农业英语科技论文

Agriculture Technologies 900 Million Farmers in ChinaThe history of reform and opening up has witnessed three calls for the development of rural markets. 900 million farmers constitute the world's largest group of consumers and have created the biggest business opportunity in China.In the face of the dual competitive pressure posed to China by the hi-tech advantage of the developed countries and the price advantage resulted from the currency devaluation in surrounding countries, China has clearly indicated: From the long-term point of view, while actively exploring international markets, it is essential to actively develop the domestic market, particularly the rural market. This is a strategic choice in conformity with China's national conditions.The rural market is the most dynamic, practical pivotal point in expanding domestic demands and boosting economic growth. Inadequate effective demand has become the greatest hindrance to China's current economic development. In the series of macro-control measures to be adopted in the second half of this year, exploring the rural market is regarded as "a rope for capturing the tiger". Experts' estimation indicates: Every 100 billion yuan worth of final consumption realized in rural areas will generate 235.6 billion yuan worth of consumption demand for the entire national economy.It is also a brand-new starting-point in the readjustment of economic structure and the readjustment of product mix. Today, the buyer's market has penetrated to every corner of China's economy. Of the 900-odd important industrial products, the utilization rate of over half of the production capacity is less than 50 percent, structural readjustment is thus imminent.In the effort to successfully open up the rural market, industrial enterprises must produce commodities geared to rural demands; and commercial enterprises must skillfully build smooth and swift marketing channels.There are many difficulties confronting the effort to explore rural markets. Reasons for this are many. For example, some local governments have inadequate understanding of the importance and urgency of exploring rural markets, fear difficulty and lack confidence in accomplishing this task; quite a number of industrial and commercial enterprises still harbor the concept of "valuing cities while belittling the countryside", this is manifested in the fact that the product mix is incompatible with the rural market demand, the variety of commodities on sale is single and farmers find it inconvenient to buy.In fact, the rural market has enormous potential and there are many favorable conditions for developing the rural market. So long as industrial and commercial enterprises really attach importance to the rural market, carefully study farmers' demands, exert great efforts to do a good job in the work of exploring the rural market well, they can definitely achieve