英语音标应用规则

二十个元音又分为单元音和双元音，分别有：

单元音

[e]、[ae]、 [a:]、[۸]、[3:]、[ə]、[i]、[i:]、[u]、[u:]、[כ]、 [כ:]

双元音

[ei] 、[ai]、[əu]、[au]、[εə]、[iə]、[uə]

28个辅音音标是：

[p]、[b]、[t]、[d]、[k]、[g]、[s]、[z]、[∫]、[f]、[v]、[θ]、[]、[ts]、[dz]、

[tr]、[dr]、[h]、[r]、[l]、[m]、[n]、[]、[w]、[j]、[η]。

20个双元音的发音方式

[i:] 嘴唇微微张开，舌尖抵下齿，嘴角向两边张开，露出微笑的表情。

[i] 嘴唇微微张开，舌尖抵下齿，舌前部抬高，嘴形扁平。

[ə:] 嘴形扁平，上下齿微开，舍身平放，舌中部稍稍抬高。

[ə] 嘴唇微微张开，舌身放平，舌中部微微抬起，口腔自然放松发声

[ɔ:] 双唇收得小而圆，并向前突出，舌身往后缩。

[ɔ] 口腔打开，嘴张大，舌头向后缩，双唇稍收圆。

[u:] 嘴形小而圆，微微外突，舌头尽量后缩。

[u] 嘴唇张开略向前突出，嘴形稍收圆并放松些，舌头后缩。

[ɑ:] 口腔打开，嘴张大，舌身放平，舌尖不抵下齿，下巴放低，放松发音。

[ʌ] 嘴唇微微张开，伸向两边，舌尖轻触下齿，舌后部稍稍抬起。

[æ] 嘴张大，嘴角尽量拉向两边，成扁平形，舌尖抵下齿。

[e] 嘴形扁平，舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起。

[ei] 由[e]和[i]两个单音组成，[e]重读，[i]轻读，口形由半开到合，字母A就发这个音。

[ai] 由[a]和[i]两个单音组成，[a]重读，[i]轻读，口形由开到合，与字母I的发音相同。

[ɔi] 由[ɔ]和[i]两个单音组成，[ɔ]重读，[i]轻读，口形由圆到扁，由开到合。

[au] 由[a]和[u]两个单音组成，[a]重读，[u]轻读，口型由大到小。

[əu] 由[ə]和[u]两个单音组成，[ə]重读，[u]轻读，口形由半开到小，与字母O的发音相同。

[iə] 由[i]和[ə]两个单音组成，[i]重读，[ə]轻读，双唇始终半开。[eə] 由[e]和[ə]两个单音组成，[e]重读，[ə]轻读，舌端抵下齿，双唇半开。

