair threatened to bring down the Third Republic. National rivalries were exacerbated by imperial competition, and the nationality problem in the Hungarian half of the Habsburg monarchy intensified as a result of the government’s Magyarization policies and the example German and Italian unifications set for the Slavic peoples.As the industrial working class grew in number and organized strength, Marxist social-democratic parties pressured European governments to equalize conditions as well as opportunities. In the midst of an increasingly unsettled atmosphere, Emperor William II of Germany dismissed Bismarck in 1890. For two decades the Iron Chancellor had served as Europe’s “honest broker,” juggling with great dexterity a bewildering array of alliances and alignments and thereby maintaining the peace. None of his successors possessed the skill needed to preserve Bismarck’s system, and when the incompetent emperor jettisoned realpolitik in favor of Weltpolitik (imperial politics), England, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente.

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the article introduce the history of Europe between AD500 to AD1200

1、英文

British history began in Germanic and Celtic, and later in England, Wales and Scotland. Its origin can be traced back to Roman rule.

Britain is called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It consists of Northern Ireland and the whole history of Britain is made up of the interweaving of the four regions.

Wales became part of the Kingdom of England in 1535. The defeat of the Spanish Invincible Fleet in 1588 by the Naval Battle of Gravoline frustrated the invasion of foreign Catholic forces.

basically eliminating the threat of Catholicism and consolidating the achievements of religious reform.

In 1640, Britain broke out the first bourgeois revolution in the world and became the pioneer of the bourgeois revolution. The Republic was proclaimed on 19 May 1649.

The restoration of the dynasty in 1660 and the "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 established the constitutional monarchy.

In 1707, England merged with Scotland. Through the Seven Years'War, Britain laid the foundation of the Sunset Empire and gained the hegemony of the sea.

It was merged with Ireland in 1801. After the Napoleonic War, Britain completed the imperial hegemony of the Sunset Empire.

From the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, it became the first country in the world to complete the industrial revolution.

The nineteenth century was the heyday of the British Empire. The colonies occupied in 1914 were 111 times larger than those in the mainland.

They were the first colonial power and claimed to be the "Sunset Empire".

In 1922, the Republic of Ireland became independent, and Northern Ireland remained in the United Kingdom, that is, Northern Ireland today.

2、中文

英国历史始于日耳曼人与凯尔特人，亦是后来的英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰，其源头可追溯到罗马统治时期。

英国全称为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由和北爱尔兰组成，而整个英国的历史也就是由这四个区域的历史交织组成。

1535年威尔士成为英格兰王国的一部分，1588年格拉沃利讷海战打败西班牙无敌舰队使英国挫败了国外天主教势力的入侵，基本消除了天主教的威胁，巩固了宗教改革的成果。

1640年英国在全球第一个爆发资产阶级革命，成为资产阶级革命的先驱。1649年5月19日宣布成立共和国。1660年王朝复辟，1688年发生“光荣革命”，确立了君主立宪制。

1707年英格兰与苏格兰合并，通过七年战争英国奠定日不落帝国的基础，并获取了海上霸主。

1801年又与爱尔兰合并。拿破仑战争后英国完成了日不落帝国的霸业。18世纪后半叶至19世纪上半叶，成为世界上第一个完成工业革命的国家。

19世纪是大英帝国的全盛时期，1914年占有的殖民地比本土大111倍，是第一殖民大国，自称“日不落帝国”。

1922年爱尔兰共和国独立，爱尔兰北部仍留在联合王国内，即是今天的北爱尔兰。

扩展资料：

英国历史大事：

1、英西战争

英西战争（英语：Anglo-Spanish War；西班牙语：Guerra anglo-española）（1585年–1604年）指西班牙帝国与英格兰王国之间未经正式宣战的间歇性冲突。

英西战争由多场大范围战役组成，起于1585年英国与荷兰签订楠萨奇条约，拥护荷兰抵抗西班牙帝国的统治。

1587年英国于加的斯率先夺胜，翌年于1588年格拉沃利讷海战击退西班牙无敌舰队，但1589年科伦纳·里斯本远征败北后情势逆转，西班牙在弗洛雷斯海战重振海军实力。

而英国分别在以后的1595-1596年西印度群岛远征和1597年的埃塞克斯-罗利远征决定性失败。西班牙先后在1596年和1597年派遣两支无敌舰队趁胜追击，但在恶劣的气候下遭挫。

无敌舰队战败后的十年间，西班牙加强了海军实力，对后来南美洲贵重金属的运输影响深远。而战争在1590年代走入僵局。

1602年英国与荷兰通过多佛海峡海战一度获取英吉利海峡乃至欧洲西部海域的主导权并持续两年。

1601-1604年西班牙进行了人类史上较为残酷、血腥的奥斯坦德之围，经过三年的围攻，英荷联军最终投降，西班牙军队拿下了这座城堡，使英荷西三方都想结束战争，回到和平。

