英语时态格式

时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。1. 一般现在时用法：A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。B) 习惯用语。C) 经常性、习惯性动作。例：He always helps others. （他总是帮助别人。）D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 ）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.（下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。）How often does this shuttle bus run? （这班车多久一趟？）F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事 情。例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.（等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。）2. 现在进行时(be doing)用法：现在正在进行的动作。3. 现在完成时(have done)用法：A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。例：I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell答案是C) haven't sold。B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A) are to challenge C) have been challengedB) may be challenged D) are challenging全句的意思是：“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态；其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态，不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态，但意思与全句内容不合，所以不对。C) 表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。例：John has broken his left leg.（约翰摔断了左腿。）注意事项A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结果，对现在有影响；过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。例：He worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实，他现在已经不在那家医院了。）He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，现在仍在那家医院工作。）B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有动态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。例：My sister has been married for 5 years.（过去分词做表语表示状态，可以延续）My sister has married. Don't disturb her.（终端动词）C) 在"this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……"句型里要求用完成时。例：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.（这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。）D) 句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。例：It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.（从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。）E) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中，主句要求完成时。例：I haven't met that professor prior to today.（以前我从未见过那位教授。）4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.（到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。）注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。例：1997年6月四级第45题It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A) had leaked B) is leakingC) leaked D) has been leaking从本题上下文看，这两个句子的意思是：“看来，这个管道漏油已有一段时间了，我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前，并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此，空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时，因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time，表示谓语动作延续，谓语不能用现在进行时，必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时，所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。5. 一般过去时用法：A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的 就是过去时。例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。）He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。）C) 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?（我想向您借车用一用，可以吗？）Would you mind my sitting here?（您介意我坐在这里吗？）注意事项：A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示"过去常常或过去曾经"，要求加动词原形；后者表示"习惯于"，要求加名词或动名词。6. 过去完成时(had done)用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard全句的意思是：“到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出，谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成，因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中：A) didn't hear，因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态，所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasn't been hearing，现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作，与题意不符。C) hasn't heard，现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻，不能表示现在时间。注意事项：“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来，而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。例：There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.（刚才有人在我们的房间里，因为我们打开前门进来时，我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。）分析：虽然时间状语是just now，似乎应该使用一般过去时，但是“在房间里”这个状态是在"开门"和"注意"这两个过去的动作之前就存在的，所以应该用过去完成时。7. 过去将来时(would/ should do)用法：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.（我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。）注意事项：由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的，所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)用法：A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.（10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。）B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.（你敲前门时我正在洗头发。）注意事项：其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时。9. 一般将来时用法：A) 基本结构是will / shall do。