高考真题常用英语

四C标准 准确用词关系到表达的正确和地道，一般而言涉及四个“C”： 第一个“C”为connotation(内涵)，它比meaning(意义)更为深入。例如，discount的意思为“折扣”，但英语中“30%discount”指原价100元现在卖70元；而汉语中“三折”指原价100元现在卖30元。汉语表达的很多意思在英语中没有完全对应的说法，但可以尽量找接近的，以提高表达的“精确度”。《新东方英语》2004年第1期29页一篇讲词汇知识的文章说“有时候会犯些小错(mistake)，有时候会闹大笑话(blunder)”，其实blunder是强调错误的“严重”和“非故意”，howler才和“大笑话”对应。 第二个“C”为collocation(搭配)。它除了影响地道性(如big rain不如heavy rain地道)，还与词义有关，例如apply与for和to搭配时意思分别为“申请”和“运用”。须注意的是entitle若和to搭配意思就不是通常的“冠名，命名”，而是“拥有某种权利、地位、荣誉等”。“be entitled to”的用法首先出现于1995年研究生入学考试第25题，2003年上海高考第53题“再现”时答对率仅11%(显然其中还有许多是猜对的)。 第三个“C”为contest(上下文)。上下文会影响词的意义，笔者曾讨论过不同上下文中词义截然相反的情况(本报2003.10.3)。当然，广义的contest还包括场合。例如，“生意兴隆通四海，财源茂盛达三江”可以简单地表达为“Far and wide trade booms；here andthere money comes”，但在正式场合译为“Home and abroad business thrives；hither and thither profit arrives”更好，因为这样用词较为庄重和古雅(hither and thither是here and there在古英语中的说法)。 第四个“C”为culture(文化)，这需要考虑使用不同语言的人的思维方式、风俗习惯和可能的心理反应等因素。例如，东西方对狗的情感态度不同，狗在西方并不像在东方一样可鄙。英语中“dog-eat-dog”并不像汉语中“狗咬狗”一样带有鄙夷甚至幸灾乐祸的感情色彩，而是强调残酷甚至有点痛惜。这一差异在英译汉的时候尤其应该重视。口译时若把“as faithful as a dog”译为“像狗一样忠实”很容易引起东方人的反感，活译为“像老黄牛一样忠诚”则效果会好得多。又如，海燕(storm petrel)在中、俄两国是进步和新锐力量的象征，但在西方经济界则指引起恐慌和震荡的人或事物，因此可以视具体情况用pioneer，vanguard，gazelle或bellwether等词替代。(文/华东师大 窦东友 材料工程博士，英语教育博士后） （1）bad egg坏蛋，歹徒。Trust him nothing；he is a bad egg。别信他，他是个坏蛋。（2）crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪，假慈悲。Don't weep crocodile tears with his misfortune. I know you have always detested him and are only too happy to see him get into trouble。别假惺惺地为他的不幸难过了，我知道你一直讨厌他，看到他倒霉，心里可高兴哩！（3）cry wolf呼喊“狼来了”，发假情报。That politician cries wolf in every speech he makes。那个政治家在他的每篇演说中都发假警报。（4） （that is） easier said than done说起来容易做起来难。Easier said than done，let's pay more attention to practice.说起来容易做起来难，让我们多注意些实践吧！（5）fish in troubled waters混水摸鱼，乘人之危。He's always been good at fishing in troubled waters; he made a lot of money by buying houses that were bombed in the war.他总是善于乘人之危大捞一把，他靠购买在战争中遭过轰炸的房屋而赚了大量的钱财。（6）fish out of water离水之鱼，不得其所。She felt like a fish of water at the evening party because she knew no one. 她在晚会上感到很局促，因为她一个人也不认识。（7）gives someone an inch and he will take an ell得寸进尺。If you give those people an inch，they'll take an ell；we told them they might use our side path to reach their garden，now they have fenced in the path so that we cannot use it ourselves.那些人就是得寸进尺；我们对他们说，他们可以经过我们的小道进他们的花园，现在他们已在小道上修起了篱笆，以致我们自己也无法走这条小路过去了。（8）go west上西天，死，失败。Poor John was one of those who went west in the explosion.可怜的约翰是在这次爆炸中魂归西天的人物之一。（9）in a word一句话，简而言之I have no time to tell you the whole story, in a word, they become hostile to each other。我没时间把全部经过告诉你，一句话，他们相互成了仇敌。（10）lose face丢脸；失面子。Certain country often loses face in regard to its relations with small weak countries on account of its dirty tricks某个国家在与弱小国家交往中因其使用卑鄙手段而总是丢脸。（11）odds and ends零零碎碎。What shall we do with all those odds and ends？我们用那些残余的东西可做什么呢？（12）play with fire玩火，作无谓而危险的事。He who plays with fire gets burned．玩火者必自焚。（13）strike while the iron is hot趁热打铁。Father is in a good mood at the moment．Strike while the iron is hot and ask him to let you go to the circus.这时父亲的情绪很好，乘此机会求他让你去看马戏。（14）there’s no smoke without fire无火不冒烟；无风不起浪。The story is all over the town. It is being spread by someone or by some people. There's no smoke without fire.这个传说遍及全城，有人或有些人还在散布。真是无火不冒烟。（15）a thorn in the flesh （side）肉中刺；棘手的事，不断使某人烦恼的根源。（l6）The memory of this act will be a thorn in the flesh for the rest of your life，my boy.这种行动会使你不断引起回忆。使你终生烦恼，我的朋友。

这个真不好讲明白，以2011的浙江高考英语为例，考了名词，动词，副词，连词，动词短语，形容词，以及涉及了时态和语态的考察，总之大致如此，具体情况具体分析，注重平时的练习就好了，不必太过担心。

