极权主义英文

1、“SA”是德国社会主义工人党（纳粹）党卫军的简称，这是德国第一个统一的工人政党。1875年5月，德国社会民主工党（爱森纳赫派）和全德工人联合会（拉萨尔派）在哥达城合并而成。

2、“SA”是德国纳粹党的武装组织。因队员穿褐色制服，又称褐衫队，佩戴“卐”字袖标。冲锋队于1921年8月3日成立。在成立的宣言中，冲锋队发誓愿作“钢铁的组织”为纳粹党效力和“心甘情愿地追随领袖”。

扩展资料

纳粹主义

纳粹主义并非一严格定义的意识形态，而是纳粹党所奉行的国家统制政策和理念，包括一些政治观点和具有宗教色彩的极端思想：种族主义、反共产主义、极权主义、神学主义、反犹太主义、极端民族主义、反同性恋、反自由放任的资本主义以及限制与其意识形态相反的宗教自由。

强调一切领域的“领袖”原则，宣称“领袖”是民族整体意志的代表，国家权利应由其一人掌握。由一个庞大的官僚系统自上至下按领袖原则来管理的政府，提倡种族主义和反犹太主义作为德国的民族社会主义运动意识思想，重集体尚权威武力。

参考资料来源：

百度百科-纳粹党

百度百科-冲锋队

百度百科-德国社会主义工人党

active 积极的，主动的，有效果的，精力旺盛的accept 接受，认同advantage 优势，优越，有利条件award 奖励，奖品

SS  (Schutzstaffel) 是德国社会主义工人党（纳粹）党卫军的简称。

SA  （Salvation Army）是纳粹冲锋队的简称 。

纳粹万字符时候纳粹党在1920年启用的标志。纳粹党的标志是由文字组成的图案，它的来源是由德语的Schutzstaffel（亲卫队）缩写成SS再转化为两个闪电型的字母S合并而成，这个倾斜45°的右旋卐字图案被称为Hakenkreuz（德语直译为钩十字），用于纳粹党的旗帜、徽章及臂章。

纳粹党前身为魏玛共和国时期于1919年创立的德国工人党，于1920年4月1日更名。1921年6月29日，阿道夫·希特勒任党首，开始宣扬纳粹主义、反共产主义、反犹主义，在大萧条时期赢得了很多狂热分子的支持。

1933年希特勒被任命为德国总理后，通过“国会纵火案”而成为纳粹德国唯一执政党，实行一党专政。1945年5月，德国在第二次世界大战中战败及由盟国占领后，盟国管制理事会第2号法令将纳粹党解散及宣布其为非法，其领导者被逮捕并在纽伦堡审判上被宣判犯有危害人类罪。

纳粹党极力宣扬民族社会主义与反犹主义，唤起德国人对马克思主义者和犹太人的刻骨仇恨，同时竭力宣扬种族优劣论、个人独裁论和生存空间论，为其国土扩张和战争政策制造理论根据。

