独立结构是带有自己逻辑主语的结构,又称独立主格结构。作为句子的一个语言单位,其行文简单明了,功能多样。Ø独立结构的形式I.名词(或主格结构)+动词的非谓语动词形式Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextweek.Theplanhavingbeenmade,whatisimportantistoputitintopractice.Thedutycompleted,hehadthreemonths’leave.II.名词(或主格代词)+形容词Heenteredtheroom,hisnoseredwithcold.Shelookedathimexpectantly,hereyesfullofexcitementandcuriosity.III.名词(或主格代词)+介词短语Istoodathisleft,myfingeronthebutton,waitingfortheorder.Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,chalkinonehand,(a)textbookintheother.IV.名词(或主格代词)+副词Classover,allthestudentswentoutfromtheclassroom.Heputonhissocks,wrongsideout.V.名词(或主格代词)+名词Hisfirstshotfailed,hefiredagain.Shesataloneintheroom,heronlycompanyadyingfire.注意:以上独立结构都可以看成是带being的分词复合结构的省略形式。加入being就变成了分词的复合结构。如:Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdone(being)tocomeoutnextweek.Heenteredtheroom,hisnose(being)redwithcold.Istoodathisleft,myfinger(being)onthebutton,waitingfortheorder.VI.介词with或without引导的独立结构这种独立结构的一般构成为:with/without+名/代词+(分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语),如:Withtheoldmanleading,thetwostartedtowardsthemountains.Shefeltnervous,withalleyesfixedonher.Neversleepwiththewindowopeninthewinter.WithJohnaway,we’vegotmoreroom.Withfiveminutestogobeforethelasttrainleft,wearrivedatthestation.Hiswifecamedownthestairs,withhertwo-year-oldsoninherarms.VII.“Therebeing+名词”结构Therebeingnomoneyleft,wehavetochangeourplan.Therebeingnospareparts,theequipmentcouldnotberepairedatonce.Ø独立结构的句法功能独立结构在句中多作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随或补充说明,偶尔也作定语或主语(如最后两例句),如:Thebellringing,allthepupilswentintotheclassroom.Weatherpermitting,thefootballmatchwillbeplayednextSunday.Thequestionbeingratherdifficult,wemusttaketimetoconsideritcarefully.Thebravemanfoughttheman-eatingtiger,astickhisonlyweapon.HowcanIworkwithyoumakingallthatnoise?Thewarwasover,withoutashotbeingfired.Alittleboywithtwoofhisfrontteethmissingranintotheroom.Jennyintroublewasthereasonformyrushingthere.