[uə] 由[u]和[ə]两个单音组成，[u]重读，[ə]轻读，双唇由收圆到半开。

28个辅音音标的发音方式

[p]双唇紧闭，然后快速张开，让气流冲出口腔，发出爆破音，但声带不振动。

[b]双唇紧闭，然后快速张开，让气流冲出口腔，发出爆破音，但声带需振动。

[t]舌尖抵上齿龈，憋住气，然后突然弹开舌尖，让气流从口腔喷出，但声带不振动。

[d]舌尖抵上齿龈，憋住气，然后弹开舌尖，让气流从口腔中喷出，但声带需振动。

[k]舌后部抵住软腭，憋住气，然后突然间离开，将气送出来，想咳嗽一样，但声带动。

[ɡ]舌后部抵住软腭，憋住气，然后突然间离开，将气送出来，但声带需振动。

[f]上齿轻轻接触下唇，然后吹气，让气流从唇齿间通过，形成摩擦，但声带不振动。

[v]上齿轻轻接触下唇，然后吹气，让气流从唇齿间通过，形成摩擦，但声带需振动。

[s]双唇微微张开，舌头自然放松，气流从上下齿隙间送出，但声带不振动。

[z]双唇微微张开，舌头自然放松，气流从上下齿隙间送出，但声带需振动。

[ʃ]双唇收圆并稍微突出，舌尖接近上齿龈，送气，声带不振动。

[ʒ]双唇收圆并稍微突出，舌头稍微上卷，舌尖接近上齿龈，送气，但声带需振动。

[tʃ]双唇略微张开突出，舌尖抵住上齿龈，用力吐气，声带不振动。

[dʒ]双唇略微张开突出，舌尖抵住上齿龈，用力吐气，但声带需振动。

[θ]舌尖微微伸出，上下齿轻轻咬住舌尖，送气，但声带不振动。

[ð]上下齿轻轻咬住舌尖，送气，但声带需振动。

[ts]舌尖先抵住上齿，堵住气流，使气流从舌尖和齿龈间送出，声带不振动。

[dz]舌尖先抵住上齿，堵住气流，使气流从舌尖和齿龈间送出。

[tr]双唇收圆向前突出，舌尖上翘抵住上齿龈，采取伐[r]的姿势，声带不振动。

[dr]双唇收圆向前突出，舌尖上翘抵住上齿龈，采取伐[r]的姿势，但声带振动。

[h]嘴唇自然张开，自然呵气，声带不振动。

[r]舌尖向上卷起，舌头不要接触任何部位，双唇稍微突出，声带振动。

[l]舌尖抵住上齿龈，舌尖轻微用力弯曲，气流从舌的旁边送出。

[w]双唇缩小并向前突出，舌后部抬起，嘴慢慢向两边滑开。

[j]嘴形成微笑状，舌尖抵住下齿，舌面贴住上颚，声带需振动。

[m]双唇紧闭，舌头平放，气流从鼻腔送出，声带振动。

[n]双唇微开，舌尖抵上齿龈，气流从鼻孔里出来，声带振动。

[ŋ]双唇张开，舌尖抵上齿龈，气流从鼻腔送出，声带振动。

音标制定原则是：一个音素只用一个音标表示，一个音标只表示一个音素。英语是拼音文字，字母就表达语音。然而英语有40多个发音，却仅有26个字母。为了能准确标识发音，引入了语音符号，这些语音符号称作音标（Phonetic symbol）。国际音标分为两种：英式音标（DJ音标）和美式音标（K.K.音标）。

在学习音标时，以下几个事项需要注意：

1.字典的注音不是很准确的。注音只能知道单词是发什么音的；但不能知道怎样发音。要靠自己的发音实践补充这个不足。关于字典的问题，在此不推荐国内的字典。建议学美语使用Webster或Random。

