推迟英文缩写

11.15 过去完成时 1） 概念：表示过去的过去 ----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在 2） 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例题 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此 前一句应用过去进行时。 注意： had no … when 还没等…… 就…… had no sooner… than 刚…… 就…… He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 11.16 用一般过去时代替完成时 1) 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。 When she saw the mouse，she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。 When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3) 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

1)通常只接动名词作宾语的动词:★ admit (承认,接纳), appreciate (感激,评价), avoid (避免,逃避), delay (推迟,延误), deny (否认,), enjoy, finish, miss, postpone (推迟,延期), put off (拖延), practice, quit (离开,停止), suggest, keep, complete (完成,结束), anticipate (期望,预料), discuss, understand, favor(喜爱,帮助), escape (逃避,避免), forgive, consider, prohibit (禁止,不准), mind, dislike, can’t help(禁不住), risk, involve, imagine (想象), look forward to (期望,盼望), can’t stand (不能忍受), consider, ensure, excuse, pardon, give up (放弃), include, keep on (遵守), report, suggest. involve, etc. 2)常跟动名词作宾语的动词短语:★ approve of (赞成), insist on (坚持,强调), persist in, spend in ,engage in (从事), depend on, keep on, rely on (依靠,信赖), worry about, think about，succeed in, give up, calculate on (计算), lead to(通向,导致), contribute to (有助于), devote to (献身,投入), object to (反对), look forward to（期望）, confess to (承认), concentrate on(集中于), focus on (使集中于), etc. 3)用于 “名词+介词+动名词”结构的名词: pleasure in (以…为乐), opportunity of (…的机会), advise on (就…提出劝告), method for (…的方法), excuse for (…的借口), intention of (…的目的,意图), probability of (…的可能性), concern about (对…的关心), difficulty in (限于…的困境), trouble in (遇到…的麻烦), shortage of (…的不足), comment on (…的评论), importance of (…的重要性), necessity of (…的需要), approach to (接近/探讨…), etc. 4)用于 “be+形容词+介词+动名词”结构的形容词: accustomed to (习惯于…), afraid of (害怕…), fond of (对…的喜爱), successful in (在某方面的成功), capable of (有…的能力), tired of (厌烦做某事), interested in, intent on (在某方面的打算), keep on, used to, good at, particular about (…的细节), bent on (致力于….), engaged in (从事于/忙于做某事), involved in (限入), devoted to (把…奉献给,专心于…),etc.

a few=有些，几个 a great/good deal of=大量（的），许多 a little=一点，稍；一些，少许 a lot of=大量（的）， 很多（的） a matter of=（关于...）的问题；大约 a number of=若干 a series of=一系列，一连串 a variety of=种种，各种 able to=能，会 above all=首先，尤其 above all=首先，首要 according to=根据 account for=说明（原因等） accustomed to=习惯于 add up to=合计，总计 after a while=过了一分，不久 after all=终于，毕竟；虽然这样 ahead of=在...前面，先于 ahead of time=提前 all at once=突然，同时，一起 all out=全力以赴，竭尽全力 all over=遍及，到处 all right=行，可以；顺利，良好 all right=好，行 all round=周围， 处处 all the same=仍然，照样地 all the time=一直，始终 allow for=考虑到 along with=与...一起 and so forth=等等 and so on=等等 and so on/forth=等等 and then=而且，其欠，于是，然后 anything but=除...之外的任何东西 around the clock=昼夜不停地 arrive at=达成，提出 as a matter of fact=其实，事实上 as a result=结果，因此, 由于...