培养计划英语

A future scientist training program

人才储备与培养计划 brain storage and cultivation project接班人计划 successor project

英语阅读能力的培养计划

一，英语阅读能力对英语学习的重要性

对于将英语作为外语的中国人来说，英语阅读不仅是英语学习的目的，而且是英语学习的主要手段和途径。英语阅读技能不仅是最重要的语言技能之一，也是学生必须掌握的学习技能之一。英语阅读能力是发展其他语言技能的基础和前提。

二，英语阅读能力的分析

阅读是一种言语活动。在这过程中所表现出来的能力，被称为“阅读能力”或“阅读理解能力。”要具备这种能力，还必须具备丰富的知识结构。一个拥有社会、文化、风土人情、天文地理、历史等方面的知识的人，在读有关内容的英文材料时，要比不具备这方面知识的人轻松得多，理解的也会透彻得多。他不仅能够理解文中所说的内容，而具还能够将文中所讲的内容与文中未讲的有关内容联系起来。如果不具备这些知识，他就不可能达到对文章的透彻理解。

要想进行有效的阅读，除了具备上述的能力外，还要具备篇章的知识。例如，要尽快知道报纸的大概内容，就首先要了解版面的内容，然后找到感兴趣的版面，先读标题，后确定要读的内容。我们要想了解全书的内容，首先要阅读内容提要，然后阅读目录和前言。所有这一切都清楚地表明，篇章知识是有效阅读必不可少的一个因素，是阅读能力的重要组成部分。

三，英语阅读的方法

1. 导读 ( Preparation for reading )

导读是在阅读文章之前的准备。阅读材料涉及到天文地理、历史人物、环境保护、自然灾害、工作生活、文学艺术、科学技术、体育卫生、人权、政治等各个领域。体裁有记叙、书信、日记、小品、戏剧、传记、诗歌、说明文等。在导读过程中，根据阅读材料的不同内容和不同体裁，适当地查阅一些与文章有关的背景知识，帮助了解阅读材料的内容，将大大激发对材料的兴趣，明显提高阅读的`效果。

例如在读题为American English一文时，可以利用收音机或录音机，有选择地转录BBC和VOA的英语节目，听原汁原味的美国英语和英国英语。听完之后判断并注意英美英语在发音、拼写和用词上的差异。然后把这些差异一一列出来进行比较。

A.在词汇方面的差异：

美国：gas, baggage, mail, movie,

英国：petrol, luggage, post, film,

B.在拼写方面的差异：

美国：check, jail, color, favor, center,

英国：cheque, gaol, colour, favour, centre,

C.在发音方面的差异：

美国：again [ 'gein], clerk [klз:k], dance [d?ns]

英国：again [ 'gen], clerk [kla:k], dance [da:ns]

2.掠读 ( Skimming )

掠读是由阅读目的所决定的。在进行掠读时，不需要详尽地理解所读材料，只是了解阅读材料的基本信息，快速浏览全篇，领会主旨或抓住主要内容。可以跳过细节，跳过不重要的思想和例子。

掠读是一个人可能达到的最快的阅读速度。例如在课外阅读时，想在五分钟内了解一篇文章的大概内容，或者想在考试前几分钟内将要考的内容再复习一遍，都可以用掠读的方法。

掠读通常可以通过以下几个步骤来完成。

(1) 抓住段落特点

每一篇文章都是由各个段落组成的，而每一个段落都是提纲的一个要点，只要抓住了提纲的要点，也就抓住了整个段落的意思，才能迅速地获取阅读信息。

(2) 抓主题句

一个段落只有一个主题思想，主题句是表达段落中心思想的句子，它是一个段落中关键性的句子。抓住了主题句，就抓住了段落的中心思想，就抓住了段落的纲。主题句的位置可能有三种情况：一是主题句位于段首；二是主题句位于段末；三是主题句位于段中。主题句位于句首的情况最为普遍，通常为段落的第一句或第二句，找出每段的主题句，进行归纳总结，就能增加理解的深度。