例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.（我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。）B) 有些动词，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.（我妈妈下周将来看我，并会呆到5月。）C) 表示“打算去……，要……”时，可用be going to do。例：This is just what I am going to say.（这正是我想说的。）D) 表示“即将、正要”时，可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。例：Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.（别担心，我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。）E) "be to do"的5种用法：a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.（星期一你准会在实验室见到她。）b) 该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.（孩子们，你们必须 上床睡觉，不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。）c) 能或不能发生的事情（接近can, may）例：How am I to pay such a debt?（我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢？）d) 不可避免将要发生的事情，后来将要发生的事情。例：I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.A. will be attended B. will be attended toC. is attended D. is attended towill be attended to关键的一点是：attend表示“处理，解决”时是不及物动词，必须与to连用。另外，从上下文看，事情显然尚未解决，所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。e) 用于条件从句“如果……想，设想”（接近if ……want to,或if ……should）例：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是：“如果要避免食品短缺，就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。”F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.（教练想要放弃这场比赛了，因为对方已经射进了7个球。）例：1999年6月四级第65题I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.A) in B) to C) at D) on答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组，意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是：“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。”注意事项：在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词（immediately, the moment, directly）等引导的状语从句，一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时，可用完成时。例：I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.（我希望到明年你回来的时候，他的身体已经好多了。）10. 将来进行时(will be doing)用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。例：Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。）注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可参考"一般将来时"和"现在进行时"的有关注意事项。11. 将来完成时(will have done)用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。例：1997年1月四级第22题The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.A) must have lasted B) will have lastedC) would last D) has lasted本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是：“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻，因此要用将来完成时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A)，因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测，而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended，所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性，但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以C) would last错误。因为D) has lasted是现在完成时，表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以也不正确。注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。12)将来完成进行时：shall have been doing ，will have been doing例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. （到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）（被动语态）13)过去完成进行时：had been doing例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.（我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。）（此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。）（被动语态）14) 过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。）（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。）（此句为被动语态）15) 过去将来完成时：should have done , would have done例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.（我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。）（此句为被动语态）16) 过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing , would have been doing例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. （他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）出处：回答者： todyang

1. 一般现在时 He cleans the blackboard. The blackboard is cleaned by him.2．一般过去时 He cleaned the blackboard. The blackboard was cleaned by him.3．一般将来时 He will clean the blackboard. The blackboard will be cleaned by him.4．现在进行时 He is cleaning the blackboard. The blackboard is being cleaned by him.5．过去进行时 He was cleaning the blackboard. The blackboard was being cleaned by him.6．将来进行时 He will be cleaning the blackboard. The blackboard will be being cleaned by him.7．现在完成时 He has cleaned the blackboard. The blackboard has been cleaned by him.8．过去完成时 He had cleaned the blackboard. The blackboard had been cleaned by him.9．将来完成时 He will have cleaned the blackboard. The blackboard will have been cleaned by him.10．现在完成进行时 He has been cleaning the blackboard. The blackboard has cleaned by him.(完成进行时没有被动语态，该意思用相应的完成时语态或进行时语态表示。可参看薄冰语法）（The blackboard is being cleaned by him.)11．过去完成进行时 He had been cleaning the blackboard. The blackboard had cleaned by him.（The blackboard was being cleaned by him.）12．将来完成进行时He will have been cleaning the blackboard. The blackboard will have been cleaned by him.（The blackboard will be being cleaned by him.）

