
英文写作是生在英语考试中最薄弱的一环。同学花了的和精力,却很难在项上。比方说,每天用小时来练习,一段以后,的速度和度都的;然而,每天用小时来写作,每次写的作文质量不太大的差异。可以说,在写作上的练习是一项投入产出低的工作。事实上,写作也有的技巧,技巧不所,原因在于:写作的技巧程度上从考试题目本身来得出,需要对英文文章的学习和总结得来,即功夫在题外。笔者在英语写作几点心得。一、要善于模仿对大多数学习英语的同学,英语的词汇量、句式的积累还极其有限,远用英文流畅,挥洒自如的境地。在创作是不合时宜的,非要,写出“long time no see”的文字来。,模仿是的必经途径。谈到模仿,同学的办法背一堆范文,再到考场上“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作,可想而知。这真正意义上的模仿,充其量算是默写课文。如何模仿呢?,模仿的要。模仿的永远要的句式结构上,而非各类的词汇。道理很简单:词,文章内容的变换,就用了;而句式结构是放置四海而皆准的东西,适用的范围广,学来对写作的帮助也就。,模仿的要地道。像新概念英语的教材就了原汁原味的英语法。盲目文章学习,记不中不洋的句子,以讹传讹,浪费。最后,模仿要体动笔上。比如说,新概念册有句式说:“…for the simple reasonthat…”表示某种的原因是,用在英语考试中,就可以拿来解释为自行车在的流行,为:“The bicycleis very popular in China for the simple reasonthat…”。然而,同学经常背了句式不用,一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”,等等。二、要灵活变通在批改英语作文的过程中,经常能将中文生硬地翻译成英文的法。中英文的差异和词汇量、法积累的,难于的是的。关键在于如何。有话叫做“立志如山,行道如水”,套用在上就很合适。写英文作文,要有决心把它写好,有信心把意思,“立志如山”;但关键是遇到时要灵活的,能像流水变通解决。翻译界的故事说:在某大型国际会议的招待会上,一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译:“What is it madeof?”本来是非常简单的,结果翻译太紧张,“egg”词,他急中生智,回答:“It is made of MissHen’s son.”这里,灵活变通的范例。绕道,是写作中应该常常运用的方法。三、要细心观察要写好英语作文,还要敏锐的目光细心地观察,英语中上的习惯。比如说,在正式文体的写作中,用 “it isn”t”的略缩形式,而是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理,在正式文体中的日期不缩写,阿拉伯数字英文(长的数字除外)。再比如说,翻翻新概念册所课文,会一段文章的段首句转折时,转折词However都句子结构中的部分,以插入语的形式。原因,是段落一开始就用转折词,会时转折较生硬、突兀。最后,同学在写作文时,习惯于把 “since” “because”“for”的词句首原因状语从句。事实上,在见到的英语报刊杂志文章中,的从句主句的。, “and”也常常被误话的,表示句子的并列或递进关系。其实,经常留心地道的英语文章能,是并列关系,完全可以不用连词;是递进关系,用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为。四、要心有全局英文写作强调形式上的严谨性,是全丝丝入扣。写作时结构意识,应试写作就简化填空的过程了。框架万变不离其宗,地填如观点、素材,文章就而然地立了。了英文写作中的练习技巧,会使英文写作的努力有更大的收益。
英文论文写作心得
对于一篇英文论文来说,要保证其完整度和优异的质量,以及考虑到导师所给出的如时间、参考资料等各方面的条件限制,下文是总结的一些英语论文写作心得体会。一起来看看吧!
【写作前准备】
1、自己的实验结果是否够发一篇SCI文章?
2、适合发表在什么杂志?是选择专业期刊?还是综合期刊?
3、为什么类型的投稿(Types of submission)?比如Articles(论著);Reviews(综述);Reports(报告);Letter to editor(来信)等。
4、该杂志的影响因子(Impact factor)是多少,每年发表多少文章?是否有过本土中国人在上面发表?(便于评价自己的文章被接收的可能性)。
6、有没有下载该杂志最新的投稿须知(Instructions for authors)?
7、是否弄清楚了投稿须知各个条目的意思?
