英语诗写作

HaikuProse

he Star 星星Twinkle, twinkle, little star! 闪耀，闪耀，小星星！How I wonder what you are, 我想知道你身形，Up above the world so high, 高高挂在天空中，Like a diamond in the sky. 就像天上的钻石。Never give up永不放弃Never give up, Never lose hope. Always have faith, It allows you to cope. Trying times will pass, As they always do. Just have patience, Your dreams will come true. So put on a smile, You'll live through your pain. Know it will pass, And strength you will gain永 不 放 弃 , 永 不 心 灰 意 冷 . 永 存 信 念 , 它 会 使 你 应 付 自 如 . 难 捱 的 时 光 终 将 过 去 , 一 如 既 往 . 只 要 有 耐 心 , 梦 想 就 会 成 真 . 露 出 微 笑 , 你 会 走 出 痛 苦 . 相 信 苦 难 定 会 过 去 , 你 将 重 获 力 量 .A Grain of Sand 一粒沙子William Blake/威廉.布莱克To see a world in a grain of sand,And a heaven in a wild fllower,Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,And eternity in an hour.从一粒沙子看到一个世界,从一朵野花看到一个天堂,把握在你手心里的就是无限,永恒也就消融于一个时辰Heart, we will forget him!Heart, we will forget him! You an I, tonight! You may forget the warmth he gave, I will forget the light. When you have done, pray tell me That I my thoughts may dim; Haste! lest while you're lagging. I may remember him!心啊,我们把他忘记 心啊,我们把他忘记! 我和你—今夜! 你可以忘掉他给的温暖— 我要把光忘却! 当你忘毕,请给个信息, 好让我立即开始! 快!免得当你迁延— 我又把他想起! My Life Closed Twice Before it ClosedMy life closed twice before its close; It yet remains to see If Immortality unveil A third event to me, So huge, so hopeless to conceive, As these that twice befell. Parting is all we know of heaven, And all we need of hell.我的生命结束前已结束过两次 我的生命结束前已结束过两次 它还要等着看 永恒是否会向我展示 第三次事件. 象前两次一样重大 一样,令人心灰望绝. 离别,是我们对天堂体验的全部, 对地狱短缺的一切. 这首顺口溜是英语国家民间很受欢迎的鹅妈妈故事之一.Humpty-dumpty 是一只大鸡蛋.一位美丽的公主把它带进皇宫,让它坐在墙头上看国王的车队回宫.它看得太起劲了,不小心摔下来就碎了.英语里的Humpty-dumpty 比喻一经损坏就无法修复的东西. 如果我能使一颗心免于哀伤If I can stop one heart from breaking, I shall not live in vain; If I can ease one life the aching, Or cool one pain, Or help one fainting robin Unto his nest again, I shall not live in vain. If you were a teardrop;In my eye, For fear of losing you,I would never cry. And if the golden sun,Should cease to shine its light, Just one smile from you,Would make my whole world bright.如果你是我眼里的一滴泪，为了不失去你，我将永不哭泣；如果金色的阳光停止了它耀眼的光芒，你的一个微笑，将照亮我的整个世界。Thank you for comforting me when I'm sadLoving me when I'm madPicking me up when I'm downThank you for being my friend and being aroundTeaching me the meaning of loveEncouraging me when I need a shoveBut most of all thank you forLoving me for who I am感谢你在我伤心时安慰我，当我生气时你护著我，当我沮丧时你拉拔我。感谢你作我的朋友并且在我身旁，教导我爱的意义是什么，当我需要动力时你鼓励我。Love is more than a word,It says so much.When I see these four letters,I almost feel your touch.This only happened sinceI fell in love with you.Why this word does this,I haven't got a clue.Love不单是一个字，它还代表了许多意涵，当我看到这四个字母时，我几乎能感受到你内心的感动。但是这只发生在，我爱上你之后You're always there for meWhen things tend to go wrongIt's that faith you have in meThat makes our love strong 当我需要你时你永远在那里，就算是我犯了错误也没关系，是你对我坚定的信心，让我们的爱更加茁壮。

A poem starts with a thought, an idea, or an emotion felt from the heart. Poems can be happy, or sad, deep-thinking or off the wall, humorous, or even maudlin. The choice is up to you and your imagination as to what you will create. The only other tools you will need is paper and a pencil. You might keep a rhyming dictionary on hand, along with a thesaurus and a regular dictionary to help you out. Your first step is to write down that idea or thought that you have and want to turn into a poem. Next, we are going to turn that thought into a free verse poem. There are two different types of poems, and they are structured and free verse. One example of a structured poem is a limerick. Free verse is much easier to write as there are no steadfast rules to writing them. Some free verse doesn't even have