3．检索读 ( Scanning )

同掠读一样，检索读也是一种快速阅读的方法。两者的不同之处在于：掠读是从阅读材料中获得大意，其目的是了解阅读内容的概要。检索读是从阅读材料中寻找某些特定的信息。掠读是事先对阅读材料一无所知，而检索读则是在对阅读材料有所了解的情况下进行的。

检索读的步骤如下：

(1)学生要时刻清楚地记着自己要寻找的特定信息。

(2)学生应迅速沿着文章自上而下扫视，时刻期待所找信息从未读部分显现出来。

(3)若找到信息，应该仔细看一看，证实所找信息是否确定。在检索读时，心中带着问题，看一看文中是不有问题的答案。

4．猜词性阅读

在课外阅读过程中，特别是在掠读或检索读时，如果遇到不懂的词或句子，手头又没有辞典的情况下，怎么办？这时可利用上下文线索猜测词义。要培养高效的阅读能力就要学会利用生词的上下文去寻找猜词懂意的线索。后文的阅读往往能澄清整段的意思，对整段意思的理解又反过来为理解生词提供了整体背景，使猜测有了可寻的线索。猜词性阅读可以通过以下几种方法来进行：

(1)根据构词法理解词义；

While early settlers had killed bison for food, now the killing became more widespread.

widespread是一个合成词。把它分开成为wide, spread就可知其意。

(2)根据上下文理解：

Now they could ride horse, it became easier to hunt the bison, a type of cattle which used to exist in huge number on the plains of America.

当不理解这个词时， 可根据后面的解释来理解这是 a type of cattle.

(3)根据句了结构理解：

Thus one simple fact, a change in the number of bison, had an effect on the whole wildlife chain of the plaons.

通过分析句子成分可知，a change…bison是fact的同位语。主语是fact,谓语是had an effect on …根据上文所述可理解此句。

5.细读 ( Close reading )

扫清语言障碍是细读的首要任务，在经历了前面的掠读和检索读后，应该对阅读材料的大意和思想有了整体的理解，但是对于一些句子和单词的意思，也就是细节，还不是很清楚，这时就需要细读或称为精读。

细读的过程包括理解生词词义、结构表达的意义及句子表达的语法意义。可以对句子的结构进行语法分析和判断。这样做可以扫清在阅读过程中的语言障碍。然后把文章的中心提出来，进行分析、总结和概括，并揭示各分论点之间的内在关系，深入到课文的内部结构中去理解文章，理解作者意图，掌握文章的中心思想。

综上所述，英语阅读能力都是在大量阅读实践活动中培养的。因此，阅读能力的培养需要各种形式。阅读能力的全面发展要求系统化。大家需要养成良好的阅读习惯和好的阅读技能，并持之以恒，坚持不懈。培养英语阅读技能不仅要充分挖掘快速阅读能力的潜力，而且要注意提高阅读技能和消除阅读技能的障碍。只有熟练掌握英语阅读技能的学生才能高效率地阅读。这样的阅读活动，不但可以激发阅读的兴趣和动机，满足学习英语的成就感；而且还可以培养发现问题、解决问题的能力和用英语思考、用英语交际的能力和自学英语的能力。

[原创]A thank-you letter

Hi, Valerie,

How are you? have you got the approval for your new EP(Employment Pass).

If yes, congratulations!

I wanted to email to GP first, but temporally can't

find his address. It doesn't mean I don't want to write

to you, just feel like GP is more closer to me that

time.

GP told me that because of me you don't want to

talk to Kent either. I was very appreciateful, cause

I took this as my true friend's action! However, Rex

didn't do as you did at all!

I didn't talk to you much when we were in the same

company, though you just sat behind me. Last time I

thought even talk too much with another girl is

considered a great offence to my "wife". I was stuck

too deep to stay awake of this mass. Thank you and GP

so much for having given me great support when I

needed it badly.