8、是否接收网上投稿(Submission on line)(一般有网上投稿的杂志更为方便)?
9、是否收版面费(Page charges)?如果论文被接收,自己的经济能力能否支付该杂志的发表全部费用。
10、手头有多少相关内容的文献?(越多越好,这样写作的时候能借鉴他们的思路和语句,对分析讨论的开展也很有好处)
【写作环节】
1、不要用中国式的思维去写英文句子。
2、套用老外的写作思路(比如前言第1段写对疾病的认识及重要性,第2段对基本背景知识的介绍,第3段如何引出研究问题。讨论部分往往每一段第一句为该段的中心句。)
3、格式一定要严格按照所投杂志的要求来排版(可以参考投稿须知的要求和该杂志最近发表的文章,要做到一模一样,这样编辑认为你是认真对待的)。
4、避免使用首次发现,该研究特别有意义的语句(老外喜欢你陈述事实,是不是首次发现由别人说了算,有没有意义需要时间来检验)。
5、首页有什么特殊要求?比如是否写清了通讯作者(Corresponding author)和页眉标题(Running title),Running title是否符合字符数要求,一般50个字符以下。首页是否要求标明全文字符数(The number of characters must be listed on the title page)。首页是否要求提供关键词(Key words),现在很多杂志在正式出版的时候是看不到关键词的,他多数目的是为了编辑好选择审稿专家。
6、摘要是否为有特殊格式(比如格式摘要:目的,方法,结果,结论),是否有字数限制(比如205个字以下)。
7、注意参考文献(References)一定要符合杂志的格式,参考文献的数目是否有限制。是否不能引用正在出版的(In press)文章或未公开的(Unpublished data)数据。
8、是否引用了较多著名杂志的文章为参考文献(大家看影响因子超过10的杂志文章,他们引用的文献多数也是来自10以上的杂志,也就是说你投高影响因子的杂志就尽量不要引用低档杂志的文章,这是一条潜规则)。
9、引用了几篇该杂志的文章作为参考文献(有的杂志有明确要求要引几篇,有的没有要求,但是编辑在还是喜欢你多引他们杂志的文章)。
10、写完后最好先找一个在国外呆过几年的`中国人修改第1次(这样能纠正明显写作错误和表达,又明白你的写作意思),然后再找一个英语为母语的人修改(最好是学医的,这样能够纠正一些微小错误和表达习惯)。最终的目的是即使退稿也不是因为语言问题。人家修改完了注意在回信中致谢(Thank you very much for the excellent and professional revision of our manuscript. In future, I will send you my English manuscripts for proofreading! I will acknowledge your help in the footnote.)和在文章中致谢(We thank *** for critical reading of the manuscript.)。
11、注意文章中不要有中文输入法情况下的标点符号(老外的计算机操作系统可能识别为乱码或者为非法程序)。
12、标点符号是否正确?空格是否恰当?
13、注意缩写的格式,时间表示的格式,希腊字母的格式。
14、该斜体的地方是否是斜体(in vitro,in vivo等)。
15、材料与方法中试剂后的厂家是否该杂志的要求(有的不但要标明公司名字和国家,还要城市名,货号)。
16、是否进行了伦理道德的申明。(如果进行了动物实验和人体实验)。
17、图表是否符合杂志的数目(Number)、大小(Size)和分辨率(Resolution)要求?有几副彩图(建议能设置为灰度的图就改成灰度的图,比如一些统计结果图。因为彩图收费(Color charges)是很贵的)。
