英文作品中的强调

英文破折号在文中主要起到解释说明和强调等作用，同时，它还可以在一些情况下代替逗号、括号以及冒号，增强文本的可读性。我们所讨论的英文破折号在英语中称为Em dash(—)，除此之外还有连接号En dash (–)，它的长度是 Em dash 的一半，主要用于连接数字表示起止范围（比如1:00–2:00 p.m.），以及表示两者之间的关系和联系（比如 Boston–Hartford route）。另外，还有连字号Hyphen (-)，它的长度比En dash还要短，主要用于行末单词换行以及连接复合词的各个组成部分（比如 20-year-old son）。英文破折号都有哪些作用？具体来讲，英文破折号有以下几个功能：（1）对上文内容进行解释说明破折号最常见的用法是对上文进行补充说明，使读者对上文有更多了解。比如《经济学人》最近的一篇文章里面有这样一句话：Real estate is the biggest asset market in the world. The value of residential property in America—at around $34trn—rivals the market capitalisation of all listed American companies.这里作者使用破折号对美国居民住宅总价值进行了说明——大约34万亿美元。又比如：The first law of motion—every object in motion will stay in motion until acted upon by an outside force—explains why a ball dropped from the top of a roof will not stop in mid-air but will continue to fall until it hits the ground.两个破折号中间的内容every object in motion will stay in motion until acted upon by an outside force对牛顿第一定律进行了解释。（2）对内容进行强调写作中作者经常用破折号对某些单词、句子和语义内容加以强调，使之重点突出，引起读者的注意。比如我们在之前的外刊精读文章中出现了这样一个标题：英文破折号都有哪些作用？Britain’s fisherfolk fret about being sold down the river—yet again作者在这里用破折号来强调英国渔民担心再一次被政府出卖。又比如：Many employees—mostly recent graduates with student loans—must ride the bus to work.作者用破折号对mostly recent graduates with student loans这一部分信息进行突出。写作中我们可以使用圆括号（parentheses）来对句子内容进行强调，比如：Upon discovering the errors (all 124 of them), the publisher immediately recalled the books.如果我们需要进一步强调内容，可以改用破折号，因为破折号更明显，给人的感觉更直观，例如：Upon discovering the errors⁠—all 124 of them⁠—the publisher immediately recalled the books.这样更加突出"all 124 of them"这一信息。（3）归纳概括作者在列举一些事物后有时候会用破折号对前面的内容进行归纳概括，进而叙述自己的看法或结论，这样能使行文更加紧凑。比如：Male and female, old and young, short and tall—people of all shapes and sizes can participate in activities at the community center.这里破折号后面people of all shapes and sizes对前面列举的几个人物特点进行总结。又比如：Reliability, trustworthiness, diligence—this company only hires employees with all of these traits.作者在开头先列举出三个品质：可靠、可信赖和勤奋，接下来解释说明这些品质是公司招人时着重的点。这里破折号的使用能够制造悬念，增强句子的可读性。（4）代替逗号以及冒号当英文中出现并列成分时我们会用逗号将并列成分分开，但有时候只用逗号可能会使版面不美观，比如：My cousins, Oliver, Harry, and Lyra, cannot attend my birthday party.The teacher wrote the titles of the books, The Golden Compass, The Subtle Knife, and The Amber Spyglass, on the board.在这种情况下可以使用破折号来代替，比如上面句子可以改为：My cousins—Oliver, Harry, and Lyra—cannot attend my birthday party.The teacher wrote the titles of the books—The Golden Compass, The Subtle Knife, and The Amber Spyglass—on the board.破折号在一些情况下也可以代替冒号用于强调，比如：After months of deliberation, the jurors reached a unanimous verdict⁠: guilty.After months of deliberation, the jurors reached a unanimous verdict⁠—guilty.英文破折号除了上面这几个用法之外，还可以在文学作品中表示语气的中断或转折，以及字句的省略等等，各位同学在日常阅读中可以多加留意体会。

不用双引号 也不用单引号

