高三英语周报

Book 3Modules 1-2参考答案及部分解析 参考答案 1-5 CACBC 6-10 BBDCD 11-15 BACDC 16-20 BBCDD 21-25 BAACD 26-30 CBACD 31-35 ADDCC 36-40 ABDDB 41-45 AADCB 46-50 DDCBA 51-55 FCABG 56. To find the best solution. / To find the shortest way. 57. Because everyone proved themselves right. 58. How to survive in the forest. 59. A pathway through the forest. 60. The fourth (one). / The one moving forward. 短文改错： 61. ... is found again. is后加never 62. ... fool around ... fool → fooling 63. ... begin to suffer. begin → began 64. ... anything had to ... anything → something 65. It was the time ... 去掉the 66. ... my time wise. wise → wisely 67. ... half an hours ... hours → hour 68. ... keep a record for ... for → of 69. Look back on ... Look → Looking 70. ... on when to ... when → how One possible version: Dear John, I’m so sorry to hear of your accident. Fortunately, you were not seriously injured and are getting better. We are planning to visit you next weekend. If there is anything you need to make your days pass more easily, just phone us and we will be happy to take it to you. I sincerely hope you are comfortable and that you are not worrying too much about your studies. You know, every one will be glad to help you with your subjects after you are out of hospital. Hope you recover soon. Yours, Li Xia 部分解析 单项填空： 1. C.由ever since 可知,设空处应用现在完成时,故选C项. 2. A. be known as 意为“作为……而出名/闻名”；be known for 意为“因……而出名/闻名”. 3. C.“前两项服务是免费的”与“第三项服务花了五十美元”之间形成对比,故选while. 4. B.locate 与the shopping mall 之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故选Located. 5. C.由上句可知,下句描述的是过去发生的事情,且kill 与people 之间是被动关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态. 6. B.设空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代先行词project,且在从句中作主语,故选which. 7. B.表示方位的介词短语位于句首,且主语是名词时,要用完全倒装语序,故选B项. 8. D.当两个主语由neither ... nor ...连接时,谓语动词要与最近的主语一致,且由时间状语Up to now 可知,应用现在完成时,故选D项. 9. C.题意：对于年轻人来说,在贫穷的山村工作很艰苦,但反过来说（on the other hand）,他们可以从中受益很多.as a result 结果；in other words 换句话说；in a word 总之. 10. D .由上句及下句中的I am looking forward to seeing it a second time 可知,设空处要表达的是“ 太吸引人了（It’s totally fascinating）”. 完形填空： 话题：日常活动 本文是夹叙夹议文.一只蚂蚁好不容易将羽毛运到蚂蚁洞口,却因羽毛太大而无法运到洞里,最后不得不放弃.人们又何尝不是如此?人生路上历尽艰辛争取到的东西,到头来却发现既没用又无法带走. 11. B .由下文的And after a short pause it would make ... 可知,此处是说蚂蚁“遇到（came across）”一些障碍. 12.A.由下文的the cleverness of this ant 可知,这只蚂蚁表现得很聪明.据此可推断,蚂蚁为克服障碍会作“必要的（necessary）”绕行. 13. C.由语境并结合下文的the ant laid the feather over the crack, walked across it 可推断,此处应该是说裂缝有10 毫米“宽（wide）”. 14. D.在短暂的“思考（thoughts）”之后,蚂蚁想出了通过裂缝的办法. 15.C.由文章开头的I spent nearly an hour watching a tiny ant carry ... 可推断,作者被蚂蚁的聪明“吸引（attracted）”了. 16. B.蚂蚁“只是（only）”一只小昆虫. 17. B.由上文的a small insect 可知,此处是说蚂蚁的体格很小. 18. C.上文是说这只蚂蚁很聪明,下文指出它在搬运羽毛前没有考虑周全导致最后徒劳无功.前后是对比关系,故选However. 19. D .由下文的The ant had not thought the problem through 可知,蚂蚁像人类一样也有“不足之处（shortcomings）”. 