的结果 as a rule=规章，规则，通常，照例 as far as/so far as=远至，到...程度 as follows=如下 as for=至于，就...方面说 as good as=和...几乎一样，实际上等于 as if=好像，仿佛 as long as /so long as=只要，如果 as regards=关于，至于 as soon as=一...就，刚...便 as though=好像 as though=好像，仿佛 as to=至于，关于 as usual=像往常一样，照例 as well=也，又 as well=同样地 as well as=（除...之处）也，即...又 as well as=既...又，除...之处（还） as yet=到目前为止，到那时为止 as...as=像...一样 Aside from=除...以外 ask after=询问，问候 ask for=请求，要求 at (the) best=充其量，至多 at (the) worst=在最坏的情况下 at a loss=因惑， 不知所措 at a time=每次，一次 at all=完全，根本 at all costs=不借任何代价，无论如何 at all events=无论为何 at any rate=无论如何，至少 at first=最初，首先 at first sight=乍一看，初看起来 at hand=在手边，在附近，即将到来 at heart=在内心，实质上 at home=在家，在国内；自在，自如 at intervals=不时，时时 at large=一般，大体上 at last=最，终于 at least=至少，最低限度 at length=终于，最后；详细地 at no time=从不，决不 at once=立刻，马上 at one time=同时，曾经，从前曾 at present=目前，现在 at random=随机地 at stake=在危险中，利害攸关 at the cost of=以...为代价 at the mercy of=在...支配下 at the moment=现在，此刻 at the same time=但是，然而 at times=有时 at work=在工作，忙于 attached to=附属于，隶属于 back and forth=来回，往返，来来往往地 back down/off=放弃，让步，退却 back of=在...后部，在...背部 back up=支持，授助；倒退，后退 be about to=即将 be absorbed in=专心于 be bound to=到...去的，开往...的 be concerned with=关心， 挂念，从事于 be fed up (with )=对...腻烦 be friends with=对...友好，与...交上朋友 be made up of=由...组成 bear/keep in mind=记住 because of=由于，因为 before long=不久以后 begin with=从...开始 both...and=即...又...，两个都 break away (from)=脱离，逃跑 break down=损坏，分解，瓦解 break in=强行进入，闯入；打断，插嘴 break into=闯入 break off=断绝，结束 break out=逃出，突然发生，爆发 break through=突破 break up=中止，结束；打碎，拆散 break down=垮，衷竭；损坏，故障，倒塌 bring about=带来，造成 bring down=打倒，挫伤；降低 bring forth=产生，提出 bring forward=提出 bring out=使出现，使显明；公布，出版 bring to=使恢复知觉 bring up=教育，培养，使成长 bring/carry into practice=实施，实行 build up== 积累,堵塞;树立, 增进，锻炼 burn out=烧掉 burn up==烧起来，旺起来；烧完，烧尽 but for=除...以外，倘没有，除非 by all means=无论如何 by chance=偶然，碰巧 by comparison=比较起来 by far=...得多，最 by hand=用手 by heart=牢记，凭记忆 by itself=独自，单独 by means of=用...办法 by mistake=错误地 by no means=决不 by oneself=独自地，单独地 by reason of=由于 by the way=顺便提一下，另处 by turns=轮流，交替地 by virtue of=由于 by way of=经由，通过...方式 call for=邀请；要求，需要 call forth=唤起，引起；振作起，鼓起 call off=放弃，取消 call on/upon=访问，拜访；号召，呼吁 call up召集,动员;打电话;镇静的，沉着的 can't /couldn't help=禁不住；不得不 Care for=照管，关心；喜欢，意欲 carry off=夺去 carry on=继续下去，坚持下去；从事，经营 carry out=贯彻，执行，实现 carry/bring into effect=使生效，使起作用 catch fire=着火 catch on=理解，明白 catch one's breath=屏息，歇口气 catch one's eye=引人注目 catch sight of=发现，突然看见 catch up with=追上，赶上 check in=办理登记手续 check out== 结帐后离开；检查，核查 check up / (up)on=校对，检查，检验 cheer up=使高兴，使振奋；振作起来 clear away=扫聊，收拾 clear up=整理，收拾；清除，解除；解 come around=来访，前来；苏醒，复原 come off=实现，成功，终于 come on=请,来吧,快点,来临；出场，上演 come out=出版,出现，显露，长出；结果是 come through=经历，脱险 come to=总计，达到；苏醒，复原 come to the point=说到要点，扼要地说 come true=实现，达到 come up=走近，上来；发生，被提出 come up to=达到，符合 come up with=提出，提供 come/go into force=生效，实施 come/go into operation=开始运转，开工 compare...to=把...