现代英语语法课件

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[典型例题]

1. Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ________ don’t. (2006 北京 31)

A. who; 不填 B. 不填; who C. who; who D. 不填表; 不填

解析：考查关系代词who引导的定语从句。这两个定语从句的先行词都是指人，在第一个定语从句中引导词作主语，可以用who或that；在第二个定语从句中，引导词作主语，同时，先行词又是those，引导词应该用who，所以选C项。

2. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, _______ we gave some bells and glasses. (2006 湖南 30)

A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which

解析：考查“介词+whom”引导的定语从句。根据前面的one of them可以知道先行词是人，可以排除A和D项。表示“给某人某物”用词组“give sth. to sb.”，引导词中应该用to，所以选B项。

3. We’re just trying to teach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. (2006山东 26)

A. where B. that C. when D. which

解析：考查关系副词where引导的定语从句。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词point，用where强调一个特定的地点，相当于at the point，在从句中作状语，所以选A项。

[语法讲解]

定语从句也称为形容词性从句，由关系代词或关系副词引导，从句中的关系词除了具有引导作用外，还指代前面的先行词，并且在从句中担当一定的成分。根据关系词的性质，可以分为由关系代词、关系副词、准关系代词、复合关系代词引导的定语从句。

1）关系代词可以在定语从句中作主语

注意：关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。例如：The man dressed in black is the doctor who has operated on the seriously wounded man.

穿着黑衣服的那个人就是给那位严重受伤的病人做过手术的医生。

2）关系代词可以在定语从句中作宾语

注意：a) 在非正式文体的限制性定语从句中，用作宾语的关系代词whom, who, that和which通常可以省略。例如：That is the man (who/whom/that) I met in London last year.他就是我去年在伦敦碰见的人。

b) 关系代词作前置介词的短语时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但是当介词后置时，就没有这种限制。

例如：The person to whom I complained is the manager.我向他投诉的那个人是经理。

The hotel which/that we stayed at was rather comfortable.我们住的那家旅馆相当舒服。

注意：在表示时间、地点和原因的限制性及非限制性定语从句当中，关系副词when, where和why可以用来代替“介词+关系代词”，在从句中只能作状语。

[常见考点]

1．定语从句中只用that作为关系词引导的情况：

a) 当先行词被一个最高级形容词修饰时，必须用that。例如：That is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever watched.那是我所看过的最激动人心的一场足球比赛。

b) 当先行词被序数词修饰时，必须用that。例如：The ninth plane that landed at the airport was from the USA.第九架降落在该机场的飞机来自美国。

c) 当先行词被限定词 (the) very, (the) last, (the) only, the same, one, single, no, (a) little, (a) few, many, much, none, some, any, every, all等修饰时，必须用that。例如：This is the very pen that Mark Twain used when he was writing the novel.这正是马克·吐温写那部小说时用过的笔。

d) 当先行词为不定代词all, anything, everything, nothing, something等时，必须用that。例如：All that is needed now is a continuous supply of the necessities of life.现在所需要的是持续地供应生活必需品。 e) 当先行词是指人、指物的两个并列名词时，必须用that。例如：

You can see a horseman and his horse that are crossing the flyover during the parade.

旅游期间你可以看见骑手和马穿国天桥。

f) 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，必须用that，that可以指人、指物，但是往往被省略。

例如：The modern airplane is not the machine that it was when first invented.

现代的飞机不是刚发明时的那种飞机了。

g) 当定语从句为there be结构时，在从句中做主语的关系代词只能是that，that往往被省略。

例如：The number of mistake that there are in this homework is simply surprising.

这份家庭作业中的错误简直多得惊人。

h) 当先行词是who或what，而且后面跟定语从句时，只能用that。

例如：Who that works a great deal with a plane does not know about the engineer?

常和飞机打交道的人中，谁不了解那个工程师？

2．定语从句中只用which作为关系词引导的情况：

a) 当先行词为that时，只能用which指物。例如：

I use the word not in the present sense, but in that which was held in the nineteenth century.

