
用在限制性定语从句中的代词是限制性关系代词,比如that which whom等 用在非限制性定语从句中的代词是非限制性关系代词 比如 which as等
包括冠词,指示代词,形容词性物主代词,名词所有格,数词。第七讲 英语名词短语中的限定词(Determiners in Noun Phrases)一、限定词的定义(Defining the notion of “determiner”)限定词不同于修饰语(modifier)。限定词是用来表示名词短语中中心词(head noun)(68页)是特指(specific reference)还是类指(generic reference),是表示确定数量(definite quantity)还是不确定(indefinite quantity)数量,是指称部分还是整体,起限定作用的一类词。修饰语只是在语义上增添名词中心词的“描绘”信息,使之更具体。因此限定词通常是必不可少的,而修饰语一般是可有可无的;限定词只能位于名词前,而修饰语很多则可以位于名词后,特别是形容词短语作修饰语时;限定词无短语成分,形容词等修饰语有短语成分。True or false?Determiners are words that are used to describe head nouns in noun phrases.(68页-71页)请看下面的例子(课本68页):(1)A deer can stand as soon as it is born.(2)Thousands of visitors come to this museum every year.(3)The old and the young sometimes find it hard to understand each other.(4)All the first three winners in the game were Chinese.(5)This company decides to pay the workers by the hour.(6)Come and see us whenever you have any time.(7)To tell you the truth, I do not like either color very much.(8)I have to read all these books for my course.请说出上面各句中的名词短语有哪些,注意其中的限定词。二、限定词的类型(Types of determiners)(69页)按照它们在指称名词时发挥的不同作用,英语限定词通常可以分为五类:(一)冠词(articles):还可分为三类:定冠词(Definite Article):the;不定冠词(Indefinite Article):a, an;零冠词(Zero Article)。(二)物主限定词(possessives):包括物主代词(Possessive Pronoun):my, your, his, her, our, your, their, one's, its以及名词属格(Generic Noun):Tom’s, my mother’s。(三)指示限定词(demonstratives):在语义上和定冠词有紧密联系,用来指明所指物的数量以及与说话人的距离远近。定冠词几乎总是非重读的,而指示词却常常需要重读。指示限定词包括:this, that, these, those, such。(四)量限定词(quantifiers):指明名词的数量,还可细分为四类:全部(inclusive)(all, each, every, whole)、大量(large quantity)(many, much)、适量或少量(moderate or small quantity)、任意量或否定量(arbitrary/negative member or amount)(any, either, no, neither)。(五)数词(numerals):包括基数词(cardinal numerals)、序数词(ordinal numerals)、倍数词(multiplicative numerals)(twice, three times…)和分数词(fractional numerals)(one third, two thirds)。基数词在语义上和量限定词相近,不同之处在于基数词提供具体的数量。序数词指明名词的顺序。除了上述五类,还有疑问限定词(what, which, whose)和关系限定词(which, whose)。72页课内练习2;76页课后练习1;三、限定词在名词短语中的排列顺序(order of determiners in a noun phrase)(69-70)根据限定词在名词短语中所处的位置,限定词又可分为三种:前位限定词(predeterminers)、中位限定词(central determiners)和后位限定词(post-determiners)。前位限定词有:1、all, both, half; 2、倍数词double, twice, three times等;3、分数词one-third, two -fifths等。中位限定词有:1、定冠词和不定冠词;2、物主限定词(物主代词和’s属格名词);3、指示限定词;4、不定数量词(some, few, no, any, every, each, either, neither);5、疑问限定词和关系限定词。后位限定词有:1、基数词;2、序数词(包括一般序数词next, last, past, another, additional, further);3、封闭数量词(closed-system quantifiers)(few, fewer, several, most, more, many, much, little, less, least);4、开放数量词(open-system quantifiers)(plenty of, a bit of, a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, a number of以及bags of, heaps of等)。(73页练习5)(跨类限定词:such, what, many)从名称可以看出三类限定词的相对位置,当名词前有多个限定词时,它们的顺序是:前+中+后+名词。请看例句。(70页)(9) The volunteers came from all the thirty-two provinces, municipalities and regions.(10) In all your four sentences the singular form is acceptable, but not the plural one.(11) All these last few days we have been preparing for the qualifying test.*注意:(70页)当两个同位限定词一起位于名词前时,有以下几种情况:1、前位限定词是相互排斥的,在一个名词短语中的中心名词前只能有一个前位限定词,如:all both sides, all half apple, all double hours都是不正确的说法。2、中位限定词也是相互排斥的。如:the every book, his some books 就不对。3、后位限定词不互相排斥,请看下列例句:He will stay here for the first 3 days of the month.Where will you be during the next few weeks?I have two more hats than he does.Many such regulations are also applicable to us.Another such disaster and he will be ruined.I’ll be here for another five/few weeks.The last two pages are missing.The two last pages are missing.(Which is wrong?)The last two pages of this book are missing.The two last pages of this book are missing.