any rhymes or meters to them. Meter is defined as a rhythm in verses, or a pattern of syllables. So, now, rewrite your thoughts into lines. Don't worry about spelling or punctuation at this point in time, just change your thoughts to lines. Don't worry about how long or short each line is either. Now is the time to look at your lines and remember that the poem should have a beginning, a middle, and an end, just like a story, a book, and a movie has. You may need to add more information in order to turn your thoughts into a start, a middle, and a finish. Keep in mind that these parts need not be "written in stone", so to speak. The words of a poem are pliable while they are in the creation stages. They are to be molded and changed until you find the exactly right words you need to complete a line or stanza. Reread your poem several times and listen to the words and to the rhythm of each line. Now is the time to shorten or lengthen each line in order to create a smooth-sounding poem. Even though it is a free verse poem, you can choose to make each line rhyme with the next line if you want to. If you do, you can use the rhyming dictionary to aid you in finding the appropriate words. Now go back and reread your poem again. Check for proper punctuation as well as for the proper spelling of each word. Think up an appropriate title for your poem. It would be a good idea to set your poem aside for awhile and then return to it later. Then, reread it again with a fresh mind and make any necessary changes. If you decide to continue writing poetry, it would be a good idea to investigate some books about creating poetry, and to attend some local workshops. Check out the available recources on the Internet as well as what is available at your local public library.

【1】Rain雨Rain is falling all around, 雨儿在到处降落，It falls on field and tree, 它落在田野和树梢， It rains on the umbrella here, 它落在这边的雨伞上，And on the ships at sea. 又落在航行海上的船只。by R. L. Stevenson, 1850-1894【2】What Does The Bee Do?What does the bee do? 蜜蜂做些什么？Bring home honey. 把蜂蜜带回家。And what does Father do? 父亲做些什么？Bring home money. 把钱带回家。And what does Mother do? 母亲做些什么？Lay out the money. 把钱用光。And what does baby do?婴儿做些什么？Eat up the honey. 把蜜吃光。by C. G. Rossetti, 1830-1894【3】O Sailor, Come Ashore啊！水手，上岸吧 (Part I)O sailor, come ashore 啊！水手，上岸吧What have you brought for me? 你给我带来什么？Red coral , white coral, 海里的珊瑚，Coral from the sea. 红的，白的。(Part II)I did not dig it from the ground 它不是我从地下挖的，Nor pluck it from a tree; 也不是从树上摘的；Feeble insects made it 它是暴风雨的海裹In the stormy sea. 弱小昆虫做成的。by C. G. Rossetti【4】THE WIND风(Part I)Who has seen the wind? 谁曾见过风的面貌？Neither I nor you; 谁也没见过，不论你或我；But when the leaves hang trembling, 但在树叶震动之际，The wind is passing through. 风正从那里吹过。 (Part II) Who has seen the wind? 谁曾见过风的面孔？Neither you nor I; 谁也没见过，不论你或我； But when the trees bow down their heads, 但在树梢低垂之际，The wind is passing by. 风正从那里经过。 ～by C. G. Rossetti 另一首诗人的风之歌 O wind , why do you never rest, 风啊！为何你永不休止 Wandering, whistling to and fro, 来来回回的漂泊，呼啸Bring rain out of the west, 从西方带来了雨 From the dim north bringing snow? 从蒙眬的北方带来了雪。【5】THE CUCKOO布谷鸟In April, 四月里， Come he will, 它就来了， In May, 五月里， Sing all day, 整天吟唱多逍遥， In June, 六月里， Change his tune, 它在改变曲调， In July, 七月里， Prepare to fly, 准备飞翔， In August, 八月里， Go he must! 它就得离去了！ ～by Mother Goose's Nursery Rhyme 【6】COLORS颜色What is pink? A rose is pink 什么是粉红色？By the fountain's brink. 喷泉边的玫瑰就是粉红色。 What is red? A poppy's red 什么是艳红色？ In its barley bed. 在大麦床里的罂粟花就是艳红色。What is blue? The sky is blue 什么是蔚蓝色？天空就是蔚蓝色，Where the clouds float thro'. 云朵飘过其间。What is white? A swan is white 什么是白色？ Sailing in the light. 阳光下嬉水的天鹅就是白色。 What is yellow? Pears are yellow, 什么是黄色？