参考资料来源：百度百科-纳粹党

President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers（监察员）, members of the faculty, proud parents, and, above all, graduates, The first thing I would like to say is "thank you." Not only has Harvard given me an extraordinary honour, but the weeks of fear and nausea I’ve endured at the thought of giving this commencement address have made me lose weight. A win-win situation! Now all I have to do is take deep breaths, squint（眯眼看） at the red banners and convince myself that I am at the world’s largest Gryffindors' reunion. Delivering a commencement address is a great responsibility; or so I thought until I cast my mind back to my own graduation. The commencement speaker that day was the distinguished British philosopher Baroness Mary Warnock. Reflecting on her speech has helped me enormously in writing this one, because it turns out that I can't remember a single word she said. This liberating discovery enables me to proceed without any fear that I might inadvertently influence you to abandon promising careers in business, law or politics for the giddy delights of becoming a gay wizard. You see? If all you remember in years to come is the 'gay wizard' joke, I've still come out ahead of Baroness Mary Warnock. Achievable goals - the first step to self-improvement. Actually, I have wracked my mind and heart for what I ought to say to you today. I have asked myself what I wish I had known at my own graduation, and what important lessons I have learned in the 21 years that has expired between that day and this. I have come up with two answers. On this wonderful day when we are gathered together to celebrate your academic success, I have decided to talk to you about the benefits of failure. And as you stand on the threshold of what is sometimes called 'real life', I want to extol（颂扬，赞美） the crucial importance of imagination. These may seem quixotic（空想的） or paradoxical choices, but bear with me. Looking back at the 21-year-old that I was at graduation, is a slightly uncomfortable experience for the 42-year-old that she has become. Half my lifetime ago, I was striking an uneasy balance between the ambition I had for myself, and what those closest to me expected of me. I was convinced that the only thing I wanted to do, ever, was to write novels. However, my parents, both of whom came from impoverished（穷困的） backgrounds and neither of whom had been to college, took the view that my overactive imagination was an amusing personal quirk that could never pay a mortgage, or secure a pension（养老金）. I know the irony strikes like with the force of a cartoon anvil now, but… They had hoped that I would take a vocational degree; I wanted to study English Literature. A compromise was reached that in retrospect（回溯，回想） satisfied nobody, and I went up to study Modern Languages. Hardly had my parents' car rounded the corner at the end of the road than I ditched German and scuttled off down the Classics corridor. I cannot remember telling my parents that I was studying Classics; they might well have found out for the first time on graduation day. Of all the subjects on this planet, I think they would have been hard put to name one less useful than Greek mythology when it came to securing the keys to an executive bathroom. I would like to make it clear, in parenthesis（插入语）, that I do not blame my parents for their point of view. There is an expiry date on blaming your parents for steering you in the wrong direction; the moment you are old enough to take the wheel, responsibility lies with you. What is more, I cannot criticise my parents for hoping that I would never experience poverty. They had been poor themselves, and I have since been poor, and I quite agree with them that it is not an ennobling experience. Poverty entails fear, and stress, and sometimes depression; it means a thousand petty humiliations and hardships. Climbing out of poverty by your own efforts, that is indeed something on which to pride yourself, but poverty itself is romanticised only by fools. What I feared most for myself at your age was not poverty, but failure. At your age, in spite of a distinct lack of motivation at university, where I had spent far too long in the coffee bar writing stories, and far too little time at lectures, I had a knack for passing examinations, and that, for years, had been the measure of success in my life and that of my peers. I am not dull enough to suppose that because you are young, gifted and well-educated, you have never known hardship or heartache. Talent and intelligence never yet inoculated（接种，灌输） anyone against the caprice （任性，反复无常的）of the Fates, and I do not for a moment suppose that everyone here has enjoyed an existence of unruffled（平静的） privilege and contentment. However, the fact that you are graduating from Harvard suggests that you are not very well-acquainted with failure. You might be driven by a fear of failure quite as much as a desire for success. Indeed, your conception of failure might not be too far from the average person's idea of success, so high have you already flown academically. Ultimately, we all have to decide for ourselves what constitutes failure, but the world is quite eager to give you a set of criteria if you let it. So I think it fair to say that by any conventional measure, a mere seven years after my graduation day, I had failed on an epic scale. An exceptionally short-lived marriage had imploded, and I was jobless, a lone parent, and as poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless. The fears my parents had had for me, and that I had had for myself, had both come to pass, and by every usual standard, I was the biggest failure I knew. Now, I am not going to stand here and tell you that failure is fun. That period of my life was a dark one, and I had no idea that there was going to be what the press has since represented as a kind of fairy tale resolution. I had no idea how far the tunnel extended, and for a long time, any light at the end of it was a hope rather than a reality. So why do I talk about the benefits of failure? Simply because failure meant a stripping away of the inessential. I stopped pretending to myself that I was anything other than what I was, and began to direct all my energy into finishing the only work that mattered to me. Had I really succeeded at anything else, I might never have found the determination to succeed in the one arena I believed I truly belonged. I was set free, because my greatest fear had been realised, and I was still alive, and I still had a daughter whom I adored, and I had an old typewriter and a big idea. And so rock bottom became the solid foundation on which I rebuilt my life. You might never fail on the scale I did, but some failure in life is inevitable. It is impossible to live without failing at something, unless you live so cautiously that you might as well not have lived at all – in which case, you fail by default. Failure gave me an inner security that I had never attained by passing examinations. Failure taught me things about myself that I could have learned no other way. I discovered that I had a strong will, and more discipline than I had suspected; I also found out that I had friends whose value was truly above the price of rubies. The knowledge that you have emerged wiser and stronger from setbacks means that you are, ever after, secure in your ability to survive（逆境，不幸）. You will never truly know yourself, or the strength of your relationships, until both have been tested by adversity. Such knowledge is a true gift, for all that it is painfully won, and it has been worth more to me than any qualification I ever earned. So given a Time Turner, I would tell my 21-year-old self that personal happiness lies in knowing that life is not a check-list of acquisition or achievement. Your qualifications, your CV, are not your life, though you will meet many people of my age and older who confuse the two. Life is