18、图的格式类型是否有要求,一般只接收EPS或TIFF格式。图的模式是否有要求,比如过去一般要求是CMYK模式,现在很多杂志要求RGB模式。
19、图表是放在后面,还是插入在文章中。(看投稿须知要求)。
20、字数是否符合杂志要求(有的杂志对字数也有要求。比如最多8个版面。他一般会告诉你怎么推测自己的文章占几个版面,比如有的杂志大约是8000个字符数(characters)(包括空格)为一个版面)。
21、全文的字号是否符合要求。(一般是12号字(12-point),双倍行距(Double space))。
22、是否进行了致谢(国外的文章一般都会致谢。一般要求写受什么基金资助,谁对文章改了,谁进行了技术帮助,谁提供了一些实验材料等;其中很多杂志基金资助一般写在Footnote中)。
1. 要写好科研论文,必须先养成读英文文章的习惯,争取每天30-60分钟。刚开始可以选择以读英文报纸、英文新闻为主,逐渐转为读专业杂志。我会在近期专门写一篇博客文章介绍一套行之有效的增强读专业杂志能力的办法。
2. 写科研论文,最重要的是逻辑。逻辑的形成来自对实验数据的总体分析。必须先讨论出一套清晰的思路,然后按照思路来做图(Figures),最后才能执笔。
3. 具体写作时,先按照思路(即Figures)写一个以subheading为主的框架,然后开始具体写作。第一稿,切忌追求每一句话的完美,更不要追求词语的华丽,而主要留心逻辑(logic flow),注意前后句的逻辑关系、相邻两段的逻辑关系。写作时,全力以赴,尽可能不受外界事情干扰(关闭手机、座机),争取在最短时间内拿出第一稿。还要注意:一句话不可太长。
4. 学会照葫芦画瓢。没有人天生会写优秀的科研论文,都是从别人那里学来的。学习别人的文章要注意专业领域的不同,有些领域(包括我所在的结构生物学)有它内在的写作规律。科研文章里的一些话是定式,比如 “To investigate the mechanism of …, we performed …”, “These results support the former, but not the latter, hypothesis …”, “Despite recent progress, how … remains to be elucidated …” 等等。用两次以后,就逐渐学会灵活运用了。在向别人学习时,切忌抄袭。在美国一些机构,连续7个英文单词在一起和别人的完全一样,原则上就被认为抄袭(plagiarism)。
5. 第一稿写完后,给自己不要超过一天的休息时间,开始修改第二稿。修改时,还是以逻辑为主,但对每一句话都要推敲一下,对abstract和正文中的关键语句要字斟句酌。学会用“Thesaurus”(同义词替换)以避免过多重复。第二稿的修改极为关键,再往后就不会大改了。
6. 第二稿以后的修改,主要注重具体的字句,不会改变整体逻辑了。投稿前,一定要整体读一遍,对个别词句略作改动。记住:学术期刊一般不会因为具体的语法错误拒绝一篇文章,但一定会因为逻辑混乱而拒绝一篇文章。
这套方法行之有效,我对所有的学生和博士后都会如此教导。我的第一个博士后是柴继杰,1999年加入我在普林斯顿大学的实验室。继杰当时的英文阅读和写作能力很差。我对他的第一个建议就是,“每天花半小时读英文报纸”。难能可贵的是:他坚持下来了!经过几年的努力,2004年继杰已经能写出不错的grant proposal,2006年他的第一篇独立科研论文发表在《Molecular Cell》上,随后相继在《自然》发表两篇、在其它一流学术期刊发表十多篇论文。写作能力开始成熟。
发表论文是一件值得高兴的事情,但要明白:论文只是一个载体,是为了向同行们宣告你的科研发现,是科学领域交流的重要工具。所以,在科研论文写作时,一定要谨记于心的就是:用最简单的话表达最明白的意思,但一定要逻辑严谨!其实,中文和英文论文皆如此!