(Which is wrong?)The second last page is missing.The last second page is missing.True or false?Functionally speaking, determiners can be subdivided into pre-determiners, central determiners and post-determiners.(71页)练习(见课本)补充:? each与every都有“每个”的意思,但二者含义及语法功能不同,主要区别是:1. each既可用作形容词,又可用作代词,在句中可以作定语,主语、宾语、同位语、状语等。Each student has his own dictionary . (形容词,定语)Each has his good point . (代词,主语)Our head teacher had a talk with each of us . (代词,宾语)The students each have a desk . (代词,同位语)The children can have a bag each . (副词,状语)2. each与every都可用作形容词,在句中作定语,但each更强调个人或个别,every更强调全体或全部。比较:I know each number of your family.I know every number of your family .3. each指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”;every是指许多人或事物 的“全体”,与all的意思相近。试译:这条街上每边都有很多商店。[误]There are many shops on every side of the street .[正]There are many shops on each side of the street .我给她父母每人一件礼物。[误]I gave a present to every one of her parents .[正]I gave a present to each of her parents.4. 指上下文提到过的确定数目中的“每一个”时,要用each;如果上下文没有提及时,不能用each,要用everyone等。试译:我认为这三个答案个个都正确。[误]I think every answer of the three is right .[正]I think each of the three answers is right .我看见人人都忙着工作。 [误]I saw each was busy with his work .[正]I saw everyone was busy with his work .单元音12双元音8
限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用,关系代词有that,which,whom,who,whose以及关系副词when,where等,没有明显的逗号把从句与主语分开,表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定语。 例句: Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting? Where is the book which I bought this morning? 非限制性定语从句: 作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释,和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系,文字中常常用逗号将其与主句分开,用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似,只是不能用that做修饰词。 例句: This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet. Englishi is an important subject, which every students should study well. The building, in front of which sat a boy, was a school.一、 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如: This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性) 2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如: He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。 二、 从形式上看,限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连,两者没有停顿;非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。从意义上讲,限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词,两者密不可分;而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明,两者关系不那么紧密。由于两种定语从句存在着这些区别,一般来说,限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语,修饰其后的先行词,非限制性定语从句则往往译成后置的并列从句。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。通常对定语从句处理如下: (1) 限制性定语从句译成前置定语 These neighborhoods frequently recreate much of the culture and the values of the nationality that makes up the majority of the population. 这些居民区经常再现构成大多数居民的大量民族文化和价值观念。 (2) 非限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句 In almost all developing countries, economic development depends upon growth in export trade, which in turn creates jobs and raises living standards. 几乎所有的发展中国家经济的发展都依赖于出口贸易的增长,而出口的增长又有助于创造更多的就业机会和提高人民的生活水平。 但是,有时候因为意思上的关系,或者出于汉语句子结构上的考虑,要把限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句,而把非限制性定语从句译成前置定语。 (3) 限制性定语从句译成后置的并列从句 Each team plays ten or eleven games each season which begins in September and ends in November. 每个队每赛季参加十到十一场比赛,每个赛季九月份开始,十一月份结束。 (4) 非限制性定语从句译成前置定语 He appeared to be returning home from a walk, for his buckle shoes, which followed a fashion long since out of date, were covered with dust. 他好象是散步之后回家去,因为他那早已过时的扣鞋上布满了灰尘。 (5) 有的定语从句,从意义上看实际相当于一个状语从句,表示原因,目的,结果,让步等关系。这样的定语从句应译出汉语的偏正复句,但是要加上相应的连接词以表明其与主句的关系。 Norway is, quite naturally, paying great attention to developments in Europe and in the Atlantic community, which are so instrumental to the maintenance of peace and security in our part of the world. 