日立离心机英文

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CentrifugeA centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by a motor, that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis. The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration is used to evenly distribute substances (usually present in a solution for small scale applications) of greater and lesser density. There are many different kinds of centrifuges, including those for very specialized purposes. It can be used for viable counts, when shaking the culture e.g. yeast, out of suspension.Contents [hide]1 Theory 2 History and predecessors 3 Types 4 Uses 4.1 Isolating suspensions 4.2 Isotope separation 4.3 Aeronautics and astronautics 4.4 Earthquake and blast simulation 4.5 Commercial applications 5 Calculating relative centrifugal force (RCF) 6 References and notes 7 Further reading 8 See also 9 External links [edit] TheoryProtocols for centrifugation typically specify the amount of acceleration to be applied to the sample, rather than specifying a rotational speed such as revolutions per minute. The acceleration is often quoted in multiples of g, the standard acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface. This distinction is important because two rotors with different diameters running at the same rotational speed will subject samples to different accelerations.The acceleration can be calculated as the product of the radius and the square of the angular velocity.[edit] History and predecessors A 19th century hand cranked laboratory centrifuge.English military engineer Benjamin Robins (1707-1751) invented a whirling arm apparatus to determine drag. In 1864, Antonin Prandtl invented the first dairy centrifuge in order to separate cream from milk. In 1879, Gustaf de Laval demonstrated the first continuous centrifugal separator, making its commercial application feasible.[edit] TypesThere are at least five types of centrifuge:preparative centrifuge analytical centrifuge angle fixed centrifuge swing head centrifuge haemacrotic centrifuge]] Industrial centrifuges may otherwise be classified according to the type of separation of the high density fraction from the low density one :Screen centrifuges, where the centrifugal acceleration allows the liquid to pass through a screen of some sort, through which the solids cannot go (due to granulometry larger than the screen gap or due to agglomeration). Common types are : Pusher centrifuges Peeler centrifuges Decanter centrifuges, in which there is no physical separation between the solid and liquid phase, rather an accelerated settling due to centrifugal acceleration. Common types are : Solid bowl centrifuges Conical plate centrifuges [edit] Uses[edit] Isolating suspensionsMain article: Laboratory centrifugeSimple centrifuges are used in chemistry, biology, and biochemistry for isolating and separating suspensions. They vary widely in speed and capacity. They usually comprise a rotor containing two, four, six, or many more numbered wells within which the samples containing centrifuge tips may be placed.