1. 求一篇学英语的感悟,体会的论文 论文 [摘要] 现在许多学生学习英语是为了应付考试,大部分时间用来背英语单词并做大量的词汇、语法模拟练习,脱离了语言学习的正常轨道。 学生付出了很多,但学习效果并不明显。要学好英语,必需掌握正确的学习方法,到语言知识所在的环境里去学。 ؤ [关键词] 词汇的学习 写作能力 英语思维 英语语感 现在许多学生学习英语是为了应付考试,大部分时间用来背英语单词并做大量的词汇、语法模拟练习,脱离了语言学习的正常轨道。学生付出了很多,但学习效果并不明显。 要学好英语,必需掌握正确的学习方法,到语言知识所在的环境里去学,我认为可以从以下几方面入手。إ 一、要学会正确使用词典إ 在每年新生班的英语教学中,我发现大部分学生使用的都是电子词典或一些老的、过时的词典,有些学生甚至把英语四、六级词汇的书当作词典来使用。电子词典或词汇书只提供了单词的某些意思并未提供单词的用法,有些词汇书即使提供了单词的用法,也是比较片面的。我认为要学好英语,必须要有一本好的词典,而且还要学会正确使用词典。 然而,大部分学生认为使用词典的目的就是查单词的意思,并未做到充分利用词典所提供的全部信息。在使用一本词典时,首先要研究本词典的使用说明等。 这种说明详细提供了有关词典里使用各种符号及其它注意事项,帮助使用者最充分地使用词典。 إ 二、词汇的学习必须摆脱练习题的束缚إ 学生为了应付考试,把大部分时间花在用来背英语单词并做大量的词汇、语法模拟练习。 词汇的学习必须摆脱练习题的束缚,到语言知识所在的语言环境里去,即到书本里去学,到阅读材料里去学。单词的学习不能脱离句子,句子的学习不能脱离文章,也就是上下文。 只有有了上下文,才能充分理解所学的语言知识。在理解的基础上所学的语言知识是牢固持久的;而孤立地背单词、做练习所得的知识是肤浅、短暂的。 用这种孤立的学习方法也永远找不到学习英语的感觉。因此在教学中,我特别注重词汇方法的学习,让学生积累有用的词汇。 在所学的每个单元的对话和课文中,都有很多单词、词组、习惯用语和句型。每个单元我都坚持听写单词、词组。 有的老师在课文讲解之前听写单词,我认为这种方法只会事倍功半。因为在老师的讲解下,学生了解了这些单词的用法,但并非会用。 只有经过课下的学习、消化并在理解所学文章的基础上才能真正掌握这些单词,最终达到会用的目的。在讲解课文时,对于课文中出现的重要句型,我事先叫学生标出,正确分析其句子结构,注意中英文排列顺序的异同,然后叫他们读熟,最后我在给出类似句型的句子叫学生来练习。 为了加深记忆,下次上课时利用几分钟的时间进行听写。这种随学随用的方法有助于学生透彻理解和扎实牢固地掌握所学知识。 إ 三、反复训练,提高写作水平إ 英语写作能力是学生综合运用英语能力的体现。学生们通过写作课,学习写作的方法、技巧、修辞手段,以及文章的各种体裁的要求;同时,在老师的帮助下,通过对一些优秀作品的欣赏,学习遣词造句,布局谋篇。 这是一般意义上学习写作所涵盖的几个方面。由于高职院不同于本科院校,在学生英语写作上的要求也不尽相同。 教学大纲对高职学生写作上的要求更注重实用性。由于高职学生英文写作水平低,因此,在写作课上要抓住课上认真听,课下反复练的原则,注意以下几个阶段的训练:إ 1.由词到句的训练阶段 إ 在学完每单元后,我一般都要求学生用我所给的单词、词组及句型造句。 在课堂上,我针对每个单元所学的单词、词组及句型进行操练,让学生编写对话或小故事等。课后,我及时布置一些中译英练习或用我给定的词语造句,这样可以起到巩固词汇的作用。 除了练习还要注意引导学生多做一些一句多译练习,启发学生的写作思路。 إ 2.由句到段的训练阶段 إ 这个阶段主要以改写或缩写课文为主。 学生在学习课文时积累了不少词汇、句型,在此基础上要求他们改写或缩写课文是练习写作的最好时机。我们所学的课文,文字优美、语言地道、题材广泛,对课文进行一系列的写作训练,如改写、缩写等可以提高英语写作水平。 以课文为中心训练写作能力非常重要,因为课文中的句子就是规范的地道的英语范文。比如《实用英语 》第一册第一单元讲述我的大学生活,学完课文后,我要求学生根据自己的感受,结合课文内容写一篇题目为“My new college life”的文章。 通过批改学生的作业,我发现学生写出来的文章不是完全抄袭课文内容,而是有很多自己的东西在里面。这样既提高了写作水平又达到了学以致用的目的。 在我们所学的课文练习中,有记叙文、日记、通知、便条、书信等,还有科普文章、广告和说明等多种体裁,从一些常见的文体练起,由短到长,由浅入深,循序渐进地进行。إ 3.阅读课外英文读物 إ 除了课本的学习,还应多读一些简易的英语课外读物,如《中国日报》、《英语周报》、《21世纪报》等。 阅读这些刊物,不仅可以帮助学生巩固和活用课本里所学的知识,也为提高写作能力打下更坚实的基础。在阅读这些刊物时,我们让学生把一些有用的词句和段落抄下来背熟。 这样持之以恒地坚。 2. 求一篇英语作文,内容是关于通过阅读学英语的体会 My Experience of learning English get sick and tired of learning boring grammar games and lifeless words. It goes without saying that I didn't enjoy learning English in the past. Frankly speaking, I even decided to give it up. But now, great changes have taken place on me and every change is the change to the better. Not only did I pass band four and band six College English Test(CET) very easily with high marks but more importantly I began to use English. It was a miracle but I made it, yet how do I account for this? The factors are quite mon: the English movie and soap play. As far as I am concerned, movies and soap plays are of great help in promoting my interest in learning English. In fact, it is supposed to be a nice experience of studying a foreign language, if it were not, people would lose interest in and say no to it by instinct. In my opinion, the picture and the soap play are created to cater for people's needs for enjoyment, they also the best materials of English study, you can take advantage of movies (especially Disney cartoons) to practice your listening skills and enhance your pronunciation. Soap plays, like Friends, to some extent, show you a real daily life in America nowadays. With regards to students, those who are lack of language using environment, soap plays provide a virtual life in west for them to participate in. It can be imagined that their understanding of English culture background can be improved and they will know how to use English in a right way. Above all, because of movies and soap plays. language study is not dull but fun for those who like me. That's my experience of learning English, if you don't believe it, just try!。 