领导战争英文

The American Civil War The military aspect of the United States Civil War has always attracted the most attention from scholars. The roar of gunfire, the massed movements of uniformed men, the shrill o f bugles, and the drama of hand to hand combat have facinated students of warfare for a century. Behind the lines, however, life was less spectacular. It was the story of back breaking labor to provide the fighting men with food and arms, of nerve tingling uncertainty about the course of national events, of heartbreak over sons or brothers or husbands lost in battle. If the men on the firing line won the victories, the means to those victories were forged on the home front. Never in the nation's history had Americans worked harder for victory than in the Civil War. Northerners and Southerners alike threw themselves into the task of supplying their respective armies. Both governments made tremendous demands upon civilians and, in general, received willing cooperations. By 1863 the Northern war economy was rumbling along in high gear. Everything from steamboats to shovels was needed and produced. Denied Southern cotton, textile mills turned to wool for blankets and uniforms. Hides by the hundreds of thousands were turned into shoes and harness and saddles; ironworks manufactured locomotives, ordnance, armor plate. Where private enterprise lagged, the government set up its own factories or arsenals. Agriculture boomed, with machinery doing the job of farm workers drawn into the army. In short, everything that a nation needed to fight a modern war was produced in uncounted numbers. Inevitably there were profiteers with gold headed canes and flamboyant diamond stickpins, but for every crooked tycoon there were thousands of ordinary citizens living on fixed incomes who did their best to cope with rising prices and still make a contribution to the war effort. Those who could bought war bonds; others knitted, sewed, nursed, or lent any other assistance in their power.

campaign [kAm5pein] n. [军]战役, (政治或商业性)活动, 竞选运动 vi. 参加活动, 从事活动, 作战 battle [5bAtl] n. 战役(指大规模会战), 战争 vi. 作战, 战斗, 搏斗, 斗争