the anticipated results.Industrial enterprises stress production of commodities geared to market needs, while commercial enterprises emphasize smooth and fast marketing channels.Efforts should be made to develop new sales methods, such as chain-store, agency and distribution center and to establish various forms of sales networks wherein industry and commerce, commerce and commerce, town and country, state-owned commerce and individually-run and privately-run commerce join hands. Chinese business people will have ample scope for their abilities in rural markets.The key to success in exploring rural markets lies in increasing farmers' income. It is necessary to open up the rural consumer goods market to allow farmers to buy things; and it is also necessary to first open up the rural agricultural produce market, so that farmers' purses will be bulgingFarmers' income is stepping into the period of a new round of growth at reduced rate.Slow increase in farmers' income is the greatest factor thwarting efforts to explore rural markets. When farmers' purses are not so bulging, increase in actual consumption demand will be slow. To increase farmers' income is, in essence, to enhance the rural economy's adaptability to the socialist market economy. In the opinions of authoritative persons, it is essential to get hold of two links: one is "what to grow". Farmers have to grow farm crops easy to yield added value.To do so, it is necessary to readjust and optimize the agricultural structure, develop high-efficiency and high-value-added characteristic agriculture. Second is "how to sell the produce". To increase farmers' income, it is essential to solve the problem concerning ties between the farmer and the market, farmers should be enabled to smoothly enter the big, ever-changing market. This requires development of industrial management of agriculture, and cultivation of a wholesale market system, intermediary service system and information service system.Cultivating a wholesale trading market system by making use of the advantages of tradition, regional location, resources and industry is an important aspect in invigorating the flow of agricultural produce and industrial products. This has been proved by the experience of many localities. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------China May Hold Future of Food TechnologyBy Dennis AverySenior fellow and Director, Center for Global Food Issues at the Hudson Institute Is it possible the First World will give China a virtual monopoly in agricultural biotechnology, destined to be one of the most valuable technologies of the 21st century? Have the United States and Europe thrown away billions of dollars in agriculture-related biotech earnings and hundreds of thousands of clean, high-tech research and support jobs? The United States and Europe have spent billions of dollars doing basic research in genetically