梨儿就是黄色，Rich and ripe and mellow. 熟透且多汁。What is green? The grass is green, 什么是绿色？草就是绿色，With small flowers between. 小花掺杂其间。What is violet? Clouds are violet 什么是紫色？夏日夕阳里的 In the summer twilight. 彩霞就是紫色。 What is orange? Why, an orange, 什么是橘色？当然啦！ Just an orange! 橘子就是橘色。 by C. G. Rossetti 【7】A House Of Cards 纸牌堆成的房子(1) A house of cards 纸牌堆成的房子 Is neat and small; 洁净及小巧 Shake the table, 摇摇桌子 It must fall. 它一定会倒。 (2) Find the court cards 找出绘有人像的纸牌 One by one; 一张一张地竖起 Raise it, roof it,---- 再加上顶盖 Now it's done;---- 现在房子已经盖好 Shake the table! 摇摇桌子 That's the fun. 那就是它的乐趣。 by C. G. Rossetti 【8】What Does Little Birdie Say?(1) What does little birdie say, 小鸟说些什么呢？ In her nest at peep of day? 在这黎明初晓的小巢中？ Let me fly, says little birdie, 小鸟说，让我飞， Mother, let me fly away, 妈妈，让我飞走吧。 Birdie, rest a little longer, 宝贝，稍留久一会儿， Till the little wings are stronger. 等到那对小翅膀再长硬些儿。So she rests a little longer, 因此它又多留了一会儿， Then she flies away. 然而它还是飞走了。 (2) What does little baby say, 婴儿说些什么， In her bed at peep of day? 在破晓时分的床上？ Baby says, like little birdie, 婴儿像小鸟那样说， Let me rise and fly away. 让我起来飞走吧。 Baby, sleep a little longer, 乖乖，稍微多睡一会儿， Till the little limbs are stronger. 等你的四肢再长硬点儿。 If she sleeps a little longer, 如果她再多睡一会儿， Baby too shall fly away. 婴儿必然也会像鸟儿一样地飞走。 by Alfred Tennyson, 1809-1892 【9】The Star 星星(1) Twinkle, twinkle, little star! 闪耀，闪耀，小星星！ How I wonder what you are, 我想知道你身形， Up above the world so high, 高高挂在天空中， Like a diamond in the sky. 就像天上的钻石。 (2) When the blazing sun is gone, 灿烂太阳已西沉， When he nothing shines upon, 它已不再照万物， Then you show your little light, 你就显露些微光， Twinkle, twinkle all the night. 整个晚上眨眼睛。 (3) The dark blue sky you keep 留恋漆黑的天空 And often thro' my curtains peep, 穿过窗帘向我望， For you never shut your eye 永不闭上你眼睛 Till the sun is in the sky. 直到太阳又现形。 (4) 'Tis your bright and tiny spark 你这微亮的火星， Lights the traveler in the dark; 黑夜照耀着游人， Though I know not what you are 虽我不知你身形， Twinkle, twinkle, little star! 闪耀，闪耀，小星星！ by Jane Taylor, 1783-1824 【10】At The Seaside 海边(1) When I was down beside the sea 当我到海边时 A wooden spade they gave to me 他们给了我一把木铲 To dig the sandy shore. 好去挖掘沙滩。 (2) The holes were empty like a cup 挖成像杯状般的空洞 In every hole the sea camp up, 让每个洞中的海水涌现 Till it could come no more. 直到它不能再涌现。 by R. L. Stevenson 【11】Boats Sail On The Rivers(1) Boats sail on the rivers, 小舟在河上航行， And ships sail on the seas; 大船在海中操轮， But clouds that sail across the sky, 然而白云飘过天空时， Are prettier far than these. 比这些更为悦人。 (2) There are bridges on the rivers, 河上有桥， As pretty as you please; 如你所愿的那么悦目； But the bow that bridges heaven, 然而横跨在穹苍的长虹， And overtops the trees, 却比树梢更高， And builds a road from earth to sky, 而能建筑一条通行天际的道路，Is prettier far than these. 比这些更为美好。 by C. G. Rossetti 【12】The Swing 秋千(1) How do you like to go up in a swing, 你喜欢荡一趟秋千， Up in the air so blue? 置身于蓝蓝的晴空吗？ Oh, I do think it the pleasantest thing 啊，我认为这是小孩所能做到的Ever a child can do. 最愉快的玩耍。 (2) Up in the air and over the wall, 越过墙外高踞天空， Till I can see so wide, 直到我能望见如此广大的世界， River and trees and cattle and all 河流、树木、牛群， Over the countryside---- 还有整个的乡村。 (3) Till I look down on the garden green 直到我俯瞰着翠绿的花园 Down on the roof so brown---- 以及棕色的屋顶 Up in the air I go flying again 我又飞上天去， Up in the air and down! 在天地间上下穿梭！ by R. L. Stevenson