battle/

战争是war~~战役是battle~~~这两个词的区别在于~~battle是在一次战争中的麽一次战役~~·war所指的范围比battle大~~

南北战争 南北战争：Civil War，U.S. 1861年4月～1865年4月，美国南方与北方之间进行的战争。又称美国内战。北方领导战争的是资产阶级。在南方，坚持战争的只是种植场奴隶主，他们进行战争的目的是把奴隶制度扩大到全国， 而北方资产阶级的目的在于打败南方，以便恢复全国的统一。 19世纪中叶，北部自由劳动制度与南部奴隶制度之间的矛盾发展到不可调和的地步，南部奴隶制度成为美国社会经济发展的主要障碍，南北之间的斗争在西部土地的争夺中表现得最为激烈。19世纪上半叶在美国领土向西扩张的过程中，在西部接连成立新的州。但是每当新州成立之际，就发生在该州内容许或禁止奴隶制存在的斗争。北方资产阶级和农民主张在新州内禁止奴隶制度，要求把新州确定为自由州。南方奴隶主则力图把奴隶制扩大到西部，主张把新州确定为蓄奴州，奴隶主利用其在美国国会及政府中的统治地位，连续取得胜利，激起北方广大人民的愤慨。1854年在北方成立了美国共和党。同年，南方奴隶主企图用武力把奴隶制扩张到堪萨斯州，于是在堪萨斯州爆发了西部农民与来自自由州的移民反对南方奴隶主的武装斗争，斗争持续到1856年，揭开内战的序幕。1857年奴隶主又企图把奴隶制扩展到美国全部领土上去。从而导致约翰·布朗起义。第一阶段 1860年共和党人林肯当选为总统，美国民主党遭到惨败，这就成为南方奴隶主脱离联邦和发动叛乱的信号。南部蓄奴州南卡罗来纳州首先脱离联邦，接着佐治亚州、亚拉巴马、佛罗里达、密西西比、路易斯安那和得克萨斯诸州相继脱离， 并于1861年2月宣布成立“南部同盟”，另立以杰斐逊·戴维斯为总统的政府。1861年4月12日叛乱政府军开始炮轰在南卡罗来纳的联邦萨姆特要塞，14日被攻陷。林肯政府于4月15日发布讨伐令，内战爆发 。不久，弗吉尼亚、北卡罗来纳、田纳西、阿肯色4州退出联邦参加南部联盟。 战争初期北方实力大大超过南方，北方有2234万人口，南方只有910万，而且其中有380多万是黑奴。北方有发达的工业，四通八达的铁路网和丰富的粮食，而南方几乎没有工业，铁路也很少。但南方有充分的军事准备，拥有装备及训练都较精良的军队。而且，内战前夕J.布坎南总统曾设法把大量武器和金钱输送到南方去。林肯政府在内战初期进行战争的目的是恢复南北的统一，担心触动奴隶制度会把一些边境奴隶州推向南方叛乱者一方，从而失掉边境诸州这个重要的战略地区。由于北方政府不肯宣布解放奴隶。因此，在内战第一阶段，北方在军事上连遭失败。在1861年7月马纳萨斯和1862年夏的半岛战役中，北军损失惨重。北军虽然在西线取得一系列辉煌战果，从南军手中夺取了几个重要战略据点，但是这些战果都被东线的惨败所抵消。 在北方军事上屡次失败的情况下，共和党内部的激进派及社会上的废权主义者提出解放奴隶和武装黑人的主张。林肯也意识到解放奴隶的必要性。第二阶段 1862年9月22日，林肯发表预备性的《解放黑人奴隶宣言》。宣布：假如在1863年1月1日以前南方叛乱者不放下武器，叛乱诸州的奴隶将从那一天起获得自由。消息传到南方后，成千上万的奴隶逃往北方。英国工人阶级也展开了支持北方的运动，迫使英国政府放弃了原来的干涉计划。 林肯政府还实行一系列革命措施和政策：1862～1863年实行武装黑人的政策。因此，成千上万黑人报名参加北方军队，其中主要是南方逃亡奴隶；1862年5月颁布的《宅地法》规定：一切忠于联邦的成年人，只要交付10美元的登记费，就可以在西部领取64.74公顷土地，在土地上耕种5年后就可以成为这块土地的所有者。林肯政府严厉镇压反革命分子，清洗军队中南方代理人。1863年开始实行征兵法，以代替募兵制，从而，增强北方的兵力。同时，林肯调整了军事领导机构，实行统一指挥，任命有卓越军事才能的U.S.格兰特为全军统帅。 1863年，北方在军事上出现转机。同年7月1日葛底斯堡大捷，歼灭南军2.8万人 ，成为内战的转折点。战场上的主动权转到北方军队手中。1864年，北方最高统帅采用新的战略方针：在东，西两线同时展开强大攻势。在东线以消耗敌人的力量为主要目标；在西线用强大兵力深入敌方腹地，切断“南部同盟”的东北部与西南部的联系。1864年9月，W.T.谢尔曼将军麾下的北军一举攻下亚特兰大，两个月后开始著名的“向海洋进军”，在进军中彻底摧毁了敌人的各种军事设施，使南方经济陷于瘫痪。在东线，格兰特将军统率北军把敌军驱逼到叛乱“首都”里士满附近。1865年初，奴隶纷纷逃亡，种植场经济濒于瓦解。北方海军实行的海上封锁，几乎断绝了南方与欧洲的贸易。同时，在南方内部也出现反对派，许多小农加入联邦派从事反战活动。南方逃兵与日俱增。粮食及日用品匮乏。1865年4月9日，R.E.李的部队陷入北方军队的重围之中，被迫向格兰特请降。美国内战终止。美国恢复统一。内战的意义 内战期间，双方战费消耗150亿美元。联邦军伤亡63万人，南军伤亡48万人。战争显示了近代工业的威力，双方都大量装备了新式线膛武器，促进了散开队形、野战工事和步兵近迫作业的运用和发展。铁路和电报发挥了重大作用，并在战争史上第一次使用装甲舰、地雷、水雷和潜水艇。 北方在战争中的胜利，确立了北方大资产阶级在全国的统治地位。内战消灭了奴隶制，从而为美国的资本主义迅速发展扫清了道路。《宅地法》的实施 ，加速了西部的开发，促进农业资本主义发展中美国式道路的胜利。因而19世纪末美国一跃而成为世界上最先进的工农业资本主义大国。黑人在内战后的重建时期仍受到多方面的歧视和种植场主的剥削，但在政治上取得公民权及选举权，从奴隶枷锁下解放出来。因此，美国内战在美国历史发展中是具有划时代的进步意义的。 Civil War Civil War: Civil War, U.S. In April 1861 to April 1865, the United States between North and South war. Also known as the American Civil War. North is leading the war bourgeoisie. In the South, insist war is plantation slavery, the purpose of war is to expand the slave system of the country, while the northern bourgeoisie is designed to defeat the South, in order to restore national unity. The mid-19th century, free labor system in northern and southern slavery to the development of the contradictions between irreconcilable stage, the slave system in the United States the main obstacle to socio-economic development, the struggle between North and South in the western land for a performance in the most intense. The first half of the 19th century westward expansion in the territory of the United States in the process of setting up a new series of Western states. But whenever the occasion of the establishment of the new state, as occurred in the state - or the struggle against slavery. Northern bourgeoisie and the peasants in the new states that the prohibition of slavery, the new requirements identified in the free state. Southern slaveholders, tried to extend slavery to the West, advocates of the new state, defined as slavery, slave-owners in the United States use of its Parliament and the government's dominance in consecutive victory, the majority of the people of Northern provoked indignation. Established in 1854 in the north of the Republican Party. The same year, the Southern slaveholders an attempt to force the expansion of slavery to Kansas, then broke out in western Kansas, farmers and immigrants from the free state of the Southern slaveholders against the armed struggle, the struggle continued until 1856, opened the prelude to civil war. 1857 slaveholders also attempted to slavery extended to the entire territory of the United States forward. Leading John intifada. The first stage In 1860 Republican President Abraham Lincoln was elected, the United States defeat by the Democratic Party, which became Southern slaveholders from the Federation and the rebels launched signal. Southern slavery in South Carolina the first state from the federal, then the state of Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas have been from the states, and in February 1861 announced the formation of "southern alliance" and to separate the President Jefferson Davis government. On April 12, 1861 the rebel army started shelling in South Carolina federal Fort Sumter, the 14th name. Lincoln government on April 15 issued the onslaught, the civil war broke out. Soon, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, four from the union in southern Union. The beginning of the war far exceeds the strength of the North South, the North 22.34 million population, only 9.1 million South, and more than 380 million of which is the slave trade. The North has developed industrial, railway network connections and rich food, and the South almost no industrial, railway rarely. But the South's military is fully prepared, with all the training, equipment, and more sophisticated military. Moreover, the eve of the civil war, President J. Buchanan to the large quantities of