一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） " 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I 'd like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn't have to be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do We agreed _______ here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet．（NMET 1995） A．having met B．meeting C．to meet D．to have met （Key：C） 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 He needs (a lot of) encouraging. 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 1)是名词 seeing is believing 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. 一)动名词的形式: 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. 二) 动名词常考的点 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．（MET 1992） A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） I regret not having taken your advice. 4)有些词后只能接动名词 admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) forgot remember的用法类似。 I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. try -ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 prefer的用法： 我宁愿在这里等。 3 分词： 现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 现在分词的形式: 1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) 2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) 3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) 过去分词 1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系--主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。二：虚拟语气和情态动词 情态动词的基本用法及其区别 最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别，因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变，在高考试题中，命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词，除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外，还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析，以便同学们复习掌握。 一、用"情态动词＋have ＋done"结构表示对过去动作的推测，高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用 "对立统一"来概括。 1．当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明，且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时，我们可用"统一"关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有： must have done： 表示对过去动作的肯定推测，常译作"一定做了……"，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为can't／couldn't have done� 疑问式为Can／Could...have done？。 could ／might have done：表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测，常译作"可能做了……"。如： 1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he ＿＿＿＿＿ your lecture． �(上海 2000) A． couldn't have attended B． needn't have attended C． mustn't have attended D． shouldn't have attended 本题选A。 2) Jack ＿＿＿＿ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me． (上海'97 A． mustn't have arrived B． shouldn't have arrived C． can't have arrived D． need not have arrived （C） 2．当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时，常借助"but, however, instead"等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符，这时我们就可以用"对立"关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有： should have done ／ ought to have done：表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。 should not have done ／ ought not to have done：表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。 由句中的连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系，分析题意可知本题应选C。 二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常见的情态动词的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义，并结合情态动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择。 虚拟语气 " 最自然的虚拟状态：由should/would+原型时态（不含时间只含状态） 本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、进行、完成、完成进行。 这时"虚拟语气"的产生往往是因为我们要表达"本来应该……"（而现在却还没有……） （本来可以……，本来能……） 一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，should 常常被省略掉 o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan; o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide; o require, request; o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect. 由于他们的含义中包含"建议，假设，应该"这类的含义，所以，由他们引起的从句中，就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。 