I miss GP and you, really. Just hope one day we can

meet together and drink together. I am sure I won't

have a boss like GP again, not to mention a colleague

like you and Vincent. You guys left me the sweetest

memories in Singapore. How am I going to thank

you?

Please tell GP that I have mailed to you and let me know

his address as well. I want to email to him too. I'm

now at home being taken well care of by my parents.

They are about to buy me a car so that I can travel to

some other provinces in China. Ok, my daddy is back,

got to take lunch with him. See you.

All the bests to you and GP

Danny

[原创]About the F word

When I first started to learn English in middle school, I didn't know there is F word in vocabulary. Until many years later, browsing through a book about American Slang in the college library, I spotted the F word in an expression about cursing. I looked it up in my dictionary, but found nothing. Back then, we didn’t have computers or Internet, which gives you access to any sort of information in the blink of an eye, nor did we have DVD or VCD. The only chance we could watch American movie was that during some weekday evening the American teachers played some movies brought from US on a VCR. The TV in our classroom was very small, and the sound was poor. And the room was always packed and had an awful smell of body odor, stale air, and lots of noises.

Honestly, I could understand disturbingly little of the movie, which had no subtitle and couldn’t be played back. All we studied was some stupid textbooks titled advanced English with passages written probably decades or even centuries ago by some famous writers or philosophers whatsoever.

Many years passed, we have more options of English learning, and my knowledge increases. I found that the f word is so widely used in English that no one could say his or her English is really good without solid knowledge of it.

To many beginners, teachers told them that the f word is a bad and crude word they should never learn or use. But I think this is terribly wrong. The f word, though often used as a verbal insult to other people as in “f you”, it is also frequently used to indicate anger, resentment, affection, or even care. Some good examples could be easily caught in the many popular American movies. “Where the f are you talking about?” “Where the f have you been” The speaker may be simply emphasizing an emotion of surprise, shock, or concern. The most interesting word incorporating the f word is “abso-f ing-lutely” in one episode of the TV show “Sex and the City”. If we don’t know how to use the f word, it is really hard to express a degree of certainty higher than the word “absolute”.

My point is that as language learners we should always keep in mind that sometimes what you see is not what you get. To learn a language better, it requires us so much more than hard work and practice. We need to expose ourselves to a more authentic language environment even it is very difficult for people like us living and working in China. The earlier we expose ourselves to cross-cultural problems, the more obstacles we come across in learning English, the deeper we would understand the language. So challenge yourself and you would become tougher and smarter.

为了更好理解这篇文章，请观看以下电影：

[原创]BEC高级--让我难忘的考试

又一年的BEC考试又要开始了.很多人急着复习备考了.平心而论,她在对测试非英语为母语的考生运用英语作为工具进行商务活动能力的方面还是比较有说服力和权威性的,所以对于将来有志进入(或已经进入)外企进行国际贸易的人员来说,这项考试还是值得一试的.特别是BEC HIGHER, 她对英语综合能力的评估力度相对更大一些.

由于BEC考试有她特有的特点,报考她的人也越来越多.但是也正是由于她将英语和商务结合到一起,致使考试难度加大.无论是对于没有经过英语专业训练的非英语专业考生,还是对于学习英语专业但没有商务知识的考生来说都是比较困难的.尤其如果是没有正式进入工作岗位,只是在校学生,他们对BEC高级商务实务不是很了解,在解决具体考试内容的时候,就会有一定难度.

[原创]Government Officers

I had no idea what the government officers were like before I joined my bureau. I, however, had no positive impressions on them, because of some officers I approached when I was a salesman.

Of course, I usually contacted those who were in charge of purchasing. Those officers were/maybe still are proud, demanding and powerful. Some of them hinted me for returns and some just asked directly. I invited them for dinner sometimes, and they ordered the most expensive dishes. Some even asked for more services after dinner. Not until all the so-called services were done, did they want to release some useful information to us or sign the purchasing orders. That’s why I used to look down upon them. They were nothing but a big pile of shit to me.