3. 用英文写的读书心得 Reading Report Of "the story of my life"This book published when Keller was only enty-o–portrays the wild child who is locked in the dark and silent prison of her own body. With an extraordinary immediacy, Keller reveals her frustrations and rage, and takes the reader on the unfettable journey of her education and breakthroughs into the world of munication. From the moment Keller recognizes the word “water” when her teacher finger-spells the letters, we share her triumph as “that living word awakened my soul, gave it light, hope, joy, set it free!” An unparalleled chronicle of courage, The Story of My Life remains startlingly fresh and vital more than a century after its first publication, a timeless testament to an indomitable will. Helen Keller would not be bound by conditions. Rendered deaf and blind at 19 months by scarlet fever, she learned to read (in several languages) and even speak, eventually graduating with honors from Radcliffe College in 1904, where as a student she wrote The Story of My Life. That she acplished all of this in an age when few women attended college and the disabled were often relegated to the background, spoken of only in hushed tones, is remarkable. But Keller's many other achievements are impressive by any standard: she authored 13 books, wrote countless articles, and devoted her life to social reform. An active and effective suffragist, pacifist, and socialist (the latter association earned her an FBI file), she lectured on behalf of disabled people everywhere. She also helped start several foundations that continue to improve the lives of the deaf and blind around the world.As a young girl Keller was obstinate, prone to fits of violence, and seething with rage at her inability to express herself. But at the age of 7 this wild child was transformed when, at the urging of Alexander Graham Bell, Anne Sullivan became her teacher, an event she declares "the most important day I remember in all my life." (Sullivan herself had once been blind, but partially recovered her sight after a series of operations.) In a memorable passage, Keller writes of the day "Teacher" led her to a stream and repeatedly spelled out the letters w-a-t-e-r on one of her hands while pouring water over the other. This method proved a revelation: "That living world awakened my soul, gave it light, hope, joy, set it free! There were barriers still, it is true, but barriers that could in time be swept away." And, indeed, most of them were. In her lovingly crafted and deeply perceptive autobiography, Keller's joyous spirit is most vividly expressed in her connection to nature:Indeed, everything that could hum, or buzz, or sing, or bloom, had a part in my education。 . Few know what joy it is to feel the roses pressing softly into the hand, or the beautiful motion of the lilies as they sway in the morning breeze. Sometimes I caught an insect in the flower I was plucking, and I felt the faint noise of a pair of wings rubbed together in a sudden terror。. The idea of feeling rather than hearing a sound, or of admiring a flower's motion rather than its color, evokes a strong visceral sensation in the reader, giving The Story of My Life a subtle power and beauty. Keller's celebration of discovery bees our own. In the end, this blind and deaf woman succeeds in sharpening our eyes and ears to the beauty of the world.这是一篇关于 海伦凯勒《我的故事》的读书心得,是中学生必读书之一。 4. 