比作 count on=依靠，期待，指望 count up=把...相加 cover up=掩饰，掩盖 Credit card=信用卡 cross out=删去，取消 cut across=走捷径，抄近路 cut back=削减，减少 cut down=削减，降低 cut in=（汽车）抢挡；插嘴，打断 cut off=切断,使隔绝;删去;打断,停止 cut out=删除 cut short=突然停止 cut short=中断，简化 deal with=处理，对付，安排 derive from=导出；由...来 die down===渐渐消失，平息 die out=消灭， 灭绝 do away with=废除，去掉 do without=没有...也行 do/try one's best=尽力，努力 double up=弯腰，把...折起来 draw in=(火车，汽车)到站 draw up=写出，画出；草拟；停住 dress up=穿上盛装，打扮得漂漂亮亮 drop by/in=顺便来访 drop off=减弱，减少 drop out=退出，离队 due to== 由于，因为 each other=互相 enjoy oneself=过得快乐 even if/ though=即使，虽然 even then=即使那样，边...都 ever since=从那时起，自那时以来 every now and then=有时，时时，偶尔 every other=每隔一个的 except for=除...之外 face to face=面对面地 face up to=大胆面对 fail to=未能 fair play=公平的竞赛，公平对待，光明磊落 fall in love (with)=相爱，爱上 far from=远非，远离 feel like=欲，想要 fill in /out=填充，填写 find fault=埋怨，挑剔 find out=查明 first of all=首先，第一 flare up=突然燃起来；突然发怒 for (the) purpose of=为了 for a moment=片刻，一会儿 for a while=暂时，一时 for ever=永远 for example=例如 for good=永久地 for instance=例如，举例说 for long=长久地 for one thing=首先，一则 for short=简称，缩写 for the moment=现在，暂时 for the present=目前，暂时 for the sake of=为了...起见，看在...的份上 for the time being=目前，暂时 from time to time=有时，不时 gain/have an advantage=胜过，优于 get across=解释清楚，使人了解 get along/on with=有进展，有进步；生活得 get around/round=走动,旅行（消息）传开 get around/round to=找时间做，开始考虑 get at=得到，接近；意思是 get away=逃脱，离开 get by=通过，经过 get down=从...下来；写下 get down to=开始，着手 get hold of=抓住，掌握 get in=进入；收获，收集 get into=进入，陷入 get off=从...下来，离开，动身，开始 get out of=逃避，改掉 get over=克服，（从病中）恢复过来 get rid of=摆脱， 除去 get the best of=胜过 get the better of=打败，智胜 get the better of=占上风，胜过 get through=结束，完成；接通电话 get together=集合，聚集 get up=起床，增加 get/learn by heart=记住，背诵 give away=泄露；赠送 give back=送还，恢复 give in=交上；投降，屈服 give off=放出，释放 give oneself away=泄露，露马脚 give oneself up=自首，投降，投案 give out=分发，放出 give rise to=引起，使发生；造成 give up=停止，放弃 give way=让路，让步 give way to=给...让路/让步;被...代替 go after=追求 go ahead=开始，前进，领先 go along with=陪同前往，随行 go back on=违背 go by=过去 go down=下降，降低；被载人，传下去 go for=竭力想取得，喜爱，支持，拥护 go in for=从事，致力于，追求，沉迷于 go into=进入，研究，调查 go off=爆炸，发射；动身，离开 go on=继续，发生 go out=外出，熄灭 go over=检查，审查；复习，重温 go through=经历，经受，详细检查 go under=下沉，沉没；失败，破产 go up=上升，增加 ；建起 go with=伴随，与...协调 go without=没有...也行 go wrong=发生故障，出毛病 good for=有效，适用，胜任 had better=最好还是，应该 hand down=留传下来，传给，往下传 hand in=交上，递交 hand in hand=携手；结合起来，联合 hand on=传下来，依次传递 hand out=分发，散发，发给 hand over=交出，移交，让与 hang about=闲荡 hang back=踌躇不前,退缩 hang on=持续,坚持下去 hang up=挂,吊<物>，拖延...,中止,搁置 hardly any=几乎没有，几乎什么也不 hardly...before/when=刚一...就... have in mind=记住，考虑到， 想到 have nothing to do with=和...毫无关系 have on=穿着，戴着 have something to do with=和...有点关系 have to/have got to=不得不，必须 have... to do with=与...有关 have/gain access to=可以获得 head for=出发,动身,前往 head on=朝前,迎面 heart and soul=全心全意 help oneself=自取所需（食等） here and there=处处 hold back=跨躇，退缩；阻止，抑制 hold on=继续，掘住不放 hold on to=紧紧抓住，坚持 hold out=维持，支持；坚持，不屈服 hold up=举起,阻挡, 使停止;抢劫,拦截 hot dog=红肠面包，小红肠 how about=...