都不用；引号用法：1．用于直接引语2．用于引述文章、文艺作品、歌曲、广播及电视节目、绘画等3．用于引述俚语、反语、借用语、定义、词形等强烈推荐Joy高斋翻译CATTI和MTI分享：希望对你有用。必备|标点符号如何翻译？（附使用规则）比如2016年11月英语三级笔译实务试题原文：Harper Lee was an ordinary woman as stunned as anybody by the extraordinary success of “To Kill a Mockingbird.”书名号里面的双引号。“To Kill a Mockingbird”，英文中的书名通常是斜体或加引号表示或者大写就可以，因为斜体有时候看着不整齐，译文中文需要加上书名号，书名第一次出现，需要括号加注原英文名（人名也这样处理）。还比如14年11月CATTI二级笔译英译汉真题原文：WATERLOO, Belgium --- The region around this Belgian city is busily preparing to commemorate the 200th anniversary in 2015 of one of the major battles in European military history. 里面的逗号和破折号。WATERLOO, Belgium比利时滑铁卢：这里考察英语地名从小到大，而且加个逗号，汉语里面是从大到小，不加逗号，比如Shanghai, China翻译为中国上海。这是CATTI英译汉高频翻译细节，可是我今天看了大家提交的译文，基本都这样写的：WATERLOO, Belgium --- The region 比利时滑铁卢——：破折号的用法和翻译，这是CATTI英译汉高频翻译细节，经常用在文章或报道的开头，引出事件发生的背景（地点）。翻译的时候保持破折号即可。:Colon（冒号）1．引出表示列举、解释或说明性的词语，翻译的时候保持：The string section consists of four instruments: violin, viola cello, and bass. /His grades are a follows: English, an A; History. a B: Science, a D: and Math, a C.2．引出对前文进行补充、总结或强调的词语，翻译的时候保持：Judges have a double duty；They must protect the innocent and punish the guilty／ He has only one pleasure: eating.3．引出较长的正式引语或大段引语，翻译的时候是：或者，In his most famous speech he said: All men are created equal and must enjoy equally the rights that are inalienably theirs.4．用于信件或演说词中的称呼语之后（英国用法中多用逗号），翻译的时候保持：Dear Sir: /Dear Professor Jones: /Ladies and Gentlemen:公主号“高斋外刊双语精读”5．用于公函、政府文件或商业函件的标题或标目之后，翻译的时候保持：TO. /SUBJECT: /REFERENCE: /VIA:6．用于时与分之间（英国法中多用句号）、比率数之间、《圣经》的章与节之间，翻译的时候保持：The train is to leave at 8: 30. /Common nouns outnumber proper nouns in proportion 32. /You will find it in Genesis 2: 4-7.7．分隔书名的标题与副标题，翻译的时候保持：或者破折号NOStromo: A Tale of the Seaboard， Comma（逗号）1．分隔并列成分We are tired, hungry and dilate. /Washington was said to be first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. /We were taught how to sit gracefully, how to walk. how to converse politely.2．分隔并列句中的分句It snowed all night, and the schools were closed the next day. / We must leave now, or we will miss the plane. / I tried to sleep, but my neighbour's dog made that impossible. /It is an imperfect system,yet it is better than none.3．分隔对比或对照成分He is sick, not drunk. /The more haste, the less speed.4．分隔非限定性修饰语、同位语或附加说明的词语He found the Paper on the roof, where the newsboy had thrown it. The the who had cared through the window, went straight to the safe. /They want us, you and me, to go there. /I have to get up early, particularly on Sundays.5．分隔附加疑问句或选择疑问句Tom didn't take it, did he? / Which pencil do you prefer. the red one or the blue one?6．分隔直接引语和导语Only a fool. "Sherman said, " would carry on like that.7．表示省略相同词语Some went to the right; others, to the left.8. 分隔句首状语Usually, he is dressed in blue jeans. / Except for physics, my courses are not difficult. /When he found that his parents had deserted him, he sat down to cry.9，常用以分隔用作独立成分、状语等的下列词语Honestly, that's all the money I have. /Personally, I prefer the other one. /Unfortunately, they were out when I called. /To tell you the truth, I was very frightened1) actually, basically, briefly fortunately,frankly, honestly, hopefully, incidentally,luckily, naturally, personally, unfortunately, to tell the truth2) anyhow, anyway, besides, consequent,furthermore, however, likewise, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore;3)first(ly), second(ly ), last(ly), finally,first of all. after all, above all, in other words, for example, for instance, that