挪威自然十分关切欧洲和大西洋国家的发展,因为这些发展大大有助于维护世界上我们这一地区的和平和安全 说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 三、下面是些例题,你做做看。 一、that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。如: 【考例一】She heard the terrible noise, ________brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that 【解析】选B。后半句为非限制性定语从句,尽管先行词noise属于事物,也不能用that而要用which来引导。which指代noise,在从句中作主语。 二、除which外,还可用when,where,whose,whom等引导非限制性定语从句,且各自的用法及差异与它们用在限制性定语从句时相同。如: Next month, when youll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching. 下个月即将来临,届时你们将在家乡度暑假。(关系副词when指代表示时间的名词next month,并作从句的状语。) She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends. 她要到澳门去居住,在那里她有几个密友。 (关系副词where指代表示地点的名词Macao,并在从句中作状语。) 【考例二】Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ________was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose 【解析】选B。whose在从句中作表示所属关系的定语,既可指代人,也可指代物。指物时,常可转换为of which;指人时常可转换为of whom。 【考例三】 In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm,______many people have gone home. A. whose time B. that C. on which D. by which time 【解析】 先行词5:30 pm与time之间是一种同位关系,可用which来作定语替代。从句中的完成状态,常与by短语连用。故选D。 三、在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。如: He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved as his own mother. 他迫切地想到医院去看望他的继母,他把继母当自己的亲妈妈一样爱戴。 四、非限制性定语从句的关系代词which,既可以指代前面的先行词,也可以指代前面整句的含义。如: 【考例四】 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, of course,________made the others unhappy. A. who B. which C. this D. what 【解析】选B。指代“Dorothy总是高度评价自己在那场戏中所担任的角色”的整个事件。 【考例五】Carol said the work would be done by October,________personally I doubt very much. A. it B. that C. when D. which 【解析】表示时间的名词October,用“我个人非常怀疑”来修饰,意思不通。应该修饰整个主句, 表示对“Carol说在十月前能做好这项工作”怀疑。故选D。 五、引导非限制性定语从句时as和which的差异:从句置于句首时,非限制性定语从句只能用as引导,而置于句末时,两者都可以使用。 如: 【考例六】________is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What 【解析】逗号表明为非限制性定语从句。选B。 【考例七】________is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing. A. Which B. As C. That D. It 【解析】答案为B。与考例六同理。
用在限制性定语从句中的代词是限制性关系代词,比如that which whom等。用在非限制性定语从句中的代词是非限制性关系代词,比如 which as等。
英语(英文:English)是一种西日耳曼语支,最早被中世纪的英国使用,并因其广阔的殖民地而成为世界使用面积最广的语言。英国人的祖先盎格鲁部落是后来迁移到大不列颠岛地区的日耳曼部落之一,称为英格兰。这两个名字都来自波罗的海半岛的Anglia。
该语言与弗里斯兰语和下撒克森语密切相关,其词汇受到其他日耳曼语系语言的影响,尤其是北欧语(北日耳曼语),并在很大程度上由拉丁文和法文撰写。
主条目:古英语
英语的最早形式被称为古英语或盎格鲁撒克逊语(公元550-1066年)。古英语是由一组北海日耳曼方言发展而成的,这些方言最初是由日耳曼部落(称为角羚,撒克逊人和黄麻)在弗里西亚,下萨克森,日德兰和瑞典南部沿海地区所说的。
从公元5世纪CE,盎格鲁-撒克逊人定居英国的罗马经济,行政崩溃。到了7世纪,盎格鲁撒克逊人的日耳曼语在英国占据了主导地位,取代了罗马不列颠的语言(43-409 CE):古布立吞语,一个凯尔特语和拉丁语,被带到英国罗马人占领。
1、forbid
forbid这个单词在“禁止”这层含义上的语气相对不那么正式,它的主体不一定要是“权威”的对象(例如“法律、政府),单纯的个人也可以使用这一表达。例如你的家人不允许你做什么事情、或者你不允许某人做某事,都是可以使用这个词汇的。
用法:
(1)forbid to do……,表示“禁止、阻止某人做某事”。
例句:Her father forbids her to get back home after 10:00pm.
她父亲不允许她超过10点回家。
(2)forbid doing sth,表示禁止做某事
例句:Where forbid swimming.
这里禁止游泳。
2. prohibit
prohibit这个单词则是非常正式的表达“禁止”的单词,用于表示“权威机构”对某一行为的禁止,具备一定的法律效力。
用法:
(1)prohibit后面可以直接加名词,表示“禁止某种行为”
例句:The city prohibits the sales of that kind of beverage.
该城市禁止出售该种饮料。
(2)如果要对某种行为进行细致描述,可用“prohibit sb from doing sth.”
例句:The workers are strictly prohibited from raising their heads to look around.
工人们被严格禁止抬起头四处张望。
3、inhibit
inhibit这个单词意为“抑制,阻止”,它并没有像forbid或者prohibit那样有强烈的禁止的意思,更侧重于表示“受到限制”
用法:
(1)加介词from,再连接动词ing形式,表示限制某人做某事
例句:They are inhibited from interacting with other members.
他们被限制与其他成员接触。
(2)另外一种则是直接加名词
例句:The increased product price is inhibiting the social consumption.
高物价正在抑制着社会的消费。
4. ban
ban这个单词和prohibit一样,它们都是表示“禁止”的词汇中语气最为强烈的,可以理解为“明令禁止”。
用法:
(1)直接加名词\动词。forbid (doing) sth
例句:Fishing is banned.
禁止捕鱼。
(2)加from后接ing形式,意为“禁止某人做某事”
例句:He is banned from approaching the hospital.
他被禁止接近这所医院。