weapons and money to transfer it to the South. Lincoln in the early years of war civil war aim is to restore the unity of the South and the North, the slave system that will touch some of the border to the South, slaves rebel side, which lost the border states of this strategically important regions. Because the government refused to declare the liberation of the Northern slaves. Therefore, in the first phase of the civil war, the North suffered defeat in the military. In Manassas in July 1861 and the 1862 summer campaign in the peninsula, North-heavy losses. Although the North-West Line made a series of brilliant victory from the hands of the Yugoslav Army seized several important strategic positions, but these results were offset by the line of Waterloo. In the northern military has repeatedly failed circumstances, the radical faction within the Republican Party and the community to scrap the right to the liberation of black slaves and armed proposition. Lincoln also aware of the need for the liberation of slaves. The second stage On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued the preliminary "liberate black slaves Declaration." Announced: If the January 1, 1863 before the South rebels do not lay down their arms, the rebel slave states since the day it will be free. News spread to the South, thousands of slaves fled to the north. The British working class has launched a campaign to support the north, forcing the British government to abandon the original plan to interfere. Lincoln government has also introduced a series of measures and policies Revolution: 1862 - 1863 implementation of the policy of armed blacks. Therefore, thousands of blacks enroll in the northern army, which mainly in the South quilombo; In May 1862 the promulgation of the "Homestead Act" stipulates: all loyal to the Federal adults, as long as the delivery of 10 US dollars registration fee, they can receive in the western 64.74 hectares of land, land farming can become five years after the land owners. Lincoln government to suppress counter-revolutionaries, the South cleansing agents in the army. 1863 started to implement conscription law, to replace the edge, thus, enhance the strength of the North. At the same time, Lincoln adjusted the military leadership, a unified command, outstanding appointments to the U.S. military Grant for the military commander. In 1863, the Northern military turn. The same year on July 1 Gettysburg victory, Terminator VJ 28,000 people and became a turning point in the civil war. On the battlefield initiative in the hands of the army to the north. In 1864, Supreme Commander of the North adoption of a new strategic directions: East, West simultaneously launched two powerful offensive line. In line with the power consumption of the enemy main objectives; In West with a powerful strength in depth of the enemy's hinterland, and to cut off "the southern alliance" of the Northeast and Southwest ties. In September 1864, W.T. General Sherman's army killing ten North Atlanta, two months after the famous "into the oceans", enter completely destroyed in the enemy's military facilities, South economic gridlock. In the East, Northern Army Command General Grant to drive the enemy into the rebel "capital" near Richmond. Early in 1865, have fled slavery, plantation brink of economic collapse. Northern Navy implemented a naval blockade, almost cut off trade with the European south. Meanwhile, also in the south of internal opposition, many small farmers were joined in the federal anti-war activities. South deserters increasing. Lack of food and daily necessities. On April 9, 1865, Lee's forces R.E. a tight encirclement of the northern army, forced Grant to the gassing. End of the Civil War. The United States resuming reunification. The significance of the civil war During the civil war, the two sides battle for consumption of 15 billion US dollars. Federal military casualties 630,000 people, the Yugoslav Army casualties 480,000 people. The war demonstrated the power of modern industry, both equipped with a new large-bore weapons, promoting the formation dispersed, field fortifications and infantry force operating near the use and development. Rail and telegraph played a major role, and the first time in the history of warfare and the use of armored ships, mines, torpedoes and submarines. North's victory in the war, to establish the North of the big bourgeoisie in the dominant position. Civil war eliminated slavery, which the United States cleared the rapid development of the capitalist road. "Homestead Act" of the implementation, and has accelerated the development of the west, promoting agricultural development in the American-style capitalist road victory. Thus the late 19th century the United States leaped into the world's most advanced industrial capitalist power. Black postwar period of reconstruction, still be many plantation owners discrimination and exploitation, but in the political citizenship and the right to vote, from the liberation of slave shackles. Therefore, the history of the Civil War in the United States is a landmark in the development of meaningful progress

war很简单的三个字母，渗透无尽的血腥

美国内战主要战役： Fort sumter ( first shot of the civil war , the confederacy won the battle)First and second Bull Run: Also the Confederacy wonAntietam : On september Lee led his army against the Union near Antietam Creek outside the small town of Sharpsburg , Maryland . The Union won the battle in the Battle of Antietam.主要将军 在美国内战中都毕业与美国纽约西点军校（ west point)包括（ Robert E Lee, the general of Confederacy from virginia)Mcclellan ,and Ulysses S Grant.