我用这个词不是它当今的意思，而是取其19世纪的意思。

b) 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指物。例如：These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not yet borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽下的，尚未结果实。

c) 当与介词一起作为关系代词引导从句时，只能用which指物。例如：They tried to think of a method by which they could solve the problem.他们要尽力想出一个能够解决问题的办法。

3．定语从句中只用who作为关系词引导的情况：

a) 当先行词是everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody时，关系代词要用who或whom。例如：Is there anyone who can answer this question?有谁能回答这个问题吗？

b) 当先行词是those或all时，关系代词必须用who。例如：Those who want to go on the trip should put on their names on the list.想去旅游的人应该在名单上写上自己的名字。

Tom is shining example to all who want to be a successful. Tom对所有想成功的人来说是一个光辉的形象

c) 当先行词特指意义较强时，关系代词通常用who。例如：The man who was killed in the car accident yesterday was his brother.昨天在车祸中死去的那个人是他的兄弟。

d) 当指人的先行词被其它成分隔开时，关系代词通常用who。例如：There is one student in the school who I can see.在这个学校里我只见到了一个学生。

[实战演练]

1．改正下列句子中的错误

(1) There are many organizations which sole purpose is to help mentally retarded children.

(2) The period during when people learned to smelt iron is called the Iron Age.

(3) Nobody believed his reason for being late why his car broke down on the way.

(4) They tried to think out a plan that they could complete their task ahead of time.

(5) As we know it, the telephone was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell.

(6) Many of our Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina, which land is cheap.

(7) There are not many people in this city which own the houses they live in.

(8) The reason why I want to take this lesson is that the professor is supposed to be very eloquent.

(9) The goal with which he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.

(10) The day is bound to come that all the people in the world shall live in peace.

Keys: 1. which→whose 2. when→which 3. why→that 4. that→by which 5. 去掉it 6. which→where 7. which→who 8. that→because 9. with→for 10. that→when

2．从下列各项中选出最适合题意的选项

(1) _______ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy.

(2006 浙江 4)

A. As B. That C. This D. It

(2) Nobody believed his reason for being absent form the class ______ he had to meet his uncle at the air port. (2006 重庆 33)

A. why B. that C. where D. because

(3) —— Do you have anything to say for yourselves?

—— Yes，there's one point ______ we must insist on. (2006 江西 33)

A．why B．where C．how D．/

(4) I have many friends, some are businessmen. (2005 全国卷Ⅰ24)

A．of them B．from which C．who of D．of whom

(5) I walked in our garden, _______ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. (2005 辽宁 28)

A．which B．when

C．where D．that

(6) — why does she always ask you for help?

— there is no one else ______, is there? (2005 北京 35)

A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn

(7) He transplanted the little tree to the garden _______ it was the best time for it. (2005 上海 34)

A. where B. when C. that D. until

(8) Danby left word with my secretary ______ he would call again in the afternoon. (2005 浙江 15)

A. who B. that C. as D. which

(9) — Did Jack come back early last night?

—Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock he arrived home. (2005 福建 24) A．before B．when C．that D．until

(10) The place _______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be________the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. (2005 江苏 32)

A. which; where B. at which; which

C. at which; where D. which; in which

Keys: 1-5 ABDDC 6-10 BBBBC

大家有看过自考教材 00831 0831 现代英语语法吗?下面是我给大家整理的自考教材 00831 0831 现代英语语法，供大家参阅!