And now I’m working as a government officer too, not only because I am tired of being a salesman, but I want a stable and reliable job. I don’t think this position will be my final career destination, though! It’s been three months since I joined in the bureau. I’m impressed by the government officers in my bureau, because they are far away from what I thought before. Some of them are really good and responsible people!

Our bureau is a bit different from the others, because we are in charge of all the trades and investments in the city. Local companies have to apply for invitation letters if they want their foreign customers, colleagues, friends, relatives or whoever to come to Shenyang to live or work. And we’re in charge of all the foreign companies in the city. Though we have great power in hand, we use it to get more legal foreign investments and for anything which could be helpful for employment opportunities.

Some small problems still occurred to me after I became a member of the officers. I had no such experience on dealing with them before. For example: A section director asked me to translate a long essay for him. I said yes, but my boss was not happy because he said the director had no right to ask his man to do anything without his permission. I understood, cause he is my boss. I shall not take orders from other people, though their ranks are much higher than mine! So my boss asked me to leave his translation alone and let him to explain to the director. In fact, he forgot to do it, and I was there waiting for the consequence. It came to me pretty soon. The director told the president of my bureau that my English was poor. And don’t forget I just impressed the boss in a negative way. I smiled when I heard this, bitterly. “So what?” I asked myself. It’s no big deal. Danny’s English level has been proved by many foreigners, not only from English-speaking countries. I have, at least, great confidence on my English skills.

This incident made me more mature. Working for the Chinese government is not easy. As long as you’re sophisticated enough, you will definitely stand a batter chance to be promoted. You have to be bad, mean and whatever suitable for the job. I’m outta here, sooner or later. Like my brother told me before: if you work for the government, you’re gonna die soon.

Now I understand what he meant. Oops, being a government officer is not easy; being a good and innocent one is nearly impossible. So are you ready to be a government officer?

[原创]how to "use" english!!!

some people just dont know why after 10 years of learning they

still cant speak like a 10 year old native speaker. the only

reason or difference is that while you are "learning" english,

a native kid is "using" english.

a book just wont get you anywhere, but without a good book,

you cant go far either. so here is my idea, use the language

first, read when there is something you dont understand, but

before you go through this reading process, do ask a native

for help first.

i spent 3 years on this and it definitely worked. i hope

newbies could do like i did, but one thing for sure, you will

never be as good at this as you wanna be, and this feeling will

either get you motivated or bored, if you can manage well, you

will see the big picture.

here is a website where you can meet a lot of native people,

, there is a forum which can be accessed

for free if you register, you can chat with native people on

that forum in real time, its much better than having a teacher

right? well, at least i think so.

you know, i avoid the chance to talk with non native speakers,

because i might learn from them, and they might become some

kind of habbit to me, which tells you not to use english with

your own kind, cause if you do it will not do you any good.

mistakes can happen, but make sure they dont come out all the

time, cause if they do your brain will register them and it

will be hard for you to correct later on.

dont you ever think going abroad to learn english is much better

than doing it in your own country and dont forget who you are, because if you forget who you really are, no one else would

remember that for you, and if you think going abroad can learn

the real thing, to some point you are right, but for most of

you, its a big mistake, who told you native speakers can accept

you as their friend when you still need to learn english? if

you cant talk fluently with them they will get bored.

dont argue, if a native spearker says "hey whats up", you just

need to accept the fact that they dont use "hello how are you",

just register that piece in your mind and use it the next time

you see someone you know, "habbitize" yourself. "ima tell you

like dis," grammar rules dont work very well in real conversations

if you see what i mean.

"is" and "are", you dont know how to use them? maybe a native

speaker doesnt know that either but they do know how to use

them in a "right" kind of way. "who you think you is?" does

this one sound right to you? cause it does sound right for a

native. whatever a native says, its right, if you follow,

you will become more like them.

alright, im sick of this long ass sh*t, enough for you to

get my point...(or maybe i need to write more?)

英语：National basic subject talent training plan中文：国家基础学科拔尖人才培养计划