如何，...怎样 how do you do=你好 hurry up=（使）赶紧，（使）匆忙，仓促 I.D. card=身份证 if only=只要 improve on=改进 in (the )future=今后，将来 in a hurry=匆忙地，立即 in a moment=立刻，马上 in a sense=从某种意义上说 in a way=在某点，在某种程度上 in a word=总而言之 in accordance with=与....一致 in addition=另外 in addition to=除...之外 in advance=提前，预先 in all=总共，共计 in any case=无论如何，总之 in any event=无论如何 in brief=简单地说，简言之 in bulk=散装；大批，大量 in case=假如，以防（万一），免得 in case of=假使，万一 in charge of=负责，主管 in common=共用，共有，共同 in conclusion=最后，总之 in connection with/to=关于 in consequence=因此，结果 in consequence of=由于...的缘故 in contrast with/to=与...成反比 in danger=在危险中，垂危 in debt=欠债，欠情 in detail=详细地 in difficulty ties=困难，困境，难题 in effect=有效；实际上 in essence=大体上，本质上 in excess of=超过 in fact=其实，实际上 in favour of=有利于，有利的，顺利的 in force=有效，实施中 in front of=在...前面 in general=通常，大体上 in hand=在掌握中，在控制中 in honour of=为纪念，向...表示敬意 in itself=本身 in line=成一直线，排成一行 in line with=和...成直线，排成一行 in memory of=纪念 in nature=本质上 in no case=决不 in no time=立即，马上 in no way=决不 in one's way/in the way=妨碍，阻碍 in order=秩序井然，整齐 in order that=以便 in order to=以便，为了 in other words=换句话说，也就是说 in particular=特别地，尤其，详细地 in person=亲自 in place=在适当的位置 in place of=代替 in practice=在实践中，实际上 in proportion (to)=（与...）成比例的 in public=公开地， 当众 in question=正在考虑 in return=作为回报，作为报答 in secret=秘密地，私下地 in sequence=依次，逐一 in shape=处于良好状态 in short=简言之，总之 in sight=在望,看得见 in spite of=不管，不顾，尽管，虽然 in stock=现有，备有 in sum=总而言之 in tears=流着泪 in terms of=依据，按照；用...措词 in the air=在流行中，在传播中 in the course of=在...过程中，在...期间 in the distance=在远处 in the end=最后，终于 in the event of=万一，如果发生 in the face of=面对，在...面前；不顾，即使 in the first place=起初，首先 in the last place=最后 in the least=一点，丝毫 in the light of=按照，根据 in the long run=最终，从长远观点看来 in the past=在过去 in the way of=妨碍 in the world=到底，究竟 in time=及时，适时地 in truth=实际上，的确 in turn=依次，轮流 in vain=徒劳，无效 in/with relation to=关系到 instead of=代替，而不是 just now=刚才，一会儿以前 keep an eye on=留意，照看 keep back=阻止，阻挡；隐瞒，保留 keep company with=与...交往，与...结伴 keep down=控制,压制,镇压;放低（声音） keep from=使...不（做） keep house=管理家务，做家务 keep in touch=保持联系 keep off=不接近，避开 keep on=继续不断，保持 keep one's head=保持镇静 keep one's word=守信用 keep out of=躲开，置身...之外 keep to=坚持，保持 keep track=通晓事态，注意动向 keep up=保持，维持；继续进行，坚持 keep up with=向...看齐，跟上... keep/hold pace with=跟上，与...同步 knock down=撞倒， 击倒 knock out=击倒， 击昏 known as=被认为是，被称为 lay aside=把<东西> (暂时地) 堆置一边 lay down=安装、建造、铺设 lay off=解雇 lay out=陈列,布局 lead the way=带路，引路 leave alone=不管 leave behind==遗落 leave out=遗漏， 略去 lend itself to=适宜于，对...有用 let alone=听其自然；更不用说 let alone=不干涉；更不用说 let down=放下，降低；使失望 let go=放开，松开 let in=让...进入，放...进来 let loose=放开，放松，释放 let off=放（炮，烟火），开（枪）；宽 let out=恕，从宽处理；免除 lie in=在于 line up=排队，使排成一行 little by little=逐渐地 live on /by=靠...生活，以......