总共十二种时态： 1．一般现在时 2．一般过去时 3．一般将来时 4．现在进行时 5．过去进行时 6．将来进行时 7．现在完成时 8．过去完成时 9．将来完成时 10．现在完成进行时 11．过去完成进行时 12．将来完成进行时 其中英文最常用的时态有五个：一般现在时；现在进行时；一般过去时；一般将来时和现在完成时。 一、 一般现在时： 用动词原型表示，但单数第三人称后要加-s，在词尾加-s时要注意： 1． 一般情况：加-s 例：reads，writes，says 2． 以s，x，ch，sh收尾的词加-es 例：teaches，washes，guesses 3． 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es 例：try—tries，carry—carries。 这个时态的疑问句一般以句首加助动词do，does构成。句中动词要用原型动词be提前： do you know it？ are you students？ does she have a pen？ 1．一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作： we always care for each other and help each other。 they cycle to work every day。 2．现在的特征或状态： he loves sports。 do you sing？a little。 i major in english。 3． 遍真理： light travels faster than sound。 two and four makes six。 the moon moves round the earth。 有些表示状态和感觉的动词常常可用于一般现在时：be，love，like，hate，want，hope，need，prefer，wish，know，understand，remember，believe，recognize，guess，suppose，mean，belong，think（以为），feel，envy，doubt，remain，consist，contain，seem，look（看起来），see，fit，suit，owe，own，hear，find，suggest，propose，allow，show（说明），prove，mind（在意），have（有），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来），matter，require，possess，desire等等。 i feel a sharp pain in my chest。 the soup contains too much salt。 you see what i mean？ the coat fits you very well。 how do you find the book？ 有些表示动作的动词间或可用于这一时态，表示现刻的动作，由于动作持续时间机短，用于进行时不自然： i send you my best wishes。 i salute your courage。 now i extend my heartfelt thanks to you。 在口语中这个时态用来表示一个按规定、计划或安排发生的情况（这是都有一个表示未来时间的状语）： when do the train leave（stop at jinan）？ the plane take off at 11 am。 tomorrow is saturday。 is there a firm on tonight？ 但这只限少数动词，如begin，come，go，leave，sail，start，arrive，return，dine，end，stop，depart，open，close，be等。另外，在时间或条件从句中，将来动作或状态多用这一时态表示： tell her about that when she come。 turn off the light before you leave。 we‘ll start as soon as you are ready。 在口语中，这个时态间或可以用来表示一个已经发生的动作（这个动作发生的时间在说话人脑中处于很不重要的地位）： they say xiao wu is back。is that true？ xiao yu tells me you‘re going abroad。 oh，i forget where he lives。 yes，you answer quite well。 此外一般现在时还多用于报刊、电影、电视解说等其他几种情况。 二、 现在进行时 现在进行时用助动词be的人称形式加现在分词构成，它的肯定、否定、疑问形式如下： i am working。 i am not working。 am i working？ 现在进行时主要表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。 where are they having the basket-ball match？ they are putting up the scaffolding。 he‘s showing a foreign guest round the city。 在不少情况下，表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子，并没有“正在”这样的字，在译为英语时却必须用进行时态： how are you getting on with the work？ the work is going fairly smoothly。 you are making rapid progress。 it is blowing hard。 who are you waiting for？ whenever i see her，she is working in the garden。我每次看到她时，她总是在花园里干活。 在一般现在时所列的表示状态和感觉的动词，一般不能用于进行时态，因为他们不能表示正在进行的动作。但如果词义转变，能表示一个正在进行的动作，就能够用于进行时态，试比较下面的句子： do you see anyone over there？你看到那里有什么人吗？ are you seeing someone off？你在给谁送行吗？ i hear someone singing。我听见有人唱歌。 they are hearing an english talk？他们在听一个英语报告。 what do you think of it？你觉得这怎么样？ what are you thinking about？你在想什么？ 另外，表示无法持续动作的动词，一般不宜用于进行时态，但有些可以用于这个时态表示重复、即将等： he is jumping up and down。她一上一下地跳着。 the train is arriving。火车就要进站了。 the old man is dying。老头病危了。 现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或安安排要进行的动作（这是多有一个表示未来时间的状语）： we are leaving on friday。 are you going anywhere tomorrow？ a foreign guest is giving a lecture in english this afternoon。 xiao hong！coming。 who is interpreting for you？ we are having a holiday next monday。 但这仅限于少量动词，如go，come，leave，start，arrive，lunch，return，dine，work，sleep，stay，play，do，have，wear等。 另外，“be going+不定式”这个结构经常用来表示即将发生的事或打算（准备）做的事： i am afraid it is going to rain。 it is going to be rather cold tomorrow。 she is not going to speak at the meeting。 在这个结构中过去有许多人不赞成用go和come这两个动词，感到很别扭，主张不说are you going to go anywhere tomorrow？而说are you going anywhere tomorrow？不说is she going to come？而说is she coming？但现在在这种结构中用两个动词的人越来越多，这种用法基本上被大家接受了。 此外，在时间和条件状语从句中，间或也可用现在进行时表示将来的情况或一般情况： do not mention this when you are talking with him。 remember that when you are taking a rest，some else is always working。 if she is still sleeping，do not wake her up。 现在进行时有时用来代替一般现在时，表示一个经常性动作或状态，这是或是为了表示一种感情（a）如赞叹、厌烦等，或是为了强调情况的暂时性（b）。 a． how are you feeling today？（比how do you feel today？更显亲切） xiao hua is doing fine work at school。（比xiao hua does fine work at school。更富赞美） he is always thinking of his work。表赞许 he is constantly leaving his thing about。她老是乱扔东西。（表不满） he is always boasting。他老爱说大话。（表厌烦） b．he is sleeping in the next room now。他现在现在是在隔壁房间睡了（不再原来房间睡了）。 the professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill。 