difficult, and complicated, and beyond anyone's total control, and the humility to know that will enable you to survive its vicissitudes（变迁，兴衰）. You might think that I chose my second theme, the importance of imagination, because of the part it played in rebuilding my life, but that is not wholly so. Though I will defend the value of bedtime stories to my last gasp, I have learned to value imagination in a much broader sense. Imagination is not only the uniquely human capacity to envision that which is not, and therefore the fount of all invention and innovation. In its arguably most transformative and revelatory（泄露的，启示的） capacity, it is the power that enables us to empathise with humans whose experiences we have never shared. One of the greatest formative experiences of my life preceded Harry Potter, though it informed much of what I subsequently wrote in those books. This revelation came in the form of one of my earliest day jobs. Though I was sloping off to write stories during my lunch hours, I paid the rent in my early 20s by working at the African research department at Amnesty International's headquarters in London. There in my little office I read hastily scribbled（潦草写成的） letters smuggled out of totalitarian（极权主义的） regimes by men and women who were risking imprisonment to inform the outside world of what was happening to them. I saw photographs of those who had disappeared without trace, sent to Amnesty by their desperate families and friends. I read the testimony of torture victims and saw pictures of their injuries. I opened handwritten, eye-witness accounts of summary trials and executions, of kidnappings and rapes. Many of my co-workers were ex-political prisoners, people who had been displaced from their homes, or fled into exile, because they had the temerity（鲁莽，冒失，蛮勇） to think independently of their government. Visitors to our office included those who had come to give information, or to try and find out what had happened to those who they had left behind.  shall never forget the African torture victim, a young man no older than I was at the time, who had become mentally ill after all he had endured in his homeland. He trembled uncontrollably as he spoke into a video camera about the brutality inflicted upon him. He was a foot taller than I was, and seemed as fragile as a child. I was given the job of escorting him to the Underground Station afterwards, and this man whose life had been shattered by cruelty took my hand with exquisite courtesy, and wished me future happiness. And as long as I live I shall remember walking along an empty corridor and suddenly hearing, from behind a closed door, a scream of pain and horror such as I have never heard since. The door opened, and the researcher poked out her head and told me to run and make a hot drink for the young man sitting with her. She had just given him the news that in retaliation for his own outspokenness against his country's regime, his mother had been seized and executed. Every day of my working week in my early 20s I was reminded how incredibly fortunate I was, to live in a country with a democratically elected government, where legal representation and a public trial were the rights of everyone. Every day, I saw more evidence about the evils humankind will inflict on their fellow humans, to gain or maintain power. I began to have nightmares, literal nightmares, about some of the things I saw, heard and read. And yet I also learned more about human goodness at Amnesty International than I had ever known before. Amnesty mobilises thousands of people who have never been tortured or imprisoned for their beliefs to act on behalf of those who have. The power of human empathy, leading to collective action, saves lives, and frees prisoners. Ordinary people, whose personal well-being and security are assured, join together in huge numbers to save people they do not know, and will never meet. My small participation in that process was one of the most humbling and inspiring experiences of my life. Unlike any other creature on this planet, human beings can learn and understand, without having experienced. They can think themselves into other people's places. Of course, this is a power, like my brand of fictional magic, that is morally neutral. One might use such an ability to manipulate, or control, just as much as to understand or sympathise. And many prefer not to exercise their imaginations at all. They choose to remain comfortably within the bounds of their own experience, never troubling to wonder how it would feel to have been born other than they are. They can refuse to hear screams or to peer inside cages; they can close their minds and hearts to any suffering that does not touch them personally; they can refuse to know. I might be tempted to envy people who can live that way, except that I do not think they have any fewer nightmares than I do. Choosing to live in narrow spaces can lead to a form of mental agoraphobia（旷野恐惧，广场恐惧）, and that brings its own terrors. I think the wilfully unimaginative see more monsters. They are often more afraid. What is more, those who choose not to empathise may enable real monsters. For without ever committing an act of outright evil ourselves, we collude with it, through our own apathy. One of the many things I learned at the end of that Classics corridor down which I ventured at the age of 18, in search of something I could not then define, was this, written by the Greek author Plutarch: What we achieve inwardly will change outer reality. That is an astonishing statement and yet proven a thousand times every day of our lives. It expresses, in part, our inescapable connection with the outside world, the fact that we touch other people's lives simply by existing. But how much more are you, Harvard graduates of 2008, likely to touch other people's lives? Your intelligence, your capacity for hard work, the education you have earned and received, give you unique status, and unique responsibilities. Even your nationality sets you apart. The great majority of you belong to the world's only remaining superpower. The way you vote, the way you live, the way you protest, the pressure you bring to bear on your government, has an impact way beyond your borders. That is your privilege, and your burden. If you choose to use your status and influence to raise your voice on behalf of those who have no voice; if you choose to identify not only with the powerful, but with the powerless; if you retain the ability to imagine yourself into the lives of those who do not have your advantages, then it will not only be your proud families who celebrate your existence, but thousands and millions of people whose reality you have helped to change. We do not need magic to transform the world, we carry all the power we need inside ourselves already: we have the power to imagine better. I am nearly finished. I have one last hope for you, which is something that I already had at 21. The friends with whom I sat on graduation day have been my friends for life. They are my children's godparents, the people to whom I've been able to turn in times of real trouble, people who have been kind enough not to sue me when I've used their names for Death Eaters. At our graduation we were bound by enormous affection, by our shared experience of a time that could never come again, and, of course, by the knowledge that we held certain photographic evidence that would be exceptionally valuable if any of us ran for Prime Minister. So today, I can wish you nothing better than similar friendships. And tomorrow, I hope that even if you remember not a single word of mine, you remember those of Seneca, another of those old Romans I met when I fled down the Classics corridor, in retreat from career ladders, in search of ancient wisdom: As is a tale, so is life: not how long it is, but how good it is, is what matters. I wish you all very good lives. Thank you very much.