英诗浩瀚，篇幅长短不一，长至成集，短至仅句。为使英语学习者了解英诗，特拟此文，从实用角度阐述英诗的欣赏：诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。 诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐，用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。（有关修辞手法可参考相关书籍）。 一、 诗的格律 “格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”，是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬（重），在音节上用“－”或“ˊ”标示，非重读音节为抑（轻），在音节上用“）”标示，音步之间可用“／”隔开。以下是五种常见格式： 1． 抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。 As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass, So deep / in luve / am I : And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry: Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose 注；art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go 上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：）－／）－／）－／（）－） 2．扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。 下例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：－）／－）／－）／－ Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright In the / forests / of the / night William Blake: The Tyger 3． 抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如：三音步抑抑扬格））－／））－／））－ Like a child / from the womb, Like a ghost / from the tomb, I arise / and unbuild / it again. 4． 扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如：两音步扬抑抑格－））／－）） ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully, ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully. -- Thomas Hood 5． 抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如：三音步抑扬抑格）－）／）－）／）－） 下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。 O ˊhush thee / my ˊbabie / thy ˊsire was / a knight. 在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。 二、 诗的押韵 押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。 1． 尾韵：最常见，最重要的押韵方式。 1） 联韵：aabb型。 I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where; For, so swiftly it flew, the sight Could not follow it in its flight. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song 2） 交叉韵：abab型。 Sunset and evening star, And one clear call for me! And may there be no moaning of the bar, When I put out to sea, Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar 3） 同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。 如下例就共用／i:p／为韵脚。 The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 2． 头韵：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。下例中运用／f／、／b／与／s／头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。 The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free, We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner 3．内韵（同元音）：指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。 下面一节诗中／i／及／iη／重复照应，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。 Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king; Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing: Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo! Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring 三、 诗的体式 有的诗分成几节（stanza），每节由若干诗行组成（每行诗均以大写字母开头）；有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有： 1． 十四行诗 (Sonnet)，源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提问，后六行回答。 后来，怀亚特（Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬 格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser,1552-1599）用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。举 例见本文第四部分。 2． 打油诗（Limericks）：通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌，一般没有标题也无作者姓名，含有幽默讽刺性，常运用双关，内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行，押韵为aabba，格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。 1) There was a young lady of Nigger Who smiled as she rode on a tiger; They returned from the ride With the lady inside, And the smile on the face of the tiger. 2) A tutor who taught on the flute Tried to teach two tooters to toot, “Is it harder to toot, or Said the two to the tutor, To tutor two tooters to toot?” 3． 无韵体（Blank Verse）：五音步抑扬格，不押韵诗体。 Across the watery bale , and shout again, Responsive to his call, -- with quivering peals, And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud. Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild Of jocund din!