为食 live through=度过，经受过 look after=照管，照料 look at=看望，注视 look back=回顾，回头看 look down on=看不起，轻视 look for=寻找，寻求 look forward to=盼望，期待 look in=顺便看望 look into=调查，观察，过问，窥视 look on=帝观，观看；看待；视作 look out=留神，注意，提防，警惕 look over=检查，查看，调查 look through=仔细杳看，浏览，温习 look up=查阅，查考；寻找（某人） look up to=尊敬，敬仰 lose heart=丧失勇气，失去信心 lose one's head=不知所措 lost one's temper=发怒，发脾气 lost track=失去联系 lots of=大量，很多 make a face=做鬼脸 make a/the difference=有影响， 很重要 make believe=假装 make for=走向，驶向；有助于，有利于 make friends=交朋支，友好相处 make fun of=取笑；嘲弄 make one's way=前进，行进 make out=辨认，区分；理解，开列，书写 make progress=进步 make sense=讲得通，有意义，言之有理 make sure=确认 make sure of/that=确信；确定，务必 make the best of=充分利用，妥善处理 make the most of=尽量利用 make up=构成，组成，拼凑；弥补 make up for=补偿，弥补 make up one's mind=下决心 make use of=利用 make way=开路，让路 mark time=原地跳步，停止不前，抢延 matter of fact=实情情况，真相 mix up=混合，混淆，搞糊涂 more and more=越来越 more or less=或多或少 never mind=不要紧，没关系 next door=隔壁的 no doubt=无疑，必定 no less than=不亚于 no longer=T]'l08g2=不再，已不 no matter=无论 no more=不再 no more than=不过，仅仅，和...一样不 no sooner...than=不久，即刻；早，快 no wonder=难怪，怪不得 not as/so...as=不如...那样 not at all=一点也不 not only ...but (also)=不仅...而且... nothing but=只是,不过是 now and then=时而，不时 now that=既然，由于 occur to=被想到，被想起 of course=T]2v'k0:s=当然，自然，无疑 off and on=断断续续，不时地 off duty=下班 on (the/an) average=平均，一般说来 on a large scale=大规模地 on a small scale=小规模地 on account of=因为，由于 on behalf of=代表，为了 on board=在船（车，飞机）上 on business=因公，因事 on condition that=在...条件下 on duty=值班，上班 on earth=究竟 on fire=着火 on foot=步行 on guard=警惕，防范 on hand=在手边，临近 on occasion=有时，不时 on one's honour=以名誉担保 on one's own=独自地，独立地 on purpose=故意，有意 on sale=出售，贱卖 on schedule=按预定时间 on second thoughts=经重新考虑，一转念 on the basis of=根据，在...的基础上 on the contrary=反之，正相反 on the point of=即将...的时候 on the road=在旅途中 on the side=作为兼职，额外 on the sly=偷偷地，冷不防地 on the spot=当场，在现场 on the whole=总的来说 on time=准时 on top of=在...之上 once (and )for all=一劳永逸，限此一次 once in a while=偶尔，有时 once more=再一次，又一次 once upon a time=从前 one after another=一个接一个 one another=相互 or else=否则，要不然 or so=大约，左右 other than=不同于 out of=丧失，失去；缺乏，没有 out of breath=喘不过气来，上气不接下气 out of control=失去控制 out of danger=脱离危险 out of date=过时 out of doors=在户外 out of order=发生故障 ，失调 out of place=不得其所的，不适当的 out of practice=久不练习，荒疏 out of sight=看不见，在视野之外 out of step=步调不一致，不协调 out of touch=失去联系 out of work=失业 pass away=去世，逝世 pass off=中止，停止 pass out=失去知觉，昏倒 pay attention to=注意 pay back=偿还，回报 pay off=还清（债）， 给清工资后遗散 pay up=全部付清 pick out=挑出,选出 pick up=拾起，拣起；中途带人 play with player=以...为消遣， 玩弄 point out=指出 post office=邮局 primary school=小学 pull down=拆毁，拉倒； 拉下，降低 pull in=（车）停下，进站，（船）到岸 pull off=脱（帽、衣等） pull on=穿、戴 pull out=拔出，抽出，取出；（车、船等）驶出；（车辆）减速 pull up=（使）停下 put across=解释清楚，说明 put aside=储存，保留 put away=放好，收好；储存 put down=记下，放下；镇压，平定 put forward=提出 put in=驶进 put in for=申请 put in order=整理，检修 put into effect=实行，生效 put off=推迟，推延 put on=穿上，戴上；上演；增加（体重） put 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