英国议会英文

The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

congress就是指美国国会，parliament就是英国议会，要说这两个词有什么区别，就和苹果是apple 香蕉是banana一样，没有办法分辨的，它们两个也不是同义词，没有办法比较的。英国议会美国过会美国人说的英语和英国人说的英语，它们虽然都是英语，但是，一个是美式英语，一个是英式英语，其实是不同的，所以，不要纠结这样的问题了，它们是完全不同的词。

议会，一种政治机构议会作为一种政治机构已经存在了上百年。在这几百年里两个独特的议院-上议院和下议院出现了，它们迅速打破了议会与君主之间的政治力量平衡

“议会”，英文Parliament，来自法文的Parlement，是“讨论”的意思。从形式上看，英国议会最早可以追溯到盎格鲁-萨克逊时期的贤人会议和诺曼底时期的大会议。在早期盎格鲁－萨克逊人统治下的英国社会中，就存在着久远的民主和法制的传统。如果追根溯源，就会发现，现代英国议会最早就源于早期郡法庭中集中地方代表的惯例。后来，又出现了贤人（Witan）会议。这种贤人会议本是一个国王的顾问团体，没有具体的组织，人选也要看国王的意旨。不过这种贤人议会在一定程度上开始萌生了英国各阶层民众参政议政的传统。在11世纪诺曼底公爵威廉征服英国之后，在英国建立了一种以军事服役为交换条件的土地分封制度和包含着地方政务的司法制度。在政治体制上，诺曼诸王在继承了盎格鲁-萨克逊人习俗惯例的基础上又把诺曼底传统的管理国家的方式移植到了英格兰，其中最重要的就是“御前会议”。这种御前会议不同于盎格鲁-萨克逊人的贤人会议。这个团体的一部分是大地主，另一部分是由国王特别召来的顾问。御前会议最初执行国王的一般任务，其任务后来分成了若干部门。在亨利一世统治期间（1100~1135），御前会议有了比较固定的职能，由少数主教、宫廷官员、王室仆役和男爵等组成了一些比较固定的小委员会，其主要任务是协助国王管辖地方政府，处理重大案件，受理郡法庭和百户区法庭的上诉，因而其中的成员被称为“法官”。后来，亨利二世任命其中的5个成员组成一个驻在固定地点的法院，在国王的指导下审理各地的重大案件，这就逐渐演变出了“王座法庭”，即由各州市的代表与国王及其御前会议人员所组成的大会议（Magnum Concilium）。之后，这种大议会在威斯敏斯特的集会最后逐渐转变成了一种国家的立法机构。这实际上就成了近代英国议会制度的起源。

The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland上议院（The House of Lords）和下议院（The House of Commons）（the Speaker）两院制“人民议院”。宪法规定法律之通过须经两院允许

英国国会【法】 high court of parliament英国国会是由下议院和上议院组成的.The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons英国国会下院Commons英国国会上议院house of lords英国国会下议院house of commons

The British Parliament is often referred to as the Mother of Parliaments (in fact a misquotation of John Bright, who remarked in 1865 that "England is the Mother of Parliaments") because the British Parliament has been the model for most other parliamentary systems, and its Acts have created many other parliaments. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 by the Acts of Union that replaced the former parliaments of England and Scotland. A further union in 1801 united the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland into a Parliament of the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, Parliament consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarch. The House of Commons is composed of 650 members who are directly elected by British citizens to represent single-member constituencies. The leader of a Party that wins more than half the seats or less than half but can count on support of smaller parties to achieve enough support to pass law is invited by the Queen to form a government. The House of Lords is a body of long-serving, unelected members: 92 of whom inherit their titles (and of whom 90 are elected internally by members of the House to lifetime seats), 26 bishops while they remain in office, and 588 of whom have been appointed to lifetime seats. Legislation can originate from either the Lords or the Commons. It is voted on in several distinct stages, called readings, in each house. First reading is merely a formality. Second reading is where the bill as a whole is considered. Third reading is detailed consideration of clauses of the bill.In addition to the three readings a bill also goes through a committee stage where it is considered in great detail. Once the bill has been passed by one house it goes to the other and essentially repeats the process. If after the two sets of readings there are disagreements between the versions that the two houses passed it is returned to the first house for consideration of the amendments made by the second. If it passes through the amendment stage Royal Assent is granted and the bill becomes law as an Act of Parliament.