这些动词（以及他们的名次形式，分词形式）引起的从句还有其他的变形 主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句 It's suggested that… My suggestion is that… The only suggestion that... The only suggestion I can give you now is that… 一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况 important; necessary; essential It's natural ; strange; incredible that a pity; a shame; no wonder ? 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用should " 表达与事实相反 1. 与现在相反：使用[过去时]： I wish I were not here! (一般现在'一般过去) Suppose we were not here. He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般现在'一般过去) Hope I weren't always losing things! (现在进行'过去进行) If only/If I hadn't been there! (现在完成'过去完成) What if I hadn't been waiting right here! (现在完成进行'过去完成进行) 常考句型：It's (high) time (that)…; would rather (that)… 这两个从句，只能表达对现在的看法，所以，从句中只有一般过去时。 2. 与过去相反：过去完成时； 3. 与将来相反？将来的事情没有发生，所以只能推测且实现可能很小 I wish he could not smoke any more. 不过，由于可以用be to表示将来；所以，虚拟语气中经常出现were to；也是CET-4的常考语法点。 " 虚拟条件句 o if 部分，做一个与事实相反的假设（所以只有一般过去和过去完成） o 主句部分，这是表示基于这个假设的推测，一般使用情态动词would，少数情况下使用could/might/should。 o 注意：两个部分之间，是有逻辑关系，而在两部分的谓语动词时态上，没有必然的联系。 " 注意，虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，产生倒装。 " 隐含的非真实条件 :由特殊的词给出条件: with, without, in , but for, otherwise, or How could I be happy without you? In his shoes, I would kill myself. But for the storm, we would have arrived. 三、一致关系 一)主谓一致 1． 主谓一致（与插入语无关） 1主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。 2定语从句中的主谓一致： 3随前一致： n. + together with n2 as well as including along with with / of accompanied with / by 4就近原则：n1 or n2 +v（就近原则） either n1 or n2 5可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl) 不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl) 例外：war and peace is… war and peace是一个整体 但是如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our country. The head master and mathematical teacher is coming. The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming. 类似的还有：law and order bread and butter black and white To love and to be loved is … A lawyer and a teacher are… A lawyer and teacher is … 6随后原则：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致) 7百分比结构：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent of+n1+v.（由n1决定 8倒装结构的主谓一致： a）There be +n 由名词决定动词 b）Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构： Among / Between …+系动词+n. （由名词决定动词） 9The+adj的主谓一致： a）当表示"一类人"， b）当表示某一抽象概念时 The good is always attractive. 10 To do/doing/主从+vs *More than one+n many a +n. a day or two 二)、倒装 1 全部倒装 是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：Up went the plane = the plane went up. 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 2) 表示运动方向的副词(back, down, off, up)或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 注意：1) 上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能倒装。Here he comes. Away they went. 2) 谓语动词是be的时候，不能倒装。 Here it is. Here you are. 3） 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首，引起倒装 *typical of characteristic of *coinciding with + n 4） 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首，谓语动词为系动词，一定引起倒装 In…（表语）+系动词+主，主同。 *在倒装句型答案中不能出现there *常考介词要倒装：among between in at beneath 常考的系动词：be lie exist remain rest 部分倒装 1． 否定 adv 位于句首，引起倒装：not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, no sooner…than 1） not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装，not until + 句子+主谓倒装 2） only+状语位于句首 only +ad. eg: recently prep.短短语 eg: in recently years 从句 eg: when clause only一个词本身不倒装 3） 在比较级结构中，than后面可以倒装，也可以不倒装。 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 ? 1) Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，产生倒装，一般主动词提前，谓语动词的其他部分就 4) as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。 as〔让步〕虽然，尽管〔词序倒装。