2.国际音标并不准确，对美国英语来说更是如此，比较准确的音标是Webster，即韦氏音标，能够比较好反映美国人的实际发音；还有K.K.音标等。

3.初学音标不可能准确无比。要慢慢地纠正自己的发音。

4.用心体会纯正美国人的发音。

参考资料：百度百科-英语音标

英语音标的发间规则1．开音节 1）以发音的元音字母结尾的单节。 例：be，he。 2）以辅音字母（r 除外）+不发音的e结尾的音节。 例：make，like。 * 在重读的开音节中元音字母按字母名称读音。2．闭音节 以一个或几个辅音字母（r 除外）结尾而中间只有一个元音字母的音节， 称为闭音节。例：map，desk，is。 * 在重读的闭音节中元音字母读做短元音。 字母a，e，i，o，u 在重读音节中的读法1 元音: 1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie three tree green sheep meet beef see seek eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean please he she me piece receive ceiling 2) [i] 发音字母 i y e sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss myth many twenty happy dictionary defect decide delicious 3) [æ] 发音字母 a bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man 4) [e] 字母组合 ea e a head bread pleasure elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes many any 5) [ə:] 字母组合ir ur ear ur or girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger learn earn earth heard term her nerd serve work worm work world 6) [ə] 字母组合 er or ou ar o a e u teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder doctor actor mayor author tractor delicious gracious pleasure familiar collar dollar together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control polite around account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan china men listen famulus Saturday 7) [a:] 字母组合 ar a car farm card arm garden fast class last glass plant aunt calm 8) [ʌ] 发音字母 u o ou oo up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus come mother dose brother love above trouble rough flourish blood flood 9) [ɔ:]字母组合 al or au our ar small wall talk tall hall ball call walk short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author caught autumn four mourn court bought warm quarrel quarter 10) [ɔ] 发音字母 o a hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not want wash 11) [u:] 字母组合 oo o u food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth shoe do two true truth blue full 12) [u] 字母组合 oo ou u o look good foot book should could put full bull pull push women whose 13) [ei] 发音字母 a ay ea ai ey name cake late gate plane April play say may way great break rain paint plain they grey 14) [ai] 发音字母 i y bike fine find die nine light night high my try fly eye 15) [au] 字母组合 ou ow house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse flower down now cow how town 16) [əu] 发音字母 o ow oa home cold go no phone host ghost know low below grow blow show flow boat coat goal 17) [ɔi] 字母组合oy oi boy toy joy oil soil voice choice 18) [iə] 字母组合 eer beer deer ear idea near here fierce 19) [ɛə] 字母组合ear air pear bear chair air fair care there where 20) [uə] hour tour poor flower shower 2 容易混淆的元音 [æ] [e] bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said [i：] [ei] real rail greet great mean main read raid [e] [ai] bet bite red write said side head hide [au] [ɔ:] house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor count corn [aU] [ɔ] found fond down done gown gone town ton 3辅音 1) [p] pen pear play pig pour pull push 2) [b] book big boot bike bread break 3) [t] tree two ten ton town twenty city 4) [d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary 5) [k] king kite key look cook book kitchen sky (发音字母k) card cat cream correct climb come account accept (发音字母c) fox box oxygen x-ray (发音字母x) school schedule schema (字母组合ch) 6) [g] girl good goal goat grade long language 7) [m] man make moon morning move come comb 8) [n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean 9) [ŋ] uncle bank English think thank junk sing king morning evening 10) [l] long land lend lord fly flag black world cold could goal soul 11) [r] read red right run room write 12) [f] five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife cough laugh rough physic photo phone 13) [v] very evening even every voice vest 14) [s] six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf (发音字母s) license city cease cedar ceiling celebrate (发音字母c) licence piece juice science lance space ace (字母组合ce) 15) [z] zoo zebra zero zap close nose hose suppose pause those whose 16) [θ] think thank three thirty tooth mouth 17) [ð] that this those these though 18) [ʃ] sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash nation attention station social special sure 19) [l] pleasure 20) [h] hot hop home house horse how who 21) [w] when what where window wind wood 22) [j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow 23) [tʃ] child chicken china chair lunch ouch catch teach 24) [dʒ] age language cabbage vegetable stage bridge joy enjoy join July June junk 25) [tr] tree country try treat track trunk 26) [dr] dry dream drop drive drink 27) [ts] students