英文描述slavery

African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry. Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captive Africans who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States, although some are—or are descended from—immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations.As an adjective, the term is usually spelled African-American.African-American history starts in the 17th century with indentured servitude in the American colonies and progresses onto the election of an African American as the 44th and current President of the United States – Barack Obama. Between those landmarks there were other events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, that were faced by African-Americans. Some of these were: slavery, reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.Black Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States and form the second largest racial group after whites in the United States.

Domestic slaverySlavery has long been in England for breaking the law in 1102, the last of a serf in the early 17th century disappear. However, beginning the 18th century, began to import black slaves in London and Edinburgh for the English servants, but not at the time of the slave trade are derived from their legal status has been ambiguous. Until 1772, one of the slave James Somerset escaped, and then by his master Charles Steuart捉回, and then sent to the Jamaican sugar cane him. Because Somerset has been baptized in London, he will be the godfather of "habeas corpus" to take court proceedings. At that time, the High Court of England and Wales Court of Queen's Bench president of William Murray, Lord Mansfield in June 22, 1772 ruling: "No matter then there is the inconvenience, but there must be a decision, I can not say that this case under the law in England are permitted or authorized; are so black should be released. "slavery announced that the spot does not exist in England under the law, then it is tantamount to slave ownership illegal. England made the ruling in the 10000-14000 has been the liberation of slaves, also indicates that the implementation of other jurisdictions of slavery does not mean the same in England. [1]At "Somerset case," the slave Joseph Knight, Scotland Somerset, as if it ran away. This case at trial in 1776 Wedderburn, the results with the previous case: slavery does not exist under the law in Scotland. Scotland, the last slaves in the local coal mine owners in 1799 under free.

美国现有两千六百万黑人,占美国人口的百分之十一点七。他们都是十六、七世纪的黑人奴隶后裔。三、四百年来,黑人在美国,经历过独立战争、南北战争、开发美国西部的斗争,以及第二次世界大战等难忘的岁月,以他们的血汗和泪水,浇灌了美国今天发达的资本主义文明,对美国历史的发展作出了巨大贡献。可是,今天他们的处境同其先辈血泪斑斑的遭遇相比,并无多大本质性的改善。美国广大黑人在种族歧视下,日益走上反种族歧视的道路。这种斗争不但历几百年而不息,而且于本世纪尤烈。The United States of America, Posting a black seven per cent of the population at eleven o 'clock. They are in the seventh century, the black slaves to seed. Three or four years, blacks in the United States, and experienced the war of independence, the civil war in the western United States, and development of struggle, and the second world war, such unforgettable years in their blood and tears, the U.S. today developed capitalist civilization, the development of American history has made great contribution. But today, with its predecessors in their blood, and suffered a little essential improvements. American blacks in the racial discrimination, growing on the road against racial discrimination. The struggle for hundreds of years and not calendar, but in the penalized by.

已经当总统了。

Slavery, refers to the slave owners slave system. Labor activities must be a slave to give priority to, no compensation, and no personal freedom. Slaves from prisoners of war, occupied Aboriginal, liabilities and criminals, ancient and modern slaves from Africa and other places trafficked to Europe's colonial. Slavery is generally in the agricultural society. Ancient slavery is the most typical of Rome Empire, in addition, ancient Greece, ancient Egypt, Babylon, the Warring States before the civil war in China, before the southern United States, as well as some previous Britain, France and Russia's colonial belong to slavery. However, a slave society is a necessary stage in any region, any nation's point of view, there are still disputes.