语气比 though 强〕。 Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他虽成功，却不骄傲。 Women as she is, she's every brave. Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 注意：A) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。B) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 5) 其他部分倒装 a) so… that 句型中的so; such… that句型中的such位于句首时，需倒装。 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. b) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy. c) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。Were I you, I would try it again. 四、复合句 从句可分为： ? 名词性从句' 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 ? 形容词性从句'定语从句 ? 副词性从句'状语从句 " 常考的关系代词：that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。 " 常见的同位语从句现行词（that之前的抽象名词）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding… " 常用的引导词 o 时间状语从句：while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner… than; hardly… when; scarcely/barely… when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doing… o 地点状语从句：where; wherever o 原因状语从句：because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact that… o 方式状语从句：as; as if; as though; how; save that… o 比较状语从句：as; than; as… as; not so… as; hardly… than; o 结果状语从句：so that; so… that; such… that; so as to… o 条件状语从句：if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that…; giving that… o 让步状语从句：though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact that… o 目的状语从句：that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case… 定语从句: which 引导的定语从句结构 1）which是关系代词，which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子， 在这个句子中，which要作成分，作主语或者宾语 2）in which+完整的句子 which在定语从句中作in的宾语，所以不能作后面句子的主语 3）名词+of which+谓语动词 of which来修饰名词，名词在定语从句中作主语，所以后面直接跟谓语动词 I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary. 4）介词+ which +to do 其功能相当于定语从句。 The key with which to open the door is lost. 5）定语从句的省略结构： 1． 如果that / which在定从中作 宾语，可以省略. sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt →s+vt+n+s+v s+vt+n1+n2+vt *当做题时，若发现两个名词在一起，但是似乎连不上，则一定省略that / which，则动词为vt，做谓语。 6）定从的特殊省略 the way (in which) + 句子 the reason (why that)+句子 均为完整句 the time (that / when)+句子 I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world. By the time省that+句子，句子。 7）定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省） 即：which be , who be , that be可同时省 状语从句省略结构 这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件： 第一、特定的状语从句引导词：although though even though when while if as 第二、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致；第三、从句的谓语必须是be动词，主语和be动词同进同出，比如上面的they和are要么同时省略，要么同时保留。高考英语插入语及插入句的用法 在NMET中，插入语屡见不鲜，由于插入语通常与句中其它成分没有语法上的关系，因此给考生的理解带来一定困难。插入语多半用逗号与句子隔开，用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度。插入语可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。 一、常用做插入语的副词 indeed的确， surely无疑， however然而， obviously显然， frankly坦率地说， naturally自然， luckily (或happily) for sb.算某人幸运， fortunately幸好， strangely奇怪， hone stly真的， briefly简单地说等。 1. Surely， she won�t go to China Telecom with you. 当然她不会和你一起去中国电信。 2. Strangely， he has not been to China Unicom. Still more strangely， he has not called me. 奇怪，他未来过中国联通。更奇怪，他没给我打电话。 3. Fortunately， I found the book that I�d lost. 幸亏我找到了已丢失的那本书。 二、常见的作插入语的形容词或其短语 true真的， funny真可笑， strange to say说也奇怪， needless to say不用说， most impor tant of all最为重要， worse still更糟糕的等。 1. Strange to say (或True)， he should have done such a thing. 说也奇怪(或真的)，他竟然做出这样的事。 2. Most important of all， you each over�fulfilled your own task. 更为重要的，你们各自超额完成了自己的任务。 三、常用作插入语的介词短语 in a few words(或in sum， in short)简而言之， in other words换句话说， in a sense在某种意义上， in general一般说来， in my view在我看来， in his opinion(judgment)按照他的意见(判断)， in conclusion总之， in summary概括地说， in fact事实上， in the first place首先， in addition此外， of course当然， to our knowledge据我们所知， to my joy(delight， satisfaction)使我欣慰(高兴、满意)的， to their surprise(astonis hment， amazement)使他们惊奇的， to her regret (disappointment)使她遗憾(失望)的， for instance(或example)例如， as a matter of fact事实上等。