boots boats goats nuts 28) [dz] goods woods moods hoods 4容易混淆的辅音 [v] [w] vest west vet wet vine wine very well [s] [θ] sink think mass math miss myth sort sought [z] [θ] close cloth breeze breathe [n] [ŋ] thin thing sin sing ran rang ban bang win wing 添加一点: 9) [ɔ:]字母组合 al or au our ar aw small wall talk tall hall ball call walk short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author caught autumn four mourn court bought warm quarrel quarter draw saw flaw 23) [tʃ] child chicken china chair lunch ouch teach (字母组合ch） catch watch match （字母组合tch) 5 字母，组合音节发音规律 1）a [ei] [æ] [ə] [a:] [ɔ] late private grade bake grape nation station page active hand bank fan parent family glad flag accept about above formative machine cinema fast last glass class past father wash what watch want 2）e [i:] [e] [i] [不发音] appreciate extremely secret she me he letter left message generate pebble decide pretty previous result restore problem prosperous student confident active table late wife store lecture 3）i [ai] [i] high price library ice cream wife size line fist pick chicken piano fiancé city unit 4）o [əu] [u:] [ʌ] [ə] [ɔ] host cold note okay old home lose do who whose prove love some other mother honey company today tomorrow together control collect lost hot mock office soft honest 5）u [ju] [u] [ʌ] [ə] university refuse unique universe huge put push pull full bull but brush bucket duck bubble support suggest 6）c [k] [s] country camp camera courage cable city ceiling celebrate cell cease 7）g [g] [dʒ] [ŋ] girl grade glass glade bag flag village vegetable bridge gentleman gym long song sing morning evening 8) l [l] 读音不同 listen learn language collect English gorilla world cold soil tall sell cool animal 9) n [n] [ŋ] moon night noodle number uncle hungry angry young 10) r [r] right read write grade progress 11）y [j] [i] [ai] yellow year yell young yolk university country pretty happy dyke dying fly buy by my 12）ar [a:] [ə] [ɔ:] farm card garden mark dollar warm quarrel quarter 13) ea [i:] [e] [ei] [i[] cease season breathe feature meat please bread breast breath meadow weather great break idea realize 14) ear [ə:] [iə] learn earth earn heard hear near clear ear fear 15) er [ə:] [ə] [iə] deserve serve her person teacher driver anger singer serious experience mysterious fierce 16） ere [iə] [ɛə] here mere fere sere there 17) ir [ə:] [ai] shirt girl skirt admire desire 18) oo [u:] [u] [ʌ] [ɔ:] room tool cool moon noon goof food good foot stood wood wool cook wood book blood flood door floor 19) or [ɔ:] [wə:] [ə] short form corn born for work world worm word worst tractor doctor actor sector senior senator 20) oor [ɔ:] [uə] door floor moor poor boor 21) our [uə] [ɔ:] hour tour flour bourn lour pour court four mourn 22) ou [au] [ʌ] [ə] house mouth mouse sound found enough trouble touch delicious gracious prosperous 23) ow [əu] [au] window meadow know show low now town how down cow 24) se [z] [s] nose suppose gose lose pose rose mouse house 25) th [θ] [ð] thank think thought cloth clothes that this then than 26) sion [ʃən] [ʒən] propulsion tension progression passion protrusion provision conclusion television 27) tion [ʃən] [tʃən](不常见) station nation translation attention question 6关于语音的几个概念: Phonics 是一种(方法), 是教育学习者从字母排列中去拼读出单个字来. AHD表示美语发音,The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language（简称AHD） KK音标是一套(注音符号系统),是由John Samuel Kenyon 和 John Albert Knott两位美国学者共同编著的发音词典A Pronouncing Dictionary of American1956中用于标注美式发音的符号系统, 这是一套最常用的也是最权威的注音法，从此人们把美语标准发音惯称为KK音标。 DJ是根据英国学者Daniel Jones编的英语发音字典 (English Pronouncing Dictionary, 1963)中的标音而来. 英式读音根据的是English Pronouncing Dictionary 《英语正音辞典》。它们代表了被称为“Received Pronuciation”（RP）（标准读音）的读音，这在受过教育的英国人尤其是南部英格兰人中通用。 1888年国际语音协会 (International Phonetic Association) 的语言学家便制定出一套可国际通用的语音符号叫国际音标符号 (IPA—International Phonetic Alphabet)，希望以一个符号代表一音，并避免各人使用一套自己的符号所产生的不便。 国内的英文字典里最常见的音标为英式发音的国际音标 (DJ) 和美式发音的KK音标，前者乃根据Daniel Jones编的英语发音字典 (English Pronouncing Dictionary, 1963)，后者则是根据John S. Kenyon & Thomas A. Knott二氏的美语发音字典 (A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English, 1956)。值得一提的是，KK音标所使用的符号均从前面提到的国际音标符号 (IPA) 而来，Kenyon & Knott二氏仅将其中适用于美式英语的符号截取出来。 音素: 音的最小单位,英语中有48个音素. 音节: 由元音和辅音构成的发音单位. 元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音. 辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅音. 开音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e kite cake name bike make take home plane shine 2)辅音+元音 he hi go no do be tree three hello 闭音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音 sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head 2)元音+辅音 it is of in on up out ant

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