[edit] Isotope separationOther centrifuges, the first being the Zippe-type centrifuge, separate isotopes, and these kinds of centrifuges are in use in nuclear power and nuclear weapon programs.Gas centrifuges are used in uranium enrichment. The heavier isotope of uranium (uranium-238) in the uranium hexafluoride gas tend to concentrate at the walls of the centrifuge as it spins, while the desired uranium-235 isotope is extracted and concentrated with a scoop selectively placed inside the centrifuge. It takes many thousands of centrifuges to enrich uranium enough for use in a nuclear reactor (around 3.5% enrichment), and many thousands more to enrich it to weapons-grade (around 90% enrichment) for use in nuclear weapons.The 20 G centrifuge at the NASA Ames Research Center[edit] Aeronautics and astronauticsMain article: high-G trainingHuman centrifuges are exceptionally large centrifuges that test the reactions and tolerance of pilots and astronauts to acceleration above those experienced in the Earth's gravity.The US Air Force at Holloman Air Force Base, NM operates a human centrifuge. The centrifuge at Holloman AFB is operated by the aerospace physiology department for the purpose of training and evaluating prospective fighter pilots for high-g flight in Air Force fighter aircraft. It is important to note that the centrifuge at Holloman AFB is unrealistic in that it is far more difficult for a pilot to tolerate the high-g environment in the centrifuge than in a real fighter aircraft. This well-known fact is based on countless accounts from experienced operational fighter pilots.[citation needed]The use of large centrifuges to simulate a feeling of gravity has been proposed for future long-duration space missions. Exposure to this simulated gravity would prevent or reduce the bone decalcification and muscle atrophy that affect individuals exposed to long periods of freefall. An example of this can be seen in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey, while the James Bond film Moonraker shows an astronaut-training centrifuge in action on earth (albeit sabotaged with murderous intent).[edit] Earthquake and blast simulationThe geotechnical centrifuge is used for simulating blasts and earthquake phenomena.[1] For a discussion of their design, see Geotechnical Centrifuges by Philip Turner.[edit] Commercial applicationsStandalone centrifuges for drying (hand-washed) clothes - usually with a water outlet. Centrifuges are used in the attraction Mission: SPACE, located at Epcot in Walt Disney World, which propels riders using a combination of a centrifuge and a motion simulator to simulate the feeling of going into space. In soil mechanics, centrifuges utilize centrifugal acceleration to match soil stresses in a scale model to those found in reality. Large industrial centrifuges are commonly used in water and wastewater treatment to dry sludges. The resulting dry product is often termed cake, and the water leaving a centrifuge after most of the solids have been removed is called centrate. Large industrial centrifuges are also used in the oil industry to remove solids from the drilling fluid. Disc-stack centrifuges used by some companies in Oil Sands industry to separate small amounts of water and solids from bitumen before it's sent to Upgrading. [edit] Calculating relative centrifugal force (RCF)Relative centrifugal force is the measurement of the force applied to a sample within a centrifuge. This can be calculated from the speed (RPM) and the rotational radius (cm) using the following calculation.whereg = Relative centrifuge force r = rotational radius (centimetres, cm) N = rotating speed (revolutions per minute, r/min)