高中英语介词短语/动词短语汇编 一．相近介词和介词短语 1. With the help of 在～～帮助下 under the leadership / care of 在～～领导／关心下 2. be strict with sb. 对～人要求严格 be strict in sth. 对～事要求严格 3. at present=at the present time 目前 for the present 暂时 4. in the sun/sunshine 在阳光下 under the sun 在世界上 5. lie in 位于～～之内 lie on 同～～接壤 lie to 位于～～之外 6. at least 至少 in the least 丝毫，一点 7. by name 名叫 in the name of 以～～名义 8. in the air 空中，在流传 on the air 播出 9. in the way 挡路，障碍，用～～方法 in a way 在某点上，在某种程度上 get one’s own way to do 随心所欲 give way 让步，屈服 lose one’s way 迷路 by the way 顺便说一下 on one’s way to 在去～～的路上 Come this way 这边走 10. at the corner 在拐角处（外角） in the corner 在角落里（内角） on the corner 在角落上（外角上） 11. judge by / from 根据～～来判断 judge for oneself 由某人自己来判断 12. at the end (of) 在～～结束时 at the beginning of 在～～开始时 at the back of 在～～背后，支持 at the age of ～～岁时 at the foot of 在～～脚下 at the bottom of 在～～底部 at the top of 在～～顶上 at/on the edge of 在～～边上 13. in the course of 在～～过程中 in the eyes of 从～～观点看来，在～～眼里 in the face of 面对～～，尽管，纵使 in the middle of 在～～中间 in the end =at last=finally 最后 14. on the eve of 在～～前夕 on the side of 在～～一边 15. after a time = after some time 过一段时间后 for a time = for some time 一时，有一段时间 16. behind time 迟到，过期 behind the times 落在时代后面 17. at no time 决不 in no time 立即，马上 18. at one time = once time 曾经 at a time = each time 每次 at times = sometimes 有时 at all times 经常，一直，始终 at the same time 同时 at the time 在～～的时候 by the time 到～～的时候 19. for a moment 一会儿 for the moment 暂时 at the moment 当时 the moment /minute /instance 正当～～一刹那 20. once or twice 一两次 more than once 不止一次 once more 重新，又 once upon a time 从前 once in a while 偶尔 二．归类记忆 1. be on show / display / play / sale / strike / duty / trial 2. be of value / importance / use / no use / color / age / size / height / weight / significance 3. to one’s joy / surprise / pleasure / astonishment / sorrow / delight 4. in surprise / wonder / alarm / terror / horror / delight 5. by air / bicycle / boat / bus / car / letter / post / plane / telephone / train / wire 6. at daybreak / sunrise / dawn / noon/ dark / night 7. out of breath / control / question / sight 8. in fact / reality / substance / nature / practice / theory / short / brief / a word / detail / all / average / full / time / fashion / existence / turn / vain / haste / appearance / common / sum/ general / particular / public / secret / order / part / power / stock / case / bed / future / name / addition / sight 9. on duty / shift / holiday / leave / business / purpose / time / sale / show / board / hand / record / request / root / earth / farm / principle 10. for example / instance / all / good / nothing / convenience / short / fear / sale 11. by weight ( volume size number~~ ) / profession / definition / rule / turn / chance/ accident/ mistake / hand / train ( bus ,taxi ,ship ,boat ~~) / air / land / force / day / nature / sight 12. at most / least / best / worst / once / first / last / home / school / will ( at will:任意) / work / night / midnight / daybreak / dawn / present / length / large 13. as above / below / following / over / usual / before / a matter of fact 14. above all / measure / normal 15. before all / long / time / now / then 16. after all / class / school 17. out of action / order / condition / use / operation / step / joint / repair/ gear / balance / range/ doubt / date / danger / hand / shape / place / question / stock / 18. with caution / interest / difficulty / ease / advantage / effect / reason / vigor / reserve / success / confidence 19. beyond comprehension / conception / description / expression / doubt / control / reach / power / measure / grasp / compare / controversy / dispute / hope / example 20. under age / discussion / test / way / repair 三．