20. D.过了一段时间,这只蚂蚁“最终（finally）”到达了它的目的地. 21. B.蚂蚁的家在地下. 22. A.23. A.那么大的羽毛怎么可能“装入（fit）”那么小的“洞（hole）”呢? 24. C.由上文的some obstacles in its path 可知,蚂蚁搬运羽毛途中遇到很多“麻烦（trouble）”. 25. D.由于羽毛太大无法运到洞内,所以蚂蚁最终“放弃了（gave up）”羽毛. 26. C.蚂蚁在搬运羽毛之前没有全面地考虑问题. 27. B.由上文蚂蚁历尽艰辛最后却不得不放弃羽毛可知,羽毛最后只不过是一个“负担（burden）”.下文的These are all burdens也是提示. 28. A.我们担心没有足够的钱. 29. C.由蚂蚁搬运羽毛的事例可推断,我们在人生路上“获得(pickup)”的很多东西都是负担. 30.D.某一天我们会在到达目的地时才发现历尽艰辛获得的很多东西都是“没用的（useless）”. 阅读理 A 篇（个人情况） 本文是记叙文.遭遇火灾的女子却从失去中感受到了自由. 31.A.词义猜测题.由上文的a fire burned Vivienne Palmer’s house to the ground and turned her possessions to ash 及下文的but later, a surprising state of happiness set in 可推断,划线词的意思应该是“难过的”. 故选upset. 32. D.细节理解题.由第三段中的 she looks around her crowded house ... a commitment to let go of at least ten things ... every day for a year可知. 33. D.推理判断题.由第四段中 的warned her: Don’t set yourself up for failure 可推断,David 对 Palmer的计划持反对态度. 34. C.细节理解题.由最后一段中的 Palmer hopes to raise enough money to fund a family vacation 可 知. B 篇（科普知识） 本文是说明文.文章介绍了人们刚入睡时容易惊醒这一生理现象的原因. 35. C.细节理解题.由第三段中的 your brain signals your body to relax to prepare for sleep可知. 36.A.篇章结构题.由第四段首句 This brain activity may cause your larger muscles to contract a little bit 及段末的almost at the same instant that your muscles jerk 可推断,划线部分指代脑部活动引起的身体抽 搐. 37. B.细节理解题.由第六段中的 Myoclonic jerks are a normal part of sleep. Most people have them at one time or another可知. 38. D.推理判断题.由第六段末的 many people don’t realize their muscles are jerking during night sleep if it doesn’t wake them up 可推断,肌阵挛性抽搐并不总是会让人醒来. C 篇（艺术） 本文是议论文.未经许可在公共财产上涂鸦是艺术创作还是违法行为呢?本文就这一问题展开了讨论. 39.D.观点态度题.由第三段中的 Graffiti is a crime ... 可推断,Abdal Ullah反对在公共财产上涂鸦. 40. B.段落大意题.第四段主要介 绍了涂鸦的负面影响,即难以清 理、清理成本高. 41. A.推理判断题.由第五段中的My paintings show 22 years of intense art making ... 可推断,Saber 认为他 所创作的涂鸦也是一种艺术. 42.A.细节理解题.由最后一段中的 They set up 12 walls where people can legally paint graffiti可知. D篇（热点话题） 本文是应用文.文章是一个电子 垃圾收集活动的通知. 43. D.细节理解题.第一段首句介绍了全球电子垃圾快速增加的四个原因；该段末句介绍了电子垃圾 回收率低的现状.故D项正确. 44. C.细节理解题.由文中第二段的 By providing reuse possibilities, natural resources are conserved and air and water pollution caused by disposal is avoided.可知正确答案 为C项. 45. B.细节理解题.由Will accept 部 分的Cell phones可知. 46. D.文章出处题.通读全文可知, 本文是某高中一组织举办的电子垃圾收集活动的通知. E 篇（自然） 本文是说明文.一项针对古鲨鱼化石的研究为颌骨进化的研究指明了新的方向. 47. D.篇章结构题.由第一段中的 Sharks are traditionally thought to be one of the most primitive surviving jawed vertebrates ... the internal jaw structures of modern sharks should look very similar to those in primitive shark-like fishes 可推断,划线词指代鲨鱼的颌骨在进化的过程中基本未变. 48. C.细节理解题.由第三段中的 their fossils are very fragile and are usually found in flattened parts 可 知. 49. B.细节理解题.由第四段中的 this is the oldest one in which you can see everything可知. 50. A.推理判断题.由最后一段中的 Bony fishes might have more to tell us about our first jawed ancestors than do living sharks 可推断,硬骨鱼更有利于科学家对颌骨进化的研究.