1604年由腓力三世与新任英格兰国王詹姆斯一世代表签订伦敦条约后画下句点。西英协议分别停止对爱尔兰与尼德兰的军事介入，且英方放弃在公海上的劫掠行为。

缔约两方皆有达成部分目标，战后西班牙重获欧洲西部海域优势。条约整体有利于西班牙。但整起战争过程对两国财政都造成了相当程度的负担，而英国则进入40年的萎靡期。

2、蔷薇战争

蔷薇战争（又称玫瑰战争；英语：Wars of the Roses；1455年─1485年）是英王爱德华三世（1327年-1377年在位）的两支后裔：兰开斯特家族和约克家族的支持者为了争夺英格兰王位而发生断续的内战。

两大家族都是金雀花王朝王室的分支，约克家族是爱德华三世的第四子的后裔、兰开斯特家族是爱德华三世的第三子的后裔。

玫瑰战争是约克家族的爱德华三世的第五代、第六代继承人对兰开斯特家族的爱德华三世的第四代、第五代继承人的王位战争。

“玫瑰战争”一名并未使用于当时，而是在16世纪，莎士比亚在历史剧《亨利六世》中以两朵玫瑰被拔标志战争的开始后才成为普遍用语。

此名称源于两个家族所选的家徽，兰开斯特的红蔷薇Rosa gallica和约克的白蔷薇Rosa ×alba。

战争最终以兰开斯特家族的亨利七世与约克的伊丽莎白联姻为结束，也结束了法国金雀花王朝在英格兰的统治，开启了新的威尔士人都铎王朝的统治。 也标记着在英格兰中世纪时期的结束并走向新的文艺复兴时代。

为了纪念这次战争，英格兰以玫瑰（这里玫瑰实为欧洲古老蔷薇）为国花，并把皇室徽章改为红白蔷薇。

参考资料来源：百度百科——英国历史

参考资料来源：百度百科——玫瑰战争

参考资料来源：百度百科——英西战争

丹麦目前是格吕克斯堡王朝统治。而格吕克斯堡王朝，父系源于奥尔登堡王朝。奥尔登堡王朝，从1448年，君临丹麦。1863年，被格吕克斯堡王朝取代。直到如今这两个王朝加起来，时间是 2013-1448，不过是565年。欧洲比这资格老的王朝，大有人在。卡佩王朝。这是一个法国的王朝。888年统治法国，一直到1830年结束。在拿破仑时代有短暂的停顿。一共统计法国829年。但是这个王朝令人恐怖的是，他至今还统治着西班牙和卢森堡。这么算起来，也许时间能更长。（正确称呼是 卡佩-瓦洛亚-波旁王朝）中欧的哈布斯堡王朝。这个王朝，发源于阿尔萨斯。从神罗皇帝中，该家族的第一个皇帝1273年开始算起，到神罗最后一个皇帝也是该家族的1806年。这期间，神罗帝位，基本被该家族垄断，只是被很少中断过。累积526年神罗皇帝。这个王朝，大家都知道，大本营在奥地利，从1282年成为奥地利公爵开始，到1918年奥皇退位，这个王朝统治奥地利长达1918-1282=636年。东欧的留里克王朝。从862年建国，到1598年皇室绝嗣，这个王朝统治东欧长达 1598-862=736年至于什么罗马帝国的，就不要拿出来说了。无论罗马帝国，还是东罗马帝国，是由很多个王朝组成的，并非只有一个王朝。世界上，至今为止还没灭亡的持续最长的共和国政体，“圣马力诺共和国”这个国家，网友们都说，创立于301年，不过当时，它还不是一个法律认可的国家实体，而是属于罗马帝国的一部分。并且当时还只是族长制。直到1243年才开始成为共和国，1263年更是确立了共和宪法。所以实际该共和国体制是2013-1243=770年。世界上，最早的持续时间超长的大型共和国，应该是迦太基共和国。BC814开始，BC146结束，持续了668年罗马共和国，BC509开始，BC27结束，持续了482年雅典共和国，BC638开始，BC339结束，持续了299年。下面，持续时间最长的共和国，隆重登场，建立于687年，1797年被拿破仑大帝所灭。它是谁？它就是地中海霸主，威尼斯。该共和国持续1110年。下面登场的，是威尼斯的好基友，热那亚共和国。建立于1110年，1805年，同样被大帝灭亡。1814年复国，1815年又被灭。该共和国持续696年。其实，中世纪，地中海还有多个城市共和国，不过持续时间，都无法同威尼斯和热那亚相提并论，我这里就不一一叙述了。除开地中海各国，世界古代史上，就没有其他长时间存在的知名共和国了。（近代史的共和国是另外一回事，不过近代到现在，哪怕该共和国完全不灭亡，也没超过五百年）