In England ,the slavery has been prohibited as illigimate since 1102.The last one of slaves went out of existence in the 17th century.Ever since the 18th century,the African slaves are transported into London and Edenburg as charmen.However,the black slaves are not obtained through transactions so that their legal position had always been opaque and open to discussion.It is not until 1772,a black slave named James Somerse escaped and then was captured by his owner.Later he was sent to Jamaica where he helped with growing canes.On the fact that in London Somerset had been baptised ,his godfater brought out a lawsuit to the court for his godson's Habea Corpus.At that time Lord Chief Justice William Murray, Lord Mansfield, of the Court of King's Bench in the judgement of 22 june 1772 proclaimed:whatever troubles it would cause,a decision has to be there,I can't confirm that this kind of act is allowable or justified under the laws of England.So the black man should be set free.It immediately announced that the slavery was not existing in the dominion of England,the ownnership of slaves was equal to the violation of laws.This judgement had the ten to fourteen thousand slaves set free immediatedly and demonstrated the fact that the slavery in other dominions cannot be applied exatly in England.After the case of Somerset,a scottish black slave Joseph Knight escaped lide Somerset did.The case invited another almost the same kind of judicial procedures,resulting in also basically similar judgements:slavery was not under the Scottish Laws.The last native slave ,in 1799, was set free from the hand of a coal mine owner.

你是在说美国总统林肯吧资料非常长哦中英都来自维基（如果太长请自行剪短）Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th president of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional and political crisis. In so doing he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincoln was a self-educated lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, state legislator during the 1830s, and a one-term member of the Congress during the 1840s. He promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, canals, railroads and tariffs to encourage the building of factories; he opposed the war with Mexico in 1846. After a series of highly publicized debates in 1858, during which Lincoln spoke out against the expansion of slavery, he lost the U.S. Senate race to his archrival, DemocratStephen A. Douglas. Lincoln, a moderate from a swing state, secured the Republican Party presidential nomination in 1860. With very little support in the slave states, Lincoln swept the North and was elected president in 1860. His election prompted seven southern slave states to form the Confederacy before he took the office. No compromise or reconciliation was found regarding slavery.When the North enthusiastically rallied behind the national flag after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, Lincoln concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war effort. His goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, arresting and temporarily detaining thousands of suspected secessionists in the border states without trial. Lincoln averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair in late 1861. His numerous complex moves toward ending slavery centered on the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, using the Army to protect escaped slaves, encouraging the border states to outlaw slavery, and helping push through Congress the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which permanently outlawed slavery. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including commanding general Ulysses S. Grant. He made the major decisions on Union war strategy. Lincoln's Navy set up a naval blockade that shut down the South's normal trade, helped take control of Kentucky and Tennessee, and gained control of the Southern river system using gunboats. Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond; each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded in 1865.An exceptionally astute politician deeply involved with power issues in each state, Lincoln reached out to "War Democrats" (who supported the North against the South), and managed his own re-election in the 1864 presidential election. As the leader of the moderate faction of the Republican party, Lincoln confronted Radical Republicans who demanded harsher treatment of the South, War Democrats who called for more compromise, antiwar Democratics called Copperheads who despised him, and irreconcilable secessionists who plotted his death. Politically, Lincoln fought back with patronage, by pitting his opponents against each other, and by appealing to the American people with his powers of oratory.His Gettysburg Address of 1863 became an iconic statement of America's dedication to the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln held a moderate view of Reconstruction, seeking to reunite the nation speedily through a policy of generous reconciliation in the face of lingering and bitter divisiveness. Six days after the surrender of Confederate commanding generalRobert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a noted actor and Confederate sympathizer.Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as one of the greatest U.S. presidents.亚伯拉罕·林肯（1809年2月12日－1865年4月15日），第十六任美国总统，1861年3月就任，直至1865年4月遇刺身亡。林肯领导美国经历了其历史上最为惨烈的战争和最为严重的道德、宪政和政治危机——南北战争。由此他维护了联邦的完整，废除了奴隶制，增强了联邦政府的权力，并推动了经济的现代化。林肯来自一个美国西部一个贫困的家庭，在伊利诺州自学成才成为律师，在1830年代为辉格党领袖和州众议员，并在1840年代在国会担任过一任议员。他试图通过银行、运河、铁路和关税来鼓励工厂的建设，从而推动快速现代化，并反对同墨西哥的战争。在1858年一系列广受关注的辩论中他表明了反对扩张蓄奴制的立场，并因此在参议院选举中输给了他的宿敌，民主党人史蒂芬·A·道格拉斯。 1860年，作为一个来自摇摆州的温和派，林肯获得了共和党的总统提名。在1860年的选举中，他在南部几乎没有得到任何支持，但几乎也是横扫了北部，并最终当选总统。他的当选导致七个南部蓄奴州脱离联邦而建立了美利坚联盟国（「邦联」）。在奴隶制问题上，不存在任何让步或和解的空间。1861年4月12日，在邦联攻击萨姆特堡之后，美国北方团结起来，而林肯此时则着重于战争的军事和政治方面。他试图重新统一国家，并暂停人身保护令，不经审判逮捕并羁押了数千边缘州的分离派嫌疑者。 1861年末，他化解了特伦特事件，从而避免了英国的介入。他运用多种复杂的政治手段，其中最为重要的是1863年的《解放奴隶宣言》，以及用军队保护脱逃奴隶，鼓励边缘州将奴隶制非法化，并推动国会通过了宪法第十三条修正案，彻底废除了奴隶制。林肯密切关注战争进程，尤其是在军事领袖的选择上，这其中就包括总司令尤利西斯·S·格兰特。他在战争策略上做出重要的决策，包括通过海军封锁破坏南方正常贸易、占领肯塔基和田纳西，以及通过炮舰控制南方的河流。他多次试图拿下邦联的首都列治文，而每次一个将军失败他便将之撤换，直至格兰特在1865年终于成功。林肯对于每个州的政治问题有深刻的了解。他向「内战民主党人」（支持北方）伸出援手，并在1864年美国总统选举中成功连任。作为共和党中的温和派领袖，林肯同时要面对希望对于南方更加严苛的激进共和党人，希望更多让步的内战民主党人，对他充满憎恨的南方同情者，以及计划刺杀他的分离主义者。在政治上，林肯使他们内斗，并通过言辞的力量来感染美国民众。 1863年的《葛底斯堡演说》成为了美国坚持国家主义、共和主义、平等权利、自由和民主的象征性演说。对于战后重建，林肯保持温和的态度，希望通过广泛和解迅速推动国家的统一。在邦联总司令罗伯特·李投降之后第六日，林肯被当时小有名气的演员和邦联同情者约翰·威尔克斯·布斯刺杀身亡。美国学界和公众时常将林肯称作是美国历史上最伟大的总统之一。