组合记忆 （1）由两个词组成的复合介词． 1. 以of结尾 ahead of , aside of , because of , east of , west of , instead of , short of , lack of , regardless of 2. 以to结尾 according to , as to , counter to , due to , owing to , next to , previous to , prior to , apostle to , relative to , subject to , subsequent to , on to , thanks to 3. 以with结尾 along with , together with 4. 以for结尾 as for , but for , except for , save for 5. 以from结尾 from above , from below , from among , from between , from beneath , from behind , from over （2）由三个词组成的复合介词． 1. 以in开头 in addition to , in advance of , in agreement with , in case of , in charge of , in comparison with in consequence of , in consideration of , in (the) course of , in contrast with , in the face of , in favor of , in front of , in honor of , in (the) light of , in the middle of , in the name of , in need of , in obedience to , in opposition to , in place of , in preference to , in (the) process of in regard to , in reply to , in respect of 2. 以by开头 by means of , by order of , by reason of , by virtue of , by way of 3. 以at开头 at the beginning of , at the cost of , at the end of , at the hands of , at mercy of , at the point of , at the risk of 4. 以with开头 with an eye to , with the exception of , with the purpose of , with reference to , with regard to, with respect to , with a view to , with the view of 5. 以for开头 for the benefit of , for fear of , for lack of , for the good of , for the sake of 6. 以under开头 under cover of , under pain of , under the present of 7. 以on开头 on account of , on behalf of , on the occasion of , on the part of , on the point of , on top of 四．省略介词，意义不变 1. I will share (in) the pleasure with him. 2. I spent two hours (in) reading the article. 3. I’ll write (to) you a letter. 4. He plays (on) the piano every evening. 5. Smith has traveled (through) China. 6. They are fighting (against) their enemy. 7. Please fill (in) the blanks in the following. 8. The houses face (to/on) the south. 9. She scolded (at) her child yesterday. 10. It is (of) no use talking. 11. There is no use (in) talking. 12. We couldn’t prevent them (from) getting married. 13. He is busy (in) preparing for the exam. 14. I have studied English (for) ten years. 15. This shirt doesn’t fit (for) me. 16. I want a place to live (in) . 17. You ought to break (off) this habit. 18. She always share (in) my troubles as well as (in ) my jobs. 五．动词词组及短语 1. 以break为中心的词组 break away from 脱离，逃离 break down 破坏，粉碎；瓦解；出故障，抛锚 break in 闯进，打断；使顺服 break into 闯入；强行进入；突然开始 break out 爆发，发生；准备使用；起锚 break the law 违反法律 break the record 破记录 break one’s promise 失言 break up 开垦，破碎；解散，分开，分解 2. 以catch为中心的词组 be caught doing 被发现做某事 be caught in the rain 淋雨 catch a bus/train 赶汽车/火车 catch a cold 伤风，感冒 catch one’s word 听懂某人的话 catch sight of 发现，瞥见 catch up with 赶上，追及，追上 3. 以come为中心的词组 come across 偶尔发现，想起；越过；偿付 come along 一道来，陪伴；进步，进展；出现 come at 达到，求得，得到；扑向，袭击 come back 回来；恢复，复原 come down 倒下；降落；跌落；病倒 come from 来自，起源于，从~~产生，生于 come in 进来，进入；流行起来；获名次 come into being 发生，产生，出现，形成 come into power 开始执政，当权，当选 come into use 开始使用，获得应用 come on 上演；开始；赶快；发展；登台；（问题）被提出 come out 出来，传出；出版；结果是；褪色；（秘密）泄露 come to 苏醒，复原；共计；达到；归结于 come to an end 终止，结束 come to know 开始了解到 come true 实现，成为现实；证实 come up 走近；上楼；长出，发芽 4. 以do为中心的词组 be done in 精疲力竭 be done with 完全结束 do a good deed 做一件好事 do away with 去掉，废除；弄死；浪费 do good to (=do sb. good) 有益于 do harm to (=do sb. good) 有害于 do its work 有效，有作用 do much 极有用 do wrong to 做错 do one’s best 尽某人最大努力 do one’s homework 做作业 do one’s utmost 尽力而为 do proud 足以使~~骄傲 do sb. justice 公平对待某人 do some cleaning (V+ing,etc.) 