by+名词/动名词一般可以翻译为“通过/靠”。
例句:
They arrived by car yesterday.
译文:他们昨天坐(通过)车来的。
I lost weight by running.
译文:通过跑步,我变瘦了。
By hard work, he was admitted to the university.
译文:通过努力,他被大学录取。
by的其他含义:
1、PREP 由;被
The feast was served by his mother and sisters.
译文:这顿美餐是他母亲和他的姐妹们准备的。
I was amazed by their discourtesy and lack of professionalism.
译文:他们的无礼和不专业让我震惊。
2、PREP (图书、音乐、绘画等)由…(创作)
A painting by Van Gogh.
译文:一幅凡·高的画
'Jacob's Ladder', the newest film by Adrian Lyne, is a post-Vietnam horror story.
译文:阿德里安·莱恩的最新电影《雅各的天梯》讲的是一个发生在越战后的恐怖故事。
3、PREP 靠;用;凭
We'll be travelling by car.
译文:我们将开车旅行。
Dinners by candlelight.
译文:烛光晚餐
4、PREP 通过,凭借(做某事)
Make the sauce by boiling the cream and stock together in a pan...
译文:把奶油和高汤一起放在平底锅里熬煮来制作调味料。
The all-female yacht crew made history by becoming the first to sail round the world...
译文:这艘游艇的船员为清一色的女性,她们进行了首次环球航行,创造了历史。
5、PREP (用于短语中)由于,出于(偶然或意外)
I met him by chance out walking yesterday...
译文:我昨天外出散步时碰巧遇见了他。
He opened Ingrid's letter by mistake...
译文:他不小心拆了英格丽德的信。
6、PREP 就(本性、职业或出身)而言
I am certainly lucky to have a kind wife who is loving by nature...
译文:拥有一个天性仁爱的贤妻,我当然很幸运。
She's a nurse by profession and now runs a counselling service for women...
译文:她的职业是护士,现在开办了一个妇女咨询中心。
7、PREP 根据,按照(法律或某种标准)
Pharmacists are required by law to give the medicine prescribed by the doctor.
译文:法律规定药剂师必须按照医生开的处方配药。
Evening wear that was discreet by his standards.
译文:以他的标准来看相当朴素的晚礼服