用英文写的读书心得 Reading Report Of "the story of my life"This book published when Keller was only enty-o–portrays the wild child who is locked in the dark and silent prison of her own body. With an extraordinary immediacy, Keller reveals her frustrations and rage, and takes the reader on the unfettable journey of her education and breakthroughs into the world of munication. From the moment Keller recognizes the word “water” when her teacher finger-spells the letters, we share her triumph as “that living word awakened my soul, gave it light, hope, joy, set it free!” An unparalleled chronicle of courage, The Story of My Life remains startlingly fresh and vital more than a century after its first publication, a timeless testament to an indomitable will. Helen Keller would not be bound by conditions. Rendered deaf and blind at 19 months by scarlet fever, she learned to read (in several languages) and even speak, eventually graduating with honors from Radcliffe College in 1904, where as a student she wrote The Story of My Life. That she acplished all of this in an age when few women attended college and the disabled were often relegated to the background, spoken of only in hushed tones, is remarkable. But Keller's many other achievements are impressive by any standard: she authored 13 books, wrote countless articles, and devoted her life to social reform. An active and effective suffragist, pacifist, and socialist (the latter association earned her an FBI file), she lectured on behalf of disabled people everywhere. She also helped start several foundations that continue to improve the lives of the deaf and blind around the world.As a young girl Keller was obstinate, prone to fits of violence, and seething with rage at her inability to express herself. But at the age of 7 this wild child was transformed when, at the urging of Alexander Graham Bell, Anne Sullivan became her teacher, an event she declares "the most important day I remember in all my life." (Sullivan herself had once been blind, but partially recovered her sight after a series of operations.) In a memorable passage, Keller writes of the day "Teacher" led her to a stream and repeatedly spelled out the letters w-a-t-e-r on one of her hands while pouring water over the other. This method proved a revelation: "That living world awakened my soul, gave it light, hope, joy, set it free! There were barriers still, it is true, but barriers that could in time be swept away." And, indeed, most of them were. In her lovingly crafted and deeply perceptive autobiography, Keller's joyous spirit is most vividly expressed in her connection to nature:Indeed, everything that could hum, or buzz, or sing, or bloom, had a part in my education。 . Few know what joy it is to feel the roses pressing softly into the hand, or the beautiful motion of the lilies as they sway in the morning breeze. Sometimes I caught an insect in the flower I was plucking, and I felt the faint noise of a pair of wings rubbed together in a sudden terror。. The idea of feeling rather than hearing a sound, or of admiring a flower's motion rather than its color, evokes a strong visceral sensation in the reader, giving The Story of My Life a subtle power and beauty. Keller's celebration of discovery bees our own. In the end, this blind and deaf woman succeeds in sharpening our eyes and ears to the beauty of the world.这是一篇关于 海伦凯勒《我的故事》的读书心得,是中学生必读书之一。 5. 英语文章英语文献阅读,怎么上手 都说第一次读英语文献是非常困难的,这是个既定的事实,即使中科院现在不少正研或者副研都是因为英文文章而得不到晋升,也可以说他们没办法写出高质量的文章,出版到比较牛一点的刊物上面。 所以这个一定要慢慢的来: 1、找一篇经典的文章,你们专业,精读; 2、这个可能会花费你比较长的时间,没有关系,你可以花一周或者半个月来消化 3、读完之后可能没有感觉,完全不知道他在讲些什么,没有关系; 4、第二遍阅读,将这篇文章仔细再读一遍,这个时候应该是比较容易一点的了,相对第一次; 5、这样你的第一篇文章就拿下了,效果应该还不错,最后就是坚持,多看外文文章。