我会按照时代前后粗略的介绍欧洲的几个文明，具体状况需要楼主自己去学习了解，莫做伸手党。1，目前发现来看，欧洲文明的起源是爱琴海地区，也是人类文明最重要较早源头之一。欧洲地区最早称得上是“文明”的古代遗迹是“克里特文明”，因为发现与希腊克里特岛而得名。克里特文明分为“早期迈诺安”（Early Minoan，公元前3000年至公元前2300年）、“中期迈诺安”（Middle Minoan，公元前2300年至公元前1600年）、“晚期迈诺安”（Late Minoan，公元前1600年至公元前1100年）（后期的黑暗时代人们才以迈诺安文明称之）。称其是文明是因为，城池、青铜器、公元前2000年出现奴隶制，出现并经历了三个文字时代，分别是一种象形文字和两种线形文字，是个伟大的文明。它引导了整个爱琴海文明。2，然后是稍晚但大致同时期的迈锡尼文明，因发现于伯罗奔尼撒半岛的迈锡尼城得名。约公元前2000年左右，希腊人开始在巴尔干半岛南端定居。从公元前16世纪上半叶起逐渐形成一些奴隶占有制国家，出现了迈锡尼文明，迈锡尼文明的建造者是阿喀亚人。同克里特文明一样都有着鲜明的希腊或者叫爱琴海本土特色，其很大程度上受克里特文明影响尤其是壁画。我们历史教材里就有著名的“迈锡尼狮子门”，迈锡尼的建筑深远的影响了希腊、罗马等文明的建筑风格。迈锡尼分布在巴尔干半岛也就是现在的希腊南端，并扩张到了土耳其，《荷马史诗》讲到的特洛伊就是属于晚期迈锡尼文明体系的一个强大城邦，它被攻破也就是意味着迈锡尼文明被以雅典为首的古希腊文明灭亡，并取代。注：克里特文明和迈锡尼文明都有着中东文明的影响烙印，出土过很多中东亚洲风格的陶器、石器等。而其神话包括之后尤其发展而来的古希腊神话与两河流域和美索不达米亚的神话都有明显的相似性，而且有古埃及神话的特征，这些充分表明，爱琴海文明是很大程度上受中东文明影响，也受古埃及影响。3，古希腊文明，这个非常著名，不做说明。4，迦太基文明，迦太基、腓尼基有很多名字，很难弄清楚他们从哪来，最早立足于北非，传说，一位公主带着随从漂洋过海来到古埃及的领土，他们请求拥有一张牛皮能围住的土地安身，埃及人同意了，但是他们将牛皮割成细绳子围住了一片很大的土地，埃及人傻眼但是信守了承诺，日后这片土地上就崛起了迦太基城，就像祖先一样他们在海上谋生，是出色的商人也是海盗，是一个海上文明，并不断的将自己的文明带到其他地方，并进行传播和扩张，最后建立起一个称霸整个地中海及地中海沿岸的迦太基帝国，在古希腊文明的后期、古罗马的前期，迦太基在地中海有绝对的霸权，最后在与古罗马的较量中被罗马击败，标志就是著名的战术之父汉尼拔的惨败。这个文明最大的贡献在于文字，他们改进或者创制的字母，是目前欧洲几乎所有语言的基础。5，古罗马文明，也不做说明。（这里值得注意的东罗马帝国也就是拜占庭这个横跨欧亚的文明）6，日耳曼诸族文明，在古罗马的前中期，欧洲北方高卢等日耳曼民族都处于未开化的野蛮状态，古罗马在当时对他们来说是敌人但也是文明的代名词，所以虽然他们击败了罗马，但是他们对于罗马念念不忘无法割舍比如德意志的“神圣罗马帝国”、俄罗斯的“第三罗马”，直到近现代也是如此。他们继承了罗马的很多东西，包括宗教、文字语言（拉丁语族包括欧洲大陆大部分语言，而罗马人的拉丁语到近代一直是通用语）、政治制度等。查理曼大帝的日耳曼帝国的分裂，形成了日后法国、意大利、德国的雏形，而日耳曼诸族的迁徙扩张也造就了其各个分支文明，比如英国盎格鲁萨克逊、歌特、法兰克等等等。7，外来者、流浪汉——从中东来的犹太人、从印度来的吉普赛人。