is,namely, i.e., e. g.4)in short, in fact, in conclusion, in a few words, as a result, as a matter of fact, on the contrary, on the other hand;5) of course, by the way, sure enough, between you and me, believe it or not;6)I think, I believe, I suppose, you know,you see, In my opinion;7)yes, no, well, ohAnyhow, even if the problem does arise, it wont affect us. /I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. /This is, however, another side to this problem.This is our most disastrous and embarrassing defeat eve: in short, a fiasco. /I don’t like him, in fact,I hate him. /On the contrary, it hardly ever rains.It's strange, you know, that he hasn’t passed the exam. /In my opinion, he is right.Yes, times have changed. /Well, not much can be done about it now. /Oh, David, come here a moment! /Oh no, not again!10．分隔日期、数字、地点Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty. /The cinema is only open to adults, i. e.,people over 18.June 12, 1991/It was on Friday, May 16, in Los Angeles. /The price of this sedan car is $12,300./He lives at 1515 Halsted Street.Chicago, Illinois.11．分隔人名与职称、头衔或倒置姓名I asked my boss for a month's holiday and, believe it or not, he agreed! /By the way, have you seen Tom recently?12．分隔呼语R W. Leeds, M. D. /George Washington, President/Smith, John W., Jr.I would like to ask you, Mr. Jones, for your opinion. /Will you see if the door is closed, Janet? /Sir,I'd like to ask a question.13．用于信件的称呼语之后（美国用法中多用冒号）或结束语之后Dear Mary, /Sincerely yours, /Yours truly,“ ”Quotation Mark（引号)1．用于直接引语注意下列句子中其他标点符号与引号的相对位置:1）逗号、句号位于引号内（这是美国用法，英国用法多置于引号外）2）不属于引语的问号、感叹号或破折号位于引号之外3）在引语内再用引语时，可用单引号（这是美国用法，在英国用法中，单引号在外，双引号在内）4）引语不止一段时，引号位于各段起始处和最后一段结尾处Michael said, "Let's meet at my house next time. "/"No, you cant, "she wrote. "It's impossible.on January 1, 1863, Lincoln declared the slaves "forever free. "/The word"bread, for example, has both standard and slang meanings.Why did she say "That is a very selfish attitude"?The witness said, "I distinctly heard him say, Don’t be late, and then heard the door closed. " /The witness said, I distinctly heard him say, Don’t be late.and then heard the door closed.’Frequently used signs and symbols are in the back of this dictionary. Many are found on typewriters.Symbols include the chemical elements... The chemical elements are also grouped together in the back of this dictionary. "2．用于引述文章、文艺作品、歌曲、广播及电视节目、绘画等Have you read the article"Shanghai Shows Its Colors"in the January Time? /"Ode to a Nightingale " was written by Keats. /American national anthem is"The Star-spangled Banner. " /YOAS Amencan Mosaic”／ Da Vinci’s“ Mona Lisa "3．用于引述俚语、反语、借用语、定义、词形等Her brother"socked her in the eye and" beaned "her with a ruler. /Bob's skiing"vacation"consisted of three weeks with his leg in a cast. / The basic meaning of dumb in both British and American English is“ unable to speak．”／ How do you spell the word＂ eclectic”？;Semicolon（分号）一般说来，分号的作用介于句号与逗号之间，即用分号隔开的两部分之间的关系，比用句号分开的紧密，但不及用逗号分开的紧密。1．