好心人帮我把这篇有关废奴主义的中文文章翻译成英文的吧~~~谢谢大家啦~~ 悬赏分：10 - 离问题结束还有 14 天 23 小时问题补充：国内奴隶制 英格兰的奴隶制早已于1102年定为犯法，最后一名农奴则在17世纪初消失。但18世纪开始，黑奴开始输入伦敦和爱丁堡作英国人的仆役，但当时的黑奴并不是贸易而得，他们的法律地位一直都是含糊不清。直至1772年，一个名James Somerset的黑奴逃跑了，然后被他的主人Charles Steuart捉回，再把他送去牙买加种甘蔗。由于Somerset在伦敦时已经受洗，他的教父便以「人身保护令」向法院提出诉讼。当时的英格兰及威尔士高等法院王座法庭院长William Murray, Lord Mansfield于1772年6月22日宣判：「无论有那麽不便，但总要有个决定，我不能说这件案在英格兰法律之下是准许或认可；所以黑人是应该被释放。」这便即宣布了奴隶制不存在于英格兰法律之下，那麽拥有奴隶即等同非法行为。这一判决令到英格兰境内的一万至一万四千名奴隶得到解放，亦表明了其他管辖区实行的奴隶制不等于英格兰也相同。[1] 在「Somerset案」后，苏格兰的黑奴Joseph Knight也好像Somerset一样逃跑了。这件案在1776年Wedderburn审讯，结果与前案一样：奴隶制不存在于苏格兰法律之下。苏格兰最后的本土奴隶于 1799年在煤矿主底下获得自由。