… William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy 4． 自由诗（Free Verse）:现代诗中常见的体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人Walt Whitman的<<草叶集>>（Leaves of Grass）中，就采用此格式。例子见第四部分。 四、 诗的评判 对一首诗，个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅，语言精炼，联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词藻，一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗，只能是下乘的诗。 二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体，接近口语，可谓大胆创新，大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。以下通过三首诗的分析看诗的评判。 1． That Time of Year That time of year thou may’st in me behold When yellow leaves,or none,or few, do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang, In me thou see’st the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in the west, When by and by black night doth take away, Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest. In me thou see’st the glowing of such fire, That on the ashes of his youth doth lie. As the deathbed whereon it must expire, Consumed with that which it was nourished by. This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong, To love that well which thou must leave ere long. Notes:may’st:may behold:see late:no long ago thou:you see’st:see fadeth:fades doth:does seals up all at rest:彻底埋葬 thy:your perceivest: perceive ere long: before long 此诗是莎士比亚（William Shakespeare, 1564-1616）的一首十四行诗。作为英国文学巨匠，他以37部剧作和154首十四行诗屹立于世界文坛。 此诗为五音步抑扬格，每个诗行格律为：）－／）－／）－／）－／）－／。 全诗涉及衰老、死亡及爱情问题。前十二行：通过描写深秋的树枝黄叶凋零，曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛，联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方，被黑夜吞没；自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息，被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化。其中choirs（歌坛），deathbed（灵床）使用暗喻手法，同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老死亡。最后两行：点题，人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜。本文动词变化具有明显的伊利沙白时代的特点。 2． The Daffodils I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the Milky Way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside them danced; but they Outdid the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I gazed --- and gazed --- but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; Ans then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. Notes: a crowd, a host of: many sprightly:happy glee:joy jocund:happy bliss:complete happiness pensive:sadly thoughtful 华兹华斯（William Wordsworth，1770-1850），十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“湖畔派诗人”（浪漫主义）之一。此诗向我们描绘了一幅美好的自然景象，同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜欢。黄水仙据说是威尔士国花（1282年，威尔士归顺英格兰，被封公国），在英国广泛栽种，春季开花，花期不长。有许多关于黄水仙的诗歌，这首诗无疑是脱颖而出的。 全诗语言精炼，通俗易懂，四音步抑扬格，分四节（stanza），每节6行，每节押韵均为ababcc。 第一节写诗人孤寂时外出散步，偶遇水仙；第二节写水仙争相开放，千姿百态；第三节，诗人看到这景象感到欣喜异常；第四节写诗人在日后忧郁时，回想当时情景，又让他心中充满了欢乐，随着水仙跳起舞来。 3. Song of Myself I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul, I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form’d from this soil, this air, Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin, Hoping to cease not till death. Creeds and schools in abeyance, Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten. I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard. Nature without check with original energy. Notes: a spear of: a piece of school:学说，流派 hazard:chance abeyance: the condition of not being in use for a certain time 惠特曼（Walt Whitman,1819-1892），美国诗人。此诗选自其巨著<<草叶集>>。本文是Song of Myself 一诗的第一部分，采用自由诗体，语言接近当时的美国口语。 文中I指作者，you指读者，这种写法使读者身临其境，进入作者描写的世界。作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的，同时他把自己融入到自然带给他的启发思考中。 从上看出，诗歌的欣赏评判并非可望而不可及，关键要抓住诗中的意象，了解其语义，以便把握诗的大意。纵然每个人的读后感会有不同，但每个人都会在阅读过程中感受到诗歌带来的美和精神上的共鸣。