modified crops and animals to make foods that are better-tasting, more nutritious and kinder to the environment. Will China now step in and charge the United States and Europe steep royalties for the right to grow the new organisms that result from this research? Those are all strong possibilities, in the wake of the environmental group Greenpeace's stunningly swift and successful campaign to ban genetically modified foods and crops. First World investors were afraid to be caught in another controversy like tobacco, or another set of baseless class-action lawsuits like the controversy over silicone breast implants. They've bailed out on agricultural biotechnology long before governments dared act. To duck the controversy, Monsanto's orphaned agricultural biotech unit will be dumped into a hostile stock market along with its multibillion-dollar laboratories and patents. Ditto for the big agricultural biotech units of Europe's Novartis and Zeneca. Look for layoffs from all three. And don't expect the laid-off scientists to land jobs at public research institutions. The publicly funded research labs will be even more gun-shy of agricultural biotechnology now than the private sector. The erstwhile scientists will have to lay aside their doctorates and start new careers. A lucky few may find jobs in human medical biotech, which the environmental movement has not attacked yet. This has nothing to do with risks to people or the environment. Despite media hype, no real dangers related to biotech foods have ever been documented. But Greenpeace seems to want a smaller, poorer human population, so they're willing to frighten the world back into the scientific Dark Ages. The one thing certain is genetic engineering in food production will not disappear. When the astronomer Galileo published his proofs in 1632 that the Earth revolved around the sun, the Catholic Church put him under house arrest. The church had declared the Earth the center of the universe. But people could never look at the sun in quite the same way again. They had new knowledge. The First World may be so comfortable it can afford to pass up biotech foods. But the Third World is still struggling to provide adequate diets for its growing population. For the developing world, the choices are stark. The can either use biotechnology to raise yields, grow more low-yield crops by clearing tropical forests or import food from the West. Given those choices, biotech foods look awfully attractive. Most Third World countries are too small or poor to advance agricultural biotechnology on their own. Countries like Brazil and Argentina could assemble the scientific resources but they're afraid of losing their export sales to nervous European and Japanese consumers. India might like to develop high-yielding biotech crops to ease its cropland shortage, but its own prickly activists are still arguing over hybrid