搞卫生 do sb. a favor 帮助某人 do well in 学得不错，干得漂亮 do with 和~~相处，忍受，处理 do without 不需要，不用 do wonders 创造奇迹 have much to do with 和~~很有关系 have nothing to do with 与~~无关 have something to do with 和~~有关 in doing so=in so doing 这时，在这种情况下 That will do. 行了；够了 5. 以get为中心的词组 get about 徘徊，走动，旅行；流传 get above oneself 自视高傲 get accustomed to 习惯于，对~~习以为常 get across 度过，通过，横过；说服，使理解 get ahead of 胜过，超过 get along 前进，进步；同意；离去 get along with 与~~相处 get at 发现，了解；掌握；攻击 get away 离开，逃脱 get back 取回，回来；报复 get behind 落后；识破 get down 咽下；写下；使沮丧，使抑郁 get down to 认真对待，静下心来 get familiar with 熟悉 get hold of 获得，取得 get home 到家 get in 进入，陷入；牵涉 get off 送走；脱下（衣服）；下车；动身 get on 上车；穿上；进步，使前进；成功；相处 get upon with 进步；在~~方面获得成功 get one’s hand in 熟悉；习惯 get out of 由~~出来，从~~得出；避免；退休 get over 越过；恢复，痊愈；克服；完成 get ready for 为~~作准备 get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，摆脱 get through 到达，完成，通过；及格 get together 积聚，积累；商谈，取得一致意见 get up 起床，起立；研究，钻研；致力于；安排，组织 get used to 习惯于 have got to do 不得不，必须 6. 以give为中心的词组 be given to 沉溺于，癖好 give about 分配；传播 give and take 相互迁就 give away 赠送；牺牲；泄露；颁发 give back 归还 give cause 给予~~的理由 give ear to 侧耳倾听 give forth 发出，放出；发表 give in 屈服，让步，投降 give in to 同意，接受；向~~让步 give off 发出（烟，气味） give oneself out to be/as 自称为 give oneself up to 专心于；向~~自首 give out 分发，公布 give place to 让位于，被~~所替代 give rise to 引起，导致；使~~发生 give sb. to understand 通知某人 give up 放弃；停止 give way to 让步，退却；屈服于 7. 以look为中心的词组 look about 四下环顾；查看 look after 照顾，看管 look around 东张西望 look at 注视，着眼于 look back 回顾 look for 寻找；期待，期望 look down on 俯视；轻视 look forward to 盼望，期待 look into 窥视；调查；浏览 look like 看起来象 look on 旁观；面向 look out 向外看；注意；当心，堤防 look over 从上面看过去；检查 look through 透过~~看去；看穿；浏览 look up to 仰望，尊敬 8. 以make为中心的词组 be made from 由~~原料制成 be made of 由~~材料制成 be made up of 由~~组成 make a fool of 愚弄，欺骗 make a mistake 弄错 make a point of doing 强调；认为~~重要；决心，坚持 make advantages/use of 使用，利用 make after 追求，追赶 make believe 假装 make certain 确信，把~~弄清楚 make contact with 接通，与~~接触，与~~联系 make for 去向，向~~前进；有利于 make friends with 和~~交友 make into 把~~制成，使~~转变为 make much of 重视；理解；赏识 make one’s mind on sth. 决定某事 make one’s own 当作自己的看待 make oneself at home 随便，别拘束 make out 填写；开支票；理解；辨认 make the best of 尽量利用；极为重视 make up 弥补，修理；赔偿，补偿；起草；编造；化装 make up to 接近，巴结；向~~求爱 make way for 为~~让路，让路于 on the make 急求成功；增加 9. 以put为中心的词组 put aside 把~~放在一边；搁置；排除 put away 把~~放好，把~~收拾；储藏；吃喝，吃掉 put back 把~~放回原处；驳回 put down 放下；镇压；制止；记下；削减；降落 put forward 提出；拨快；建议，推荐；提倡，倡议 put ~~ into 把~~放入；插入；翻译成 put off 推迟，延期；消除；推脱，推辞 put on 上演；穿上，带上 put one’s heart into 全神贯注，专心致志 put up 举起，挂起；提名，推荐；陈列 put up with 忍受，容忍 10. 以take为中心的词组 be taken aback 吃惊 take a seat 就坐 take a shower 淋浴，洗澡 take aim 瞄准，设立目标 take away 拿走，减去；夺去 take ~~ by surprise 出奇制胜 take care of 当心，注意；照顾；提防；谨慎；处理，对付；负责 take ~~ for 把~~当作 take off 脱去，除去；离开；起飞；模仿；起程；致死；复制，作副本；减弱 take office 就职，上任 take one’s place 就坐，入坐 take one’s temperature 量体温 take part in 参与，参加 take place = happen 发生，举行 take the place of 代替 take pride in 以~~为荣，对~~骄傲 take sb. by the arm 拉某人的胳膊 take it easy 别着急，慢慢来 11. 以turn为中心的词组 give a new turn to 对~~予以新的看法 in one’s turn 轮到某人做某事 out of turn 不按次序的，不合适宜的 take one’s turn to do 轮到做 turn a blind eye to 对~~视而不见 turn against 背叛，采取敌对态度 turn back 折回，往回走 turn down 折叠，翻下，驳回，拒绝考虑 turn into 走进；变成，变为 turn to ~~for help 求助于 turn off 关上（自来水，电器开关）；解雇，辞退；避开（问题）；制造；生产 turn on 打开（自来水，电器开关）；反对；依靠，依赖，取决于 turn one’s attention to 把注意力转向 turn out 培养；证明是；制成；实际情况是 turn out to be 原来是，证明是，结果是 turn over a new leaf 翻开新的一页，重新开始，改过自新 turn (a)round 旋转，转过身来；改变意见；采取新政策 turn to 变成；着手于 turn upside down 颠倒过来，翻过来；使陷入混乱回

定语从句 名词性从句 分词的用法 不定式的用法 八大时态情态动词（如can must would 等）虚拟语气(should if wish等）倒装结构（hardly never 等）最好买本语法书，系统看一下.