Managementand Organisation BehaviourPeople always pay attention to their work, company should be bettermotivate employees to make positive contribution, it is an important role ofmanagement. Motivation mainly refers to the psychological processes stimulatehuman motivation. In other words, motivation is the set of forces thatinitiates, directs and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish agoal (McWilliams,A & Williams C2014 ). Reinforcement theory says thatbehaviour is a function of its consequences, that behaviours followed bypositive consequences will occur more frequently and that behaviours followedby negative consequences, will occur le ss frequently (McWilliams,A &Williams C2014 ). Reinforcement theory has two parts: reinforcementcontingencies and schedules of reinforcement. Reinforcement contingency is thecause-and-effect relationship between the performance of a specific behaviourand a specific consequence(McWilliams,A &Williams C2014). There are fourreinforcement contingencies: positive reinforcement、negative reinforcement、 punishment and extinction. Thisessay will introduce the four reinforcement contingencies, explain the advantages and disadvantages of thefour reinforcement contingencies. And refers to an example of Losada and Heaphy(2004) to show how reinforcement theory works and how it can be used tomotivate. Positive reinforcement that strengthensbehaviour by following behaviours with desirable consequences(McWilliams,A& Williams C2014). Which simply means, thepositive reinforcement is to reward those who meet the organizational goals, sothat these behaviours are further strengthened thus conducive to therealization of the organization’s goal. Positive reinforcement always occurs onthe workplace. For example: when a person is rewarded to encourage behaviours,the person will feel happy, at the same time, the behaviour of this person willincrease both in terms of reaction strength and speed. So that we can see thebehaviour will bring some results, these results will also affect our nextstep. Positive reinforcement occurs when the result of the action leads us toan increase in the probability of that behaviour. In positive reinforcement,the behaviour of the result is positive which can motivate people to work andget reward. For example, an employee who is praised for his work report ofspecific type will continue to direct his energies toward that report in thefuture(Scott et. al, 1988 ). Positive reinforcement is common in the workplace.Managers may encourage or reward for completing a project task in a timely, andthe employee deal with customer well, he will get up position when challengescome up. A good example of Losada and Heaphy (2004), though study Losada andHeaphy (2004) shows that the ratio of high performance team is 5.614, moderateperformance team is 1.855 and low performance team is 0.363. In other words,this study found that management teams were most successful when theircommunication consisted of approximately 85 percent positive comments and 15percent negative comments (Losada and Heaphy 2004). The findings of thisresearch shows that the advantage of positive reinforcement is can improveemployees’ performance. If employees are guided by positive reinforcement inthe workplace, they can suffer from much more stress and they will perform forlonger periods. Positive reinforcement helps managers builds relationships withemployees, communicates with them and through builds confidence to motivate andcoaches them to achieve organizational goals. Positive reinforcement willcreate a more pleasurable experience at work. At the same time also to avoidthe negatives effects associated with punishment or negative reinforcement, forexample: dismay, anger and depression. And the disadvantages of positivereinforcement is not always good. Too much positive reinforcement will lead tofatigue state because of the too much praise, which reduces the lowerperformance. On the contrary, negative reinforcement isnot always bad. Negative reinforcement always confused with punishment.Negative reinforcement is reinforcement that strengthens behaviour bywithholding on unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specificbehaviour (McWilliams,A & Williams C2014). Negative reinforcement also knowns as avoidance learning (McWilliams,A& Williams C2014). Like positivereinforcement, the condition of the negative reinforcement is to stop or avoidthe behaviour