seeds. They're likely to hamstring Indian biotech into the near foreseeable future. China is the one country in the world with the scientific power to carry biotechnology forward in agriculture, the urgent need for massive amounts of additional food and feed and no need to allow unfounded food scares to be published in its newspapers. China already has over 1 million farmers growing genetically modified cotton, corn and soybeans because of lower costs. Anyone who doubts China's ability to carry forward good science is ignoring the country's fabulous history and its recent ballistic missile tests. "Golden rice" by itself may be enough to secure genetically engineered foods' reputation among Chinese consumers. Asian women are at high risk of birth complications because of iron deficiency due to the phytate in the rice they eat. Golden rice counteracts the phytate and provides ample dietary iron. It also contains plenty of Vitamin A, also lacking in many rice-culture diets. The International Rice Research Institute is already breeding golden rice genes into popular rice varieties for the people of Asia and Africa. Is Greenpeace callous enough to try to frighten poor rice-culture consumers away from golden rice and back to childhood blindness? Using biotechnology, China should be able to produce highly attractive foods, such as healthier fats for cooking, allergy-free nuts, more tender steaks and, at last, a tasty off-season tomato. Every vitamin and mineral needed by the human body could be engineered into our foods, saving consumers billions of dollars in food supplements. When First World consumers find out about such goodies, China can export them or charge farmers in other countries a fee to grow them. The biotech crops will also feature sharply higher yields, especially on marginal farmlands where drought and acid soils currently limit production. Greenpeace should cheer this, since it will directly help save Asian tropical forests. First World farmers will lose a significant part of their export potential, of course, if Third World farmers can produce higher yields and more desirable specialty foods through biotechnology. At the moment, that seems to be the price they pay for farming in a rich, overfed country.

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农业机械是现代农业发展的重要标志，近年来国家加大了对农业机械发展支持力度和农机购置补贴政策的不断深入，我整理了机械科技论文范文3000字，有兴趣的亲可以来阅读一下! 机械科技论文范文3000字篇一 农业机械安全生产 [摘 要] 农业机械化是现代农业发展的重要标志，近年来国家加大了对农业机械化发展支持力度和农机购置补贴政策的不断深入，歙县农业机械化取得了快速的发展，但日益突出的农业机械安全面临了新的挑战，如农业运输、机械作业、加工及机械用电操作(当前小型机械大都用电力、汽油动力取代了柴油动力)等，农机安全生产问题得到了全社会的关注，已成为农机管理部门目前面临的首要工作，工作的重中之重。本人在基层从事农机管理工作二十多年，农机安全的重要性深有体会，本文通过对当前影响和制约农机安全生产的主要因素的分析，总结出预防农村农业机械事故发生的几点措施与建议，旨在为农业机械安全生产提供一定借鉴。 [关键词] 农业机械 安全生产 措施与建议 [中图分类号] S23 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1003-1650 (2013)12-0169-02 在如今经济快速发展的同时，人们的生活发生着日新月异的改变，生产和生活方式也有着巨大的本质性转变。