1.1离心机centrifuge 利用机件旋转产生的离心力实现悬浮液、乳浊液及其他物料的分离或浓缩的机器。 1.2 过滤离心机 filtering centrifuge 实现离心过滤的离心机。 1.2.1 三足式离心机 three - column centifuge 旋转部件及机壳垂直支承在三根可摆动的摆杆上或三块弹性元件上的立式离心过 滤机。 1.2.2 上悬式离心机 top - suspended centrifuge 主轴支点高于旋转部件重心的立式过滤离心机。 1.2.3 卧式刮刀卸料离心机 peeler centrifuge 采用刮刀卸料的卧式过滤离心机。 1.2.4 卧式活塞推料离心机 pus her centrifuge 采用活塞推料的卧式过滤离心机，按转鼓结构可分为单级、双级和多级。 1.2.5 离心卸料离心机 slip - discharge screen centrifuge 采用离心卸料的过滤离心机。 1.2.6 振动卸料离心机 vibrating - discharge screen centrifuge 采用振动卸料的过滤离心机。 1.2.7 进动卸料离心机 tumbling centrifuge 采用进动卸料的过滤离心机。 1.2.8 螺旋卸料过滤离心机 scroll discharge screen centrifuge 采用螺旋卸料的过滤离心机。 1.2.9 翻袋卸料离心机 inverting filter centrifuge 采用翻转滤袋卸料的过滤离心机。 1.2.10 导向螺旋式离心机 direted flow screening centrifuge 采用离心卸料的过滤离心机，转鼓内有多头螺旋与转鼓同速旋转，落选对滤饼的运动起导向作用，增加滤饼在转鼓中的停留时间。1.3 沉降离心机 sedimenting centrifuge 实现离心沉降的离心机。 1.3.1 螺旋卸料沉降离心机 solid - bowlscroll discharge centrifuge,decanter 采用螺旋卸料的沉降离心机。 1.3.1.1 逆流式螺旋卸料沉降离心机 counter - current solid - bowl scroll discharge centrifuge 螺旋卸料沉降离心机的一种，悬浮液加入转鼓的中部，在转鼓内的沉渣向转鼓的小端方向运行，而沉降液都向转鼓的大端方向流动。 1.3.1.2 并流式螺旋卸料沉降离心机 co- current solid - bowl scroll discharge centrifuge 螺旋卸料沉降离心机的一种，悬浮液加入转鼓的中部，在悬浮液进行分离的过程中沉渣和沉清夜都向转鼓的小端方向运行。 1.3.2 分离机 separator 用于分离乳浊液或含少量固体的悬浮液的立式沉降离心机。 1.3.2.1 管式分离机 tubular centrifuge 圆柱形转鼓长径比大于或等于4的立式人工卸料高速沉降离心机。 1.3.2.2 室式分离机 multichamber centrifuge 转鼓内有一组不同直径的同轴圆筒将转鼓分成多个串联的同轴环形小室的分离机。 1.3.2.3 碟式分离机 disc centrifuge 转鼓中有一组碟片的分离机。按排渣方式分为人工排渣碟式分离机、环阀排渣碟式分离机、喷嘴排渣碟式分离机和水冲排渣碟式分离机等。 1.3.3 三足式沉降离心机 solid bowl three columnn centrifuge 采用沉降转鼓的三足离心机。 1.3.4 刮刀卸料沉降离心机 knife discharge centrifugal clarifigr 采用沉降转鼓的刮刀卸料离心机。 1.4 螺旋卸料沉降-过滤离心机 solid/ screen bowl scroll centrifuge 采用螺旋卸料，既有沉降转鼓又有过滤转鼓（或一个转鼓内兼有沉降段和过滤段）的离心机。 1.5 高速离心机 high - speed centrifuge 分离因数大于3500的离心机。 1.6 自动离心机 automat batch centrifuge 能自动完成全部操作过程的离心机。 1.7 连续离心机 continuous centrifuge 各操作工序连续进行的离心机。 1.8 间歇离心机 batch centrifuge 各操作工序间歇进行的离心机。 1.9 密闭离心机 hermetic centrifuge 有气密性机壳的离心机。 2 工作过程和性能参数 2.1 离心沉降 centrifugal sedimentation 有密度差的固—液或液—液混合物，在离心力作用下沉降分离。 2.2 当量沉降面积 equivalent area Of sedimentation 与沉降离心机有相同理论沉降能力的重力沉降器的面积。 2.3 离心过滤 centrifugal filtration 以离心压力与大气压力之压差为过滤推动力的过滤操作。 2.4 悬浮液浓度 suspension Concentration 单位体积悬浮液中的固体重量（重量浓度），或单位体积悬浮液中的固体体积（体积浓度）. 2.5 乳浊液浓度 emulsion concentration 乳浊液中所含分散相的重量百分数。 2.6 物料 feed 离心机或过滤机分离的各种分离对象（如悬浮液，乳浊液等）的统称。 2.7 沉渣 sludge 悬浮液沉降得到的固体浓缩物。 2.8 重液—轻液界面半径 radius Of heavy liquid——light liquid interface 乳浊液进行离心分离时，转鼓内重液和轻液分界面的半径。 2.9 滤饼（或沉渣）含液量 moisture content Of cake 滤饼（或沉渣）中所含液体的重量百分数。 2．10 滤液含固量 solid content Of filtrate 单位体积滤液中所含固体的重量。 2．11 沉清液 clarified effluent 离心沉降操作所分离出的液体。 2．12 容渣空间 solid—holding space 碟式分离机转鼓内壁与碟片外径之间的环状空间。 2．13 加料时间 time for filling 往转鼓中加入物料的延续时间。 2．14 离心分离时间 time for centrifuging 物料进行离心分离的延续时间。 2．15 洗涤时间 time for washing 洗涤滤饼的延续时间。 2．16 甩干时间 Time for drying 甩干滤饼的延续时间。 2．17 卸料时间 time for discharging 从转鼓中卸出滤饼（或沉渣）的延续时间。 2. 18 冲洗过滤介质时间 time for screen rinse 冲洗过滤介质使其再生的延续时间。 2．19 操作循环 operating cycle 间歇离心机．从某工序到该工序下一次重复之前的所有各工序构成一个操作循环。 2．20 循环周期 total cycle time 一个操作循环所用的时间。 2．21 操作水 operating water 环阀排渣碟式分离机中用于控制排渣的水。 2．22 输料螺旋超前 leading scroll 螺旋卸料离心机中输料螺旋的绝对转速大于转鼓绝对转速。 2．23 输料螺旋滞后 lagging scroll 螺旋卸料离心机中输料螺旋绝对转速小于转鼓绝对转速. 2．24 差转速 differential speed 螺旋卸料离心机输料螺旋相对转鼓的转速。 2．25 分离因数 relative centrifugal force 离心