where is he working？他现在在那里工作？（可能刚换工作） for this week we are starting work at 7：30。 he is walking to work because his bicycle is being repaired。 be间或可用于进行时态，表示一时的表现： you are not being modest。 he is being silly。 she is being friendly。 xiao hong is being a good girl today。 do not talk rot。i am being serious。 注： 在there和here引起的句子中，常可用一般现在时代替现在进行时： here comes the bus。（=the bus is coming.） there goes the bell. (=the bell is ringing.) 在某些情况下两种情况都可以用，没有多少差别： i wonder (am wondering) how i should answer then. does your leg hurt? (is your leg hurting?) it itches (is itching) terribly. my back aches (is aching). i write (am writing ) to inform you. 未完待续。。。 (发帖时间:2004-01-06 19:51:16) ---3dnow【外语学习成员】 三、 一般将来时 一般将来时由助动词shall或will加动词原型构成，shall用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称。这个时态的肯定、否定及疑问机构可表示如下： i shall go. i shall not go. shall i go? 除英国以外的说英语的国家，在陈述句中，即使在第一人称一般也用will,在英国也有这种趋势，在口语中常紧缩为i’ll. 一般将来时表示将要发生的动作和情况： i will (shall) arrive tomorrow. will you be busy tonight? the agreement will come into force next spring. we won’t (shan’t) be free tonight. 有时表示将来的时间状语，有时没有时间状语，这时要从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况： i will think it over. who will take the chair? will she come? they won’t object it. 在以i 或 we 作主语的问句中，一般用shall，这时或是征求对方的意见（a）,或是询问一个情况（b）: a. shall i make a fair copy of it? which book shall i read first? where shall we meet? b. shall we have any classes tomorrow? when shall we have the rehearsal? shall i be able to find them there? 在这类问句中，近年来也有不少人用will，特别是美国。 what will we do? how will get there? which will i take? 注意在时间或条件状语从句中，一般不能用将来时态，而用现在时态代替： i’ll let you have the book when i’m through. they’ll fight till they win complete victory. i’ll be round to see you if i have time tomorrow. 注：在两种情况下条件从句可以用一般将来时： 1． 表示愿望： if they won’t cooperate, our plan will fall flat. 2.主句的谓语表时现在的情况： if he won’t arrive this morning, why should we wait here。 表示将要发生的动作或情况，除了一般将来时外，还有一些其他结构和时态： 1． be going +不定式（表打算、准备作的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事）： we ‘re going to put up a building here. how are you going to spend your holiday? who is going to speak first? 2. be +不定式（表示按计划安排要发生的事或用来征求对方的意见）： when is the factory to go into production? the line is (going) to be opened to traffic next week. am i to (=shall i ) go on with the work? 3.一般现在时（限于某些动词，表示按计划或时刻要发生的事）： school finishes on january 18th. we get off at the next stop. when does the winter vacation begin? 4.现在进行时（限于某些动词，表示按计划安排要发生的事）： we are having an english evening tonight. they are playing some folk music next. i am talking the children to the zoo (on sunday ). 在单纯表示将来情况，特别是谈一连串的事情或在带时间或条件状语从句的句子中，谓语多用将来时： next term i will try to do better. i’ll speak more english and do more reading-aloud. he’ll come to see you when he has time. he’ll tell you if you ask him. 在表示打算或准备时，如不提时间、条件等，多用be going to这个结构，用一般将来时时很少的，特别是在口语中： he is going to buy a dictionary.(很少说he will buy a dictionary.) 在谈即将发生的情况时，用be going to 这个结构也多一些。在表示按计划安排要做得事时，用be to 的时候也不少。另外还有将来进行时等时态也可表示将来的动作。 注：be about to 可表示即将作某事 we are about to leave. he is about to retire. 一般将来时有时还可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作： a drowning man will catch at a straw. crops will die without water. oil will float on water. 注：这一时态有时用来表示揣测（a）或容量（b）: a. that man in the middle will be the visiting minister. b. the hall will seat 500people. 四、 一般过去时 一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，动词be有was, were两个过去式，was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他情况。在构成否定及疑问句时，一般都借助助动词did, 动词be有其独特的疑问及否定形式（基本上和一般现在时一致）。这个时态的三种结构可表示如下： 一般动词： i worked there. i did not work there. did you work there? 动词be: i was there. i was not there. was i there? 一般过去时主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况（包括习惯性动作） who put forward the suggestion? when did she leave? she often came to help us. 有些情况，发生的时间不很清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应当用过去时态： i was glad to get your letter. what was the final score? how did you like their performance? *在谈到已死去人的情况多用过去时： lao she was a great writer. my grandmother was kind to us. 有时两种时态都可以用： brahms was/is one of the greatest representative of german classicalism. 注：在口语中一般过去时有时可用来代替一般现在时，使语气变得婉转一些，例如在下面句子中用一般现在时或一般过去时都可以，但用过去时显得客气一些（带有更多商量的口吻）： do/did you want to see me? i wonder/wondered if you could spare a few minutes. i want/wanted to ask if i can/could borrow your bike. 未完待续。。让大家久等了。第一次自己敲键盘发帖子。好累呀。：（ ---3dnow【外语学习成员】 五、 现在完成时 现在完成时由have的人称形式加过去分词构成。他的肯定、否定及疑问形式如下： i have read it. i have not read it. have you read it? 现在完成时表示现刻以前发生的动作或情况，可以是： 1． 