【书名】：现代英语语法

【组编】：全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会

【主编】：李基安 王望妮

【版次】：2015年5月第1版

【出版】：外语教学与研究出版社

【代码】：00831

【定价】：46.00元

Chapter1 The structure of the English sentence

Chapter2 Sentence Types

Chapter3 Noun and Noun Phrase(1):Noun and Number

Chapter4 Noun and Noun Phrase(2):Determiner and Genitive

Chapter5 Verb and Verb Phrase(1):Tense,Aspect and Future

Chapter6 Verb and Verb Phrase(2):Passive Voice and Subjunctive Mood

Chapter7 Verb and Verb Phrase(3):Modal Auxiliaries

Chapter8 Verb and Verb Phrase(4):Non-finite Verbs

Chapter9 Adjective Phrase and Comparison

Chapter10 Preposition and Preposition Phrase

Chapter11 Coordination and Subordination

Chapter12 Relative Clause

Chapter13 Adverbials

Chapter14 Concord

Chapter15 Information Structure and Emphasis

Chapter16 Cohesion

Appendix I NOUN+Preposition

Appendix II Preposition+Noun

Appendix III Verb+Preposition

Appendix IV Adjective+Preposition

Bibliography

一、命题的指导思想

本门课程的命题应以全日制高校相同层次相同课程的同等水平为标准，从课程的特点出发，考核应试者能否熟练掌握现代英语语法的基本理论概念，掌握词的形态变化和用词造句的规则，以及简单的组句成篇的一般形式规律。

二、命题的工作步骤

1、第一阶段，命题教师学习、研究和分析本课程考试大纲的内容，以及大纲中规定的试题题型，统一命题要求，进行命题分工。

2、第二阶段，命题教师分头按接受的命题任务进行命题。

3、第三阶段，组成4套左右试卷。每次统考所用的试卷由自考办在其中随机抽取1套使用。

三、命题要求

1、命题教师应根据本门课程的考试大纲和教材，按照命题任务所分配的题型和题量进行命题。需要重点考查的内容，可以采用不同题型或从不同侧面提出问题，但不得出偏题、怪题。试题可以只考一个考核点，也可综合考核不同语言技能的多个考核点。

2、试题编制的质量要求

所编试题要做到：A：题意清楚，文字准确，内容完整，措词严密;B：所给的条件科学、恰当;C：标点符号正确，无拼写错误;D：答案简明、准确、评分标准合理;E：每题编制一张试题卡片。

3、题型编制规范

(1)单项选择题

领会能力层次试题可选自教材，但措辞避免与原教材雷同;

简单应用层次试题选自教材外，长度和难度与考纲例题相当。

(2)多项选择填空题

领会能力层次试题内容可参考教材，但措辞避免与原教材雷同;

简单应用层次试题选自教材外，长度和难度与考纲例题相当。

(3)填空题

领会能力层次试题可选自教材，但措辞避免与原教材雷同;

简单应用层次试题选自教材外，长度和难度与考纲例题相当。

(4)判断改错题

试题选自教材外，每题只含一个错误。改正时，可改写或增加或删除一个单词。

(5)简答题

简答题的问题选自教材，但措辞避免与原教材雷同。

(6)名词解释题

名词解释题的问题选自教材。

(7)改写句子题

选自教材外句子，长度和难度与考纲例题相当。

四、注意事项

编制单项选择题型试题时必须做到：①应有4个备选答案，且其中只能有一个正确答案;②题干文字简练，表述清楚，题意明确，备选答案的共同用语应尽可能置于题干之中;备选答案必须是题干所提问题，各个备选答案之间应避免互为依据或相互包含;④错误答案应具有迷惑性，或者是平常学习时易于混淆的内容;⑤正确答案的顺序应按随机原则排列，备选答案的题序号以A、B、……示列。

编制多项选择填空题型试题时，题型1：每题应有6个备选项，要求将其分为a, b两组;题型2和3：每题应有5至6个备选答案，且其中只能有2个正确答案，要求分别填入两个空格处。

五、组卷要求

1、试卷内容既要全面覆盖，又要保证突出重点。

2、每套试题均应相互独立，对某一试题的解答不得给另一试题以任何提示。

3、每套试卷均应能明显区分应试者及格或不及格两大层次。

4、题型分值结构

(1) 单项选择题20分(每小题1分)

(2)多项选择填空题16分(每小题2分)

(3)填空题20分(每小题1分)

(4)判断改错题8分(每小题1分)

(5)简答题6分(每小题2分)

(6)名(7) 词解释题4分(每小题2分)

(8)改写句子题26分(每小题2分)

六、其他

上海市自考委受全国考委委托，负责组织本门课程的命题工作，其有关事项均按国家教委(92)第22号《高等教育自学考试命题工作规定》执行。

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