尤其是在中央关于发展现代农业和建设新农村的政策指引下及黄山市先进型自动化农业发展纲要的指导下，安徽省黄山市歙县农业已经基本实现了以小型农业机械为主体的现代农业的基本要求，正体现出现代农业的生产、效率、自动化和示范四大优势。 一、当前影响和制约农机安全生产的主要因素 1.农村农业机械数量的增加，是各类农业机械事故增加的必然因素 80年代以来我国对农村的大力发展，农村经济快速发展，农民收入有了很大提高，很多农民用积累的资本购买小型拖拉机、农用三轮车帮助农业运输和生产，享受当时计划经济时期少量指标柴油的政策。在安徽省黄山市歙县，6000元的价格购入一辆农用三轮或者四轮拖拉机用耕地、播种、运送农作物、送肥、，卖粮食、赶集、走亲访友在农村十分流行。有关数据显示2004年底我国小型农用拖拉机的数量达到1650万台;其中不包括相当一部分的农用三轮，这些农业机械数量的增加，势必促使农村农业机械事故的激增。 2.农机使用者的安全意识和法制意识淡薄 近年来，“村村通”使农村道路得到改善，农用变形车替代了三轮、四轮拖拉机;特别是2008年中央实行农机购置补贴政策，农民购机数量急骤上升，大量的新型农用机械涌入农村，由于年轻人出门打工的较多，年龄偏大且安全意识差、法制观念落后、驾驶技术不到位、文化素质较低的农民成为了农机操作队伍的一员，由于缺少操作技术培训和安全宣传教育，他们的表现令人担忧，他们在工作中违反交通法规，对农村道路安全产生了极大隐患。尤其一部分人，没有经过相关培训就无证上路行驶、超载超速、农用车载客及酒后驾驶等违法违章行为;虽然有些人有驾驶执照，但缺乏农机安全的相关意识，没有系统的对农机进行维护和修理，这样对农机的安全生产造成严重的威胁。 3.目前，政府对农村农业机械管理缺乏协调性，是农业机械事故发生的重要原因之一 政府职能部门之间管理范围不确定，缺乏监管协调性。例如对于农用车(拖拉机)的管理，交警部门、交通部门、《道路交通安全法》实施前的农机部门根据相关法律法规有一定的管理权，可确定农用车的范围一直在修改，管理缺乏协调性，存在一些盲区。 4.农田和道路安全检(审)查力度不够 年度检审率和交强险率不高 农机安全检查是使用农业机械安全生产的前提，年度检审和交强险是农业机械及其驾驶人的安全及安全事故处理赔偿的保障。但是，目前的农田与道路安全检(审)查无法满足山村农机使用率低、使用范围小、新旧更新快和日益增长的农业机械数量等要求。检测用的相关的设备老化落后或严重缺失，向机手收取检测费用无法落实让年检(审)工作陷入被动。许多农机驾驶员对购买农机和办理驾照的意识有所提高，但是对农机年度检审验及交强险的观念不健全。 5.农机安全防范意识不够 安全宣传和事故应急体系不健全 由于农机生产因季节性、独立性导致全社会对农机方面的法律、法规宣传和安全常识教育和培训重要性认知不足，安全防范意识不够。农机生产范围广，影响小，导致专门的农机安全事故应急体系还不健全。 二、预防农村农业机械事故发生的几点措施与建议 1.加大宣传力度，争取全社会的理解和支持 以前，一些相关领导对农机安全管理的必要性、重要性缺乏了解和指导，导致了农机安全管理工作效果不明显。政府和社会应更多地支持农业机械化的发展，关注农机生产安全，充分利用各种舆论资源如电视、农村广播、黑板报、报纸、短信及(农村大队散发宣传单、)举办农机相关知识讲座等，创造一切宣传机会，全力以赴、坚定不移地宣传农业机械安全法律法规、安全生产常识。只有广大农民的法制观念，安全意识再上一个档次，当农民自觉遵守法律，按规章办事，才能实质上减少农村农机事故的发生。 2.组织农机安全检查 加强机手安全学习 农机安全管理的重要内容之一是农机安全生产检查，此项措施可以及时补救驾驶员违章操作，可减少和避免相关事故的发生，是农机安全科学管理的诀窍之一。农机安全管理部门应加强基层特别是村组农机管理队伍的建设，加大对农田，道路检查的力度。教育机手严格要求自己，不放松警惕，及时改正不当行为。对于农机驾驶和操作人员，应充分利用农闲时间学习操作技能，提高自身安全操作意识，应该严格按照标准进行测试。对于没有通过考试或不参加考试的人，都将拿不到驾驶执照，严禁其驾驶和操作农机，这样一来有助于农机手素质的提高。要根据当地实际和自身特点，在春耕、秋收农机作业旺季前夕，采取开展多种多样的活动和周围的操作员进行技术经验交流，在原有的基础上更进一层楼，成为大家的模范。还要经常学习农机事故案例，分析其原因，找出避免事故的方法，使自己懂技术、懂方法、懂操作。 3.保障农机监理资金 改善监理装备 各级政府应按有关法律法规的要求，保障农机管理所需的资金，建立健全农机安全管理责任制，加大力度管理农机管理项目资金，为农机管理部门装备具有针对性为机手服务的设备，使此部门团队化，专业化，使得工作效率大大提高，使农机安全管理执法条件不断完善，而且在保障宣传教育、安全检查等工作的开展的同时，要将参与农机管理的工作人员纳人公务员的指导范畴，这样才能确保依法行政，使执法更具有专业性。 4.加强农业机械质量监测 严格遵守报废规定 首先，农机管理相关部门要对本区域的农业机械进行详细的检查，对那些使用时间较长的老旧农业机械要进行全面系统的安全评估，评估报告要尽可能详细，凡是符合要求的农业机械应该记录在案，定时定员的进行检查和管理，不容忽视。凡是没有通过检查的机械，严格按照法律法规进行封存、报废等处理。对进行报废的农机主，农机部门应该予以重视，相关部门应给予补贴。如果发现封存、报废的农业机械参加农业生产，应该通知农机主管部门，对违规操作者进行严厉的处罚。农业机械的可靠性相当重要，它影响着农业生产的质量，是农业机械安全生产的重要前提之一，只有真正的重视起来，才能最大限度的保障我们农民的生命财产安全。 参考文献 [1]王杰波，王坤，张春平. 农村农业机械安全生产不容忽视[J]. 安徽农机，2005，01：6-8. [2]梁军. 设施农业机械安全生产隐患问题不容忽视[J]. 中国农机监理，2010，05：24-25. [3]李平香. 搞好农业机械安全生产的对策[J]. 农业技术与装备，2010，16：29-31. 机械科技论文范文3000字篇二 农业机械节油措施 摘要 介绍了购置农业机械应掌握的几个原则，并从农业机械的养护、维护及有利于节油的良好驾驶习惯等方面分析了农业机械节油的措施，以期为农业机械操作过程中更有效地节油提供参考。 关键词 农业机械;节油;原则;养护;维护;驾驶习惯 中图分类号 S232.6 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-5739(2015)15-0204-01 农业机械节油一直以来都是广大机手高度关注的问题，牵涉到广大机手的切身利益，节油不能只局限在某一方面，通过了解各类农机具的性能特点，掌握其节油的正确使用方法，养成良好的驾驶习惯，多方面加以应用，才能实现节油节能，从而达到提高经济效益的目的。 