用于并列分句之间People make history: unusual people make history interesting. /Your car is new; mine is six years old. /I came, I saw I conquered. /it's too late to go for a walk now; besides, it's beginning to rain. /We finally found the gate; however, it had been locked.2．分隔已有逗号的并列成分，以避免歧义Follow this procedure: first, get your application forms; next, fill them out; last, pay the charge.The sun, a bright yellow ball, shone; the children, happy as always, played.3．用于由 for example， for instance， namely，that is（ to say）， in fact，i．e．，e．g等词语引出的分句之前Many of their talents complemented each other; for example, he played the piano and she sang./Tom is well-liked: in fact. he is the most popular person in the class./He chose to invest in major industries: i. e, steel, automobiles, and oil.— Dash(破折号)1.用在一个解释性的分句或句子前面：It's an environmental issue. — That's not a small matter.这是个环境保护的问题，这不是一件小事。2.用在一个解释性的插入语的前面和后面（相当于一个括号）：During my vacation—I must have been insane—I decided I would ski.假期中，我准是疯了，我决定去滑雪。3.用在一个引用的句子前面（代替一个冒号，或与分号一起用）：Uncle Wang laughingly answered—"No, no; stay where you are."大叔笑着回答道“不用了，不用了，你就呆到那。”4.表示意思的突然转折："And may I ask—"said Xiao Wu;" but I guess it's better for you to ask him about it."“我可以问——”小吴说；“不过我想还是你问他的好。”5.表示迟疑犹豫："I—I—I rather think —maybe—Amy has taken it."“我——我——我想——或许——是艾米拿了。”6.总括前面列举的若干东西：News house, larger schools, more sheep, more pigs and chickens, more horses and donkeys—everywhere here shows signs of prosperity.新房子，扩建的学校，更多的羊、猪、鸡，更多的马和驴，这里的一切显示出一片繁荣景象。Italicization斜体字的使用1．书籍、报刊、文章、诗歌、乐曲、电影、绘画等的名称Dickens' Oliver Twist /The English-Chinese Dictionary/Readers Digest /The New York TimesMilton's Paradise Lost/Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro/ The Sound of Music /Van Gogh’s StarryNight2．交通工具、航天器等专名Air Force One/Apollo/Challenger3．作为例示的词、字母或数字The word receive is often misspelled. /The b in comb is silent4，表示强调的词语She never expected such a welcome. /woman's place was in the home; it certainly isn’t today.5．表示未归化的外来词语In aeternum[L]/ fille[F]6．动物学和植物学中表示属、种、亚种及变种的拉丁语新学名The horse (Equus caballus )has affected the course of history more than any other animal. /The mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens )is the state flower of Oklahoma.7．法庭案例名称中的原被告姓名Madison v. Kingley/the Jones case8．剧本中的舞台提示ROBERT: Ah yes, of course. Sit down, sit down, please, Mrs. Ross. [She sits as if this made matters rather worse.]PHILIP: (Standing guard by her side. )My wife is a little agitated.取自陆谷孙英译汉大词典

英语里想重点强调一部作品怎么说1．用形容词“very”，“single”等表示强调2．用反身代词表示强调3．用助词“do”表示强调4．用副词“very”，“only”，“even”，“too”等表示强调5．用“．．．and that”，“．．．and those”，“not．．．too much”，“否定加否定”等结构表示强调6．用短语“in every way”，“in no way”，“by all means”，“by no means”，“only too”，“all too”，“but too”，“in heaven”，“in the world”，“in hell”，“on earth”，“under the sun”等表示强调7．用倒装句表示强调8．用强调句型表示强调

破折号的用法破折号是用来加强语气的符号，表示意思突然转折，往往起到冒号，分号或逗号的作用。其用法如下：1)表示话语突然中断、意思突然转折或犹豫不决。2)引出被强调的词语。3)分隔非限定性修饰语、同位语或附加成分的词语。4)引出概括性词语。5)表示引文出处。6)用于两地名或两个时间之间，意为“至”。分号是名副其实的分隔号，它不能用于完结一个句子，它通常用于并列的分句之间。一般来说，分号的作用介于句号与逗号之间，用分号隔开的两部分之间的关系，比用句号分开的紧密，但不及用逗号分开的紧密。分号一般有以下的用法：1)用于并列分句之间，以分隔（通常）没有连词连接的主要从句，这些从句被认为是关系密切而属于一个句子。2)用于forexample,forinstance,namely,thatis(tosay),infact,i.e.,e.g.等词语引出的分句之前。