of the result or to increase the frequency of these actions bythe withdrawal or weakening of the original negative stimuli or conditions.Negative reinforcement methods include revocation of criticism, punishment,degradation and so on, sometimes to restore the bonus is also a negativereinforcement. Negative reinforcement is to strengthen the specific behaviourby experiencing the results of the negative state. Negative reinforcement isoften used in education or enterprises. For example: some enterprises in theperformance feedback process, let those with poor performance staff check theirdeficiency on the meeting, this is actually a kind of punishment, those peoplenot come to power the negative reinforcement; some enterprises make higherperformance staff to share their successful experience on the meeting, to givereward, this is positive reinforcement, and those without people came to powerby the negative punishment. The negative punishment provides the direction ofthe efforts of the staff. In some context, a behaviour might be seen aspositive whereas in some other it might be categorized ad negative(Miguel 2001,p.99). Study Losada and Heaphy (2004), these authors communicate with 60 teamsthrough positive or negative. the result showed there are 15 percent negativecomments(Losada and Heaphy 2004). It is evidencing that the relationship betweenpositive and negative behaviour are very important. Therefore, we can see thatwhether commercial or non-commercial organization to a great extent, it isrecommended to use positive reinforcement. the advantages of negativereinforcement that can increase behaviour and provides compliance to minimumsstandards of performance(Joyce Bruce 1972). And the disadvantages of negativereinforcement that only produces enough to meet minimums. People experiencingnegative reinforcement will only work as hand as they have to in order to avoidthe consequences; does not encourage their manimum effort. By contrast, punishment is not like negativereinforcement. Punishment reinforcement that weakens behaviour by followingbehaviours with undesirable consequences(McWilliams,A &Williams C2014 ). Punishment occurs in oneof two possible way: somthing undesirable can be applied to the unwantedbehaviour or something desirable can be withdrawn(Villere& Hertman 1991,p.28). Toyota is a good example, this is a recall on quality issues, we can sawa decade low in sales and market share decline for the first time in years, andfor the first time in 5o years. Because this kind of situation, Toyota of theCOE and other top management will be deducted 10% of wages, and to confiscatetheir bonuses(McWilliams,A & Williams C2014). Punishement is often used in education. Theadvantages of punishment that it helps to deter. Punishment can help to makethe students seriously their studies, also help to keep students under control.It will make very stubborn child obedience to authority, because they fear thatif they do not the right thing, they might be beaten. And punishment has moredisadvantages, for instance: it can sometimes backfire, it sometimes makechildren not longer afraid. Punishment in the student’s mind will produce aserious fear, it is easy to make theme drop out of school. And human rightsgroups and advocate want to consider the world’s children’s physicalpunishment, which they believe is a form of child abuse. Extinction is a reinforcement strategy inwhich a positive consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previouslyreinforced behaviour, thus weakening the behaviour(McWilliams,A &Williams C2014). An extensive review ofthe literature by Hamner(1983) on motivation indicates that the most productivereinforcement programmers use a maximum amount of positive reinforcement and aminimum amount of punishment(Villere & Hartman 1991, p.28). Through removethe positive consequence, extinction weakens the behaviour, making it lesslikely to occur(McWilliams,A & Williams C2014). Based on positive reinforcement ideas, when acompany performed well, most companies will give the company leaders andmanagers a lot of financial in return(McWilliams,A & Williams C2014 ). Based on the idea of extinction, you would thenexpect that leaders and managers would not be rewarded when companies performpoorly(McWilliams,A & Williams C2014). The advantage of extinction that is effectively reduce behaviour. Thedisadvantage of extinction that it may take a while for extinction to have aneffect.