1 农业机械的购置原则 首先结合当地的实际情况，选择作业性能稳定、动力强劲、售后服务优质、各类维修配件充足的机型，其次要选择符合国标和行业部门认定的机型，再就是满足当地农业需求，整体性能优异的节能机型。只有符合上述条件，才能真正实现节能节油的目标。 2 农业机械的养护 日常的保养对于节油来说非常重要，机车在工作时，由于机器的频繁操作、颠簸，一些部件可能会因为松动而发生漏油现象，特别是柴油滤清器、高压油管、油箱开关、油管接头等关键部件。为此，上述部件在机器开动前进行检查非常有必要，不仅是为了行车安全，而且可以有效降低油耗，提高经济效益。随着农业机械运行时间的增长，机器的精密零部件磨损从而致使其有效功率减小，如：燃油系统、缸套活塞组件以及配气系统等部件，为达到相同的功率将产生更高的油耗。因此，日常合理的养护可保证农业机械保持在最佳的技术状态，是降低油耗的首要因素。 2.1 磨合期忌超负荷运作 磨合期是新购置的农业机械必经的一个过程，也是广大农机手容易忽视的一个过程，新机入手后，迫不急待地快车、重车上路，对于新机来说是个不小的负担，也不利于新机的磨合。在磨合的过程中，一是要在其额定功率内进行负荷;二是要控制机车的速度，宜匀速行驶，忌急加速、急减速、急刹车等。 2.2 定期保养滤清器 日常做好“三滤”的清洗保养，使“三滤”具有良好的工作性能，柴油机车行驶一定的里程，一般以5 000 km为基数，要适时更换柴油滤清器、空气滤清器、机油滤清器配件。因为空气滤清器堵塞会引起进气量减少，导致柴油燃烧不充分，降低燃油效率，机车工作无力，如果空气滤清器的横截面堵塞超过1/3，油耗提高超2%，柴油滤清器的堵塞也会使发动机供油出现异常，导致功率下降，油耗上升。 2.3 查看轮胎气压 保证轮胎正常气压可以起到有效节油的目的，因为轮胎气压过高或过低都会加剧轮胎的磨损，不仅缩短轮胎的寿命，而且增加油耗，更不利于行车安全，因此在行车前，应经常检查轮胎的气压是否正常，为确保机具轮胎的气压正常，春、秋两季按其标示的标准气压充气，夏季的气压比标准气压低2%～3%，冬季比标准高2%～3%，即夏季气压取其规定值的下限，冬季取规定值的上限。 2.4 定期更换润滑油 按机车的实际运行情况，润滑油应及时更换，换油不及时会增加零件的磨损，进而加大油耗。提前换油，会造成油料不必要的浪费，形成另外一种油耗。同时，要根据季节和作业环境来调节更换润滑油的频率。 2.5 确保轴承部件处于正常运转状态 轴承部件在机器运转时不能过紧或过松，确保其保持运转自如状态，反之，会导致机器磨损，同时增加油耗。因此，在安装机器时注意检查各连接部位的螺钉松紧程度。 2.6 正确使用柴油 柴油经过48 h的沉淀后更加洁净，能提升发动喷油阀偶件和喷油泵柱塞偶件运行的稳定，可为发动机的供油系统提供最佳的供油状态，达到有效节油的目的。同时，还能保证发动机的有效使用寿命，为广大农机手节约机器投入的成本。 3 农业机械的维护 3.1 预防燃油渗漏 对发动机应经常性进行目测检查，定期对发动机进行油耗测试，并安装油量校正器，一旦发现滴漏现象及时加以处理。燃油渗漏的预防，一方面是从减少油耗的角度出发，另一方面从安全行车的角度出发，燃油渗漏不可轻视。 3.2 调节供油提前角 供油提前角偏小或偏大都会造成柴油燃烧不充分、不完全，导致排气冒烟、工作无力、增加油耗(喷油角度较规定提前3～4°，油耗约增加2%)。为此，广大机手要根据柴油发动机供油提前角的操作规程及时调整供油提前角。 3.3 及时调节喷油压力 对于使用较长时间的喷油嘴，因针阀偶件发生磨损，应适当调低喷油压力，比标准喷油压力低409 kPa左右，这样就可以避免滴油、漏油现象，保证柴油雾化良好，减少油耗。 3.4 调节气门间隙 调节气门间隙的大小可以对发动机的进、排气量进行有效控制，进而对燃油的消耗产生影响。发动机使用时限久了(下转第209页) (上接第204页) 因齿轮、凸轮轴磨损而引起配气相位角减少，要适当减少气门间隙，以弥补配气相位角的减少。如果机器使用年限较长，凸轮轴磨损严重要及时更换，否则不仅功率下降，而且增加油耗。 3.5 严禁“病机”作业 柴油机正常情况下的排烟为无色或淡灰色，如果工作中持续出现冒蓝烟、白烟、黑烟，说明其技术状态不正常，带病作业。蓝烟主要是发动机润滑油进入燃烧室导致，此故障常伴有润滑油使用过多;白烟一般是柴油中含水;黑烟主要是因为柴油在缺氧情况下燃烧，大部分是因空气滤清器脏污、堵塞所致。发生上述故障时，应该及时找出原因，排除故障，消除柴油机的带病状态，减少油耗[1-3]。 3.6 确保多缸机整体运行，不让“病缸”拖后腿 根据测试数据显示，四缸机器如果有一缸运行不正常或是无法工作，将大幅增加油耗。一旦发现多缸机有一缸运行不正常，应及时检查原因并加以排除，确保各缸运行稳定，减少油耗。 3.7 使用洁净的柴油 柴油是当前各类农业机械的主要用油。实践证明，使用沉淀和过滤净化后的柴油，能延长发动机中精密偶件的使用寿命。在加油前要清除好油箱周围的杂物，防止在加油过程中灰尘进入油箱。 4 有利于节油的良好驾驶习惯 4.1 适度热车 热车时间过长将增加油耗，建议热车1～3 min，水温达到40 ℃时起步，让机车通过低速行驶一段路来达到热车效果，同时也可以有效降低油耗。 4.2 尽量匀速行驶 按照机车设计的经济速度行驶，杜绝超速行驶，是节油的一个好途径。在实际驾驶过程中，尽可能让发动机转速保持在适宜的范围，保持最佳的降低油耗的指标。 4.3 正确控制档位 在发动机转速处于适宜转速之间时换档，农机手应杜绝高档起步，因为低档高速行驶往往使油耗超过正常值的45%。 4.4 提前谋划机车行进路线 农业机车作业前先安排好合理的行车路线，这样可以有效减少不必要的行程，既节约时间又减少油耗。行驶过程减少转弯和空行，途中尽量减少停车的次数。 4.5 忌超负荷作业 根据动力铭牌标具的有效功率进行负荷作业，不宜“小马拉大车”，使油耗陡然上升，也不宜“大马拉小车”，容易造成资源浪费。 4.6 选择湿度适宜的土壤作业 各种土壤的湿度不同其阻力也不尽相同，机手在耕作时应该选择相应阻力较小的湿度范围进行作业，这时的平均耗油相对较低。过干或过湿都会增加土壤的工作阻力，从而增加农业机械工作时的耗油量。 4.7 合理正确地运行农业机械 在日常农业耕作中，对将要耕作的地块进行合理规划，杜绝重复耕作的情况发生。同时，按照地块的实际情况，翻地犁牵引纵横方向要保持水平，旋耕犁刀的安装方法要正确，耕深要保持一致。遇到耕作的阻力小且机器运行速度不宜过快时，可采用高档小油门操作。发动机水温在85～95 ℃时的热效率最高、耗油最小，广大机手应该熟练地掌握让发动机水温保持在这个范围。并做到起动预温、防止跑偏、停车熄火等，都能起到节油的效果[4-7]。 5 参考文献 [1] 蔡家声，曹国军，张三强，等.农业机械油料性能及使用与净化[J].农业技术与装备，2014(24)：44-45. 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