到现在为止的这一时期中发生的情况（可能时多次动作的总和，也可表示状态和习惯性动作）： we have opened up 200 mu of land this year. how many pages have you covered today? i haven’t seen him for many days. 2. 对现状有影响的某一已发生的动作： the delegation has already left. i have seen the film many times. the city has taken on a new look. 注： 这个时态有时还可以表示过去曾发生过一次或多次的情况，也可以说是一种经历： all our children have had measles. man’s hairs have grown white in a single might. he says that he has seen a meteor at some time. 这个时态的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是讲迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是讲一个影响现状的动作，这样它不是从时间上就是从后果上和现在联系起来。根据这个特点我们可以判断什么时候用一般过去时，什么时候用现在完成时： 1． 当有一个表示过去某时的状语（包括when）时，不能用现在完成时： i saw her a minute ago. just now xiao lin came to see you. when did you get to know it? 2.当有一个表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，多用现在完成时： up till now we have planted over 24,000 fruit trees. we haven’t had any physical training classes this week. he has learned a good deal since he came here. 3.在用already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never这类副词作状语时，常可用现在完成时： this is the second game. they ’ve already won a game. have you got the plan ready yet? –no, not yet. i’ve just received a money order. 4.在单独谈一个过去的动作，不涉及它对现在的影响时，通常用一般过去时，如果谈一件已经发生的事，不考虑它是什么时候发生的，而主要考虑对现在的影响，多用现在完成时： did you get up very early? has he got up? what did you have for lunch? have you had lunch? i got the news from xiao yu. i’ve got no news from him. 注： 有since引起的状语时，主要谓语通常用完成时态： we met in 1972,and have been good friends ever since (then). it has rained a great deal since you left. we haven’t seen each other again since them (since we parted in 1952). 但在表示时间长度时可用一般现在时。 l 在使用一个表示状态的动词（如be, seem等）作谓语时，间或也可用现在时态： it’s ok since i fixed it. it seems a long time since i was here. i’m getting interested in china since you came here. 间或用过去时，特别时在口语中。 i lost ten pounds since i started swimming. 在since引起的状语从句中，通常用一般过去时。但间或可用现在完成时： i haven’t seen him since i have been back. since i have known her, she has been fond of sports. 有时同样一句汉语，由于使用场合不用，译成英语时可能需要不同时态： has xiao yang come? did xiao yang come? how many people have gone to the factory? how many people went to the factory? we haven’t invited him. we didn’t invite him. 有时同样一个动作，也随着说话的意图不同而用不同时态表示： has he gone to town? how did he go there? 后一句谈动作本身，与现在无联系。 have you had your lunch? where did you have it？ 你吃中午饭了吗？在那吃的？ has she left? why did she leave so early? 某些动词的现在完成时刻表示一直持续到现在的状态： how have you been (recently)? the conference has lasted five days. we’ve known each other since we were children. 特别是动词be，是常常这样用的： he’s been back for three days. （不能用has come back） she has been a teacher for ten years. (不能说has become) he has been in college for a year. (不能说has entered) 由于come, become, enter和get up 等动词都只代表一个短暂的动作，不能代表一个延续的状态，这是需要用be来表示延续的状态： 另外有少数动词（主要是work, study, teach, live等）可用于现在完成时表示一直持续到现在的一个动作： how long have you worked here？ she has taught english for many years. we’ve lived here for quite a few years. 但大多数动词不宜这样用，而需用现在完成进行时。 注：have been (to)长可用来表示“到过某地”或“刚去做过某事” have you ever been to xi’an? xiao liu has just been here. we’ve been here(there)many times. l 现在完成时还可用在表示时间或条件的状语从句中，表示将来某时业已完成的动作： i’ll go and see the exhibition as soon as i have got the recorder fixed. we’ll start at five o’clock if it has stopped raining by then i will gibe my opinion when i have read the book through. 这利用“现在完成时”时表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成。如果两个动词同时发生，或几乎同时发生，（也就是说一个动作紧接着另一个动作），一般就不用这个时态： i’ll let you know as soon as i hear from her. she’ll write you when she gets there. 在这样的情况下（特别是当我们用的是get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return 等代表迅即完成的动作的动词时），多用一般现在时。有时两种时态都可以用： we’ll leave as soon as it stops(has stopped) raining. i’ll tell him after you leave (have left). 注：have got 形式上时现在完成时，却和have时同一个意思： she has got (=has) a slight temperature. have you got (=do you have) any sisters? 另外，现在有一种倾向，特别是在美国，在随便谈话时，常用一般过去时代替现在完成时： i saw it already (=i have seen it already). did you return the records yet （=have you returned the records yet）？ i just come back (=i’ve just come back).

1. 一般现在时 He cleans the blackboard. The blackboard is cleaned by him. 2．一般过去时 He cleaned the blackboard. The blackboard was cleaned by him. 3．一般将来时He will(或is going to) clean the blackboard. The blackboard will(或is going to) be cleaned by him. 4．现在进行时He is cleaning the blackboard. The blackboard is being cleaned by him. 5．过去进行时He was cleaning the blackboard. The blackboard was being cleaned by him. 6．将来进行时He will be cleaning the blackboard. The blackboard will be being cleaned by him. 7．现在完成时He has cleaned the blackboard. The blackboard has been cleaned by him. 8．过去完成时He had cleaned the blackboard. The blackboard had been cleaned by him. 我才初二，只会8种时态，不好意思