高三课标英语周报2015-2016第12期答案和解析Book3&Book4参考答案及部分解析参考答案1-5CBABC6-10ACABA11-15CBCCA16-20CBACB21-25BBAAD26-30CBDBC31-35AACBC36-40FEGAB41-45ACDBB46-50CAADD51-55BDCAB56-60ACDAD61.an62.achievement63.winning64.touched65.took66.both67.hardest68.when69.tobecome70.at短文改错：71.writetheletterthe→a72.Iimmediatedecidedimmediate→immediately73.Mary,thatwasthat→who74.forasocialone.for→to75.tooshythattoo→so76.makefriendwithfriend→friends77.foragreatfriendfor后加being78.Ittakesmetakes→took79.Igavein去掉in80.butshesaidshebut→andOnepossibleversion:NOTICEInordertopromotetheunderstandingofinternationalrelationsandglobalaffairs,aModelUNConferencewillbeheldinourschool.AllthestudentsofSeniorOneandSeniorTwoarewelcometoattendtheconference.EveryteammadeupofthreestudentswillworktogethertostatetheiropinionsinEnglishonacertainissueonbehalfofacountry.Theconferenceparticipantswilldebateovertheissues,voteonthemandfinallyapprovesomeresolutions.AnyonewhowantstotakepartintheactivitypleasegototheofficeoftheStudents'Uniontosignup.ThedeadlineisSep.21st,2015.Wearelookingforwardtomeetingyouattheconference.EnglishClub部分解析阅读理解：A篇（个人情况）本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了一位炎性肠病患者乐观面对疾病的故事。21.B。细节理解题。由第二段末的itdoesn'thaveacure可知。22.B。词义猜测题。由第四段末的It'smypetdog,andhe'sontheloose及第五段末的Iwasonlyjoking—andthey'dsmile可知，作者故意骗医院的护士们说自己的宠物狗不见了，以此来捉弄护士们。故划线部分的意思是“捉弄，以……开玩笑”。23.A。推理判断题。由最后一段的Igothugelaughs可推断，作者关于他的结肠的表演很有趣。24.A。推理判断题。由倒数第二段开头的IknowthatalotofthedetailsaboutIBDareveryunpleasant,butIdon'tfocusonthatpart.Ifyoutry,youcanseethefunnysideofeverything及作者拿护士开玩笑、表演独角滑稽秀的事例可推断，作者是一个非常乐观的人。B篇（文娱）本文是说明文。文章介绍了鼓励人们合作的成套音乐秋千。25.D。细节理解题。由第一段中的emulatearangeofmusicalinstru-mentsaspeopleswing及theyarerewardedwithaperfectlypleasanttune可知，该秋千最特别之处在于它可以播放音乐。26.C。细节理解题。由第一段中的thereisonerulerequiredtoreachtheactivationofTheSwings—peoplemustcooperate及第二段中的youneedtoadjusttotheactionsofothers可知，该秋千主要是鼓励人们合作。27.B。推理判断题。由第四段开头的Theprojectbeganin2011,whentheMontrealentertainmentdistrictwaslookingforawaytoattractvisitors可推断，最初设计该秋千的目的是吸引游客，推动旅游业的发展。C篇（热点话题）本文是议论文。文章论述了道路用盐对环境的负面影响及减少道路用盐的方法。28.D。细节理解题。由第一段中的Saltlowersthefreezingtemperatureofwaterandthusmeltssnowandice可知，道路用盐通过降低水的冰点使冰雪融化。29.B。细节理解题。由第二段开头的Thebiggestconcernwithroadsaltishowitaffectswaterquality可知。30.C。推理判断题。由第四段的Roadsidescanalsoturnintoasortofartificialsaltlickthatwouldbeattractivetoanimals.Asaresult,theyrunahigherriskofbecomingroadkill.Birdsarecommonvictims,aswell可推断，鸟类常在舔食道路用盐时被路上的交通工具碾压致死。31.A。段落大意题。由最后一段中的thereareplentyofwaysthatroadcrewscancutbackontheirsaltusage及下文列举的方法可知，本段主要讲如何用较少的道路用盐达到融化冰雪的效果，也就是如何更有效地使用道路用盐。D篇（家庭）本文是记叙文。