高一英语从句语法

...楼上的复制的很详细了

定语从句1.中英文定语从句词序有什么区别。定语从句有两个功能,一个是限制以帮助人们寻找区分出某人或某物。.另一功能是修饰形容.，就象中文里的“美丽,漂亮”的抒情描述一样，没有寻找区别功能。我们要在一群女孩里找出一个叫罗燕的女孩，那就必须对这群女孩子进行限制，找出罗燕的一些个性特征：如：The girl who is very tall is Luo Qinyin。那个又高又漂亮的女孩就是罗燕。“又高又漂亮的女孩”就是限制性定语从句，它能帮助人找出罗燕。如果“罗燕”当先行词，教室里的女孩那么多个，不限制就找不出罗燕，罗燕只有一个，对“罗燕”就不能用限制性，必须用非限制性。非限制只能是补充说明， Luo yin，who is very tall ，is our monitor 。这句话翻译与限制性完全不同:罗燕是我们的班长,她很高.”她很高.”是补充说明,要翻译成另一句话,它没有帮助寻找区分的功能.,而限制性定语从句只是一句话."那个又高又漂亮的女孩就是罗燕"限制性定语从句就好比模糊,用精确的体重,身高是找不出罗勤燕的,而模糊的"又高又漂亮的""有一棵美人痣的女孩""留着长辫子的女孩"反而很容易找得到.2.定语从句的特点: 在中文中后置的被修饰限制的名词在英语中都是前置的,放在从句前当先行词.而定语从句又总是紧紧放在先行词后面。这就出现了与中文不一样的词序：主句和从句混在一起,主句的谓语动词与从句的谓语动词可紧紧地凑近混合在一起. 1）The girl who is dancing dances well。2）The thing that I tasted tastes sweat3）The girl at whom I looked looks beautiful.从句的动词与主句的动词紧挨在一起，很容易令学生感到混乱,别扭,很容易出现分不清主句,从句,不懂句子是什么意思的问题。请试翻译以下句子:1}.“The teacher pointed that that that that student wrote was in wrong place 。”2).The person who is brave is afraid to look at my eyes.I can can the can that is smaller into the can that is bigger 。3).The house whose windows are big is big .4）The students who didn’t come didn’t get the money .5)The boy who is tall is shorter than some classmates in the university in the north.3．先行词，引导词，从句的主语这三个位置都是考试中惯考的三类难点。有两个技巧我们必须要掌握：1。凡是含有定语从句的复合句，都必须有两个主语，两个谓语动词，如果少一个主语或少一个谓语动词，都是不]正确的句子。象我们这次甲级联赛中都出现这样的错误：The student who is 1）that ,which ,who ,whose，where,when都是考试惯考的引导词。.a.引导词在当从句宾语时可以省略.但先行词,从句主语却不能省略,这个要注意.1}______(a. the one b. that c. which d. who) you talked to is talking to us now. 2}I like the book_________(a. you b. that c. the one d. who)talked about .b. which可以指代前面的整句话，这时which前面总是有个逗号，which在从句中大多当主语，偶尔也有在从句中当宾语的。1)She tore my photo_____{a，which b. who c. which d. whose} I took in Guangzhou .2) She tore my photo_____{a，which b. who c. which d. whose} made me angry .3}I sat on the chair _____{a，which b. who c. which d. whose}legs are broken .4.在表示地点的名词当先行词时,其后的定语从句中的动词大多数是不及物的,都是用where或介词+which引导从句.只有visit ,build ,buy ,sell ….等及物动词可以用在地点名词后的定语从句中,那时只能用关系代词which, that,当宾语可以省略.1)The school _____I studied ten years ago becomes more and more beautiful.2) The school _______I visited ten years ago becomes more and more beautiful.3)This is the house in _____ Wu dong live many years ago.4) This is the house_______ Wu dong built many years ago .5)The bookshop ______he works is very large .6)The bookshop ______ he bought last year is very large .7)The bookshop ______he bought the book is very large .5.在表示时间的名词当先行词时, 其后的定语从句中的动词也大多数是不及物的,都是用when或介词+which引导从句,只有spend，remember, forget,等少数几个及物动词词可以用在时间名词引导的定语从句中，它可以带时间名词当宾语，这时从句只能用which ,that引导，当从句宾语时that ,which当宾语可以省略以省略。1）I’ll never forget the days _______ I lived in Beijing .2) I’ll never forget the days _______ I spent in Beijing .3)The time _____ you forget is the day after tomorrow .4)The time _____you’ll meet me in Beijing is the day after tomorrow .5)The time _____ you remembered to stop heating the soup is too late .6)The time _____you remembered is 9:30 .

定语从句定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。1 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)2 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。3 判断关系代词与关系副词方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。4 限制性和非限制性定语从句1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句5 介词+关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?6 as, which 非限定性定语从句由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例题1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. whichD. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..A. thatB. whichC. as D. it答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。7 先行词和关系词二合一1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever1）what = the thing which；whatever = anythingWhat you want has been sent here.Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who （错）Who breaks the law will be punished. （错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear. （对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. （对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.3) that 和 what 当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。I think (that) you will like the stamps.What we need is more practice.9 关系代词that 的用法1）不用that的情况a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.e)先行词既有人，又有物时。举例： All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。