assassin

德国纳粹的“SA”为 Salvation Army，是纳粹冲锋队的缩写。

冲锋队（德语：Sturmabteilung 缩写：SA），德国纳粹党的武装组织。因队员穿褐色制服，又称褐衫队，佩戴“卐”字袖标。冲锋队于1921年8月3日成立。在成立的宣言中，冲锋队发誓愿作“钢铁的组织”为纳粹党效力和“心甘情愿地追随领袖”。

德国纳粹的“SS”为 chutzstaffel，是德国社会主义工人党（纳粹）党卫军的缩写。德文Schutz（护卫、防护、亲卫）与德文Staffel（团队、编群、队伍）的组合词。

其标志为两个闪电型的字母S，代表胜利与太阳，其中包含准宗教职能、情报机构职能、准警察职能和一支武装力量（称作“武装党卫队”）。

纳粹党极力宣扬民族社会主义与反犹主义，唤起德国人对马克思主义者和犹太人的刻骨仇恨，同时竭力宣扬种族优劣论、个人独裁论和生存空间论，为其国土扩张和战争政策制造理论根据。

纳粹政权的特点是在政治上力主要控制住全体社会的一切方面——一体化，以缩减和消除贫富差距为目标，重整德国上下，将党组织编入社会各体系，如劳动阵线（de:Deutsche Arbeitsfront）与其他从属于党组织的全国与地方社团。并且，以追求种族（雅利安人种、北欧人种）、社会和文化的“纯净化”。

纳粹党透过迫害其认定为不纯的事物来达到目的，特别是针对如犹太人、吉普赛人、同性恋者和政客（如魏玛共和国、共产党等等）。

冲锋队最初主要从事破坏革命运动、冲击其他党派群众集会及进行街头殴斗等活动。后参加1923年11月8日的啤酒馆暴动。1924年12月20日希特勒出狱后，委托罗姆重建冲锋队，但两人在冲锋队的性质及与纳粹党的关系上发生争吵，1925年罗姆与希特勒闹翻，后参加玻利维亚军队。

参考资料来源：百度百科-冲锋队

参考资料来源：百度百科-纳粹党