文章讲述了作者毕业后和父母住在一起的故事。32.A。细节理解题。由第一段开头的Ialwayspicturedmyselfevenhavingacutelittleplaceofmyown可知。33.C。细节理解题。由第三段可知，作者为读本科和研究生欠下了利息高昂的巨额债务，为尽快偿还贷款，她决定和父母住在一起。34.B。推理判断题。由第四段末的Ourco-workersinthemedicalfieldthinkitisagreatideatheywoulddothesamething可推断，作者的同事赞成她和父母住在一起。35.C。推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的Somepeoplemightassumethatwearetoolazytofindajob.Idon'tthinkmyneighborsunderstandit可推断，邻居们让作者照顾孩子是因为他们以为作者是因为没有工作才住在父母的家里。七选五：话题：学校生活本文是议论文。文章介绍了印度学生的作弊丑闻并分析了学生们作弊的原因。36.F。F项与上文的Alotofparentshelptheirkidsdohomeworkandstudyforschool相呼应。37.E。下文提到参与作弊的人受到了惩罚——部分学生被开除、一些人被拘留。故E项最恰当。38.G。上文的India'sbestuniversitieswilltakeonlystudentswitha95percentscoreorbetter与G项是因果关系。39.A。下文的About30percentofitscitizensareconsideredpoorsurviveonaslittleas$80amonth是对A项的详细说明。40.B。B项中的Thiscycle指代上文的Manystudentsassumethatbecauseothersarecheating,theyalsohavetocheattokeepup。完形填空：话题：自然本文是说明文。生态保护者设法保护非洲的狮子。41.A。由上文的increasethelionpopulation可推断，野生动物保护专家希望防止狮子“消失（disappearing）”。42.C。在一些地方，狮子和人类正在“争夺（competingfor）”对土地的控制。43.D。由第四段中的asharpdropinthenumberoflions可推断，研究人员认为必须尽快采取措施“拯救（save）”狮子。44.B。由文章开头的breedinglions可知。45.B。由于狮子数量骤减，所以ALERT要保护它们。故选becauseof。46.C。由下文的Therearemorepeoplemovingtothisareaeveryyear可推断，狮子数量减少主要是人类“造成（caused）”的。47.A。由上文的Therearemorepeoplemovingtothisareaeveryyear可推断，狮子赖以生存的土地减少了。故选less。48.A。由下段末的yougettoomanypreyspecies,likegiraffesandzebras可推断，狮子数量减少影响整个“自然环境（environment）”。49.D。由下段可知，其他非洲国家也看到了狮子数量减少所带来的“灾难性的（disastrous）”影响。50.D。51.B。在一些国家，“尤其是（particularly）”位于非洲中部和北部的国家，狮子数量已经达到了“令人担忧的（worrying）”地步。52.D。布隆迪“极度（desperately）”想将狮子再次引入到国家公园。53.C。由下文的yougettoomanypreyspecies,likegiraffesandzebras可知，没有狮子会导致一系列“奇怪的（strange）”事情发生。54.A。由下文所举的猎物增多的例子可推断，此处是说“自然生态平衡”。故选nature。55.B。由下文的whenfarmerstrytotheirplantsoranimals可推断，此处是说“野生（wild）”动物受到威胁。56.A。农民会设法“保护（protect）”他们的植物或动物。57.C。ReneCzudek所在的组织已经“创造出（comeupwith）”一套缓解人类和野生生物冲突的工具。58.D。由下文的explaintothemhowwildlifebehaves,andthenshowthemwhattheriskybehaviorsare,andhow可知，这套工具可以用来缓解人类和野生生物之间的“冲突（conflict）”。59.A。由下文可知，这套工具是供推广人员向“农民（farmers）”宣传有关环保知识时使用的。60.D。上文多次提到狮子（或野生生物）和人类争夺土地，因此，要缓解二者之间的冲突就需要教育农民如何“规划（plan）”自己的田地。语法填空：61.an。考查不定冠词。interview是可数名词且在此表泛指，故其前填an。62.achievement。考查名词。由a(n)可知，设空处应填名词，故填achievement。63.winning。考查动词-ing形式作宾语的用法。介词后应用动词-ing形式作宾语，故填winning。64.touched。考查形容词。设空处与proud并列，且意为“受感动的”，故填touched。65.took。考查一般过去时。由从句的时态可知，take所表示的动作发生在过去，故填took。66.both。考查代词。由下句中的also可知，答话者两件事都做，故填both。67.hardest。考查形容词的最高级。由the和inyourcareer可知，设空处需填形容词的最高级，故填hardest。68.when。考查连接词。句意：那是当我不得不说服父母接受我的职业选择的时候。故填when。69.tobecome。考查不定式作宾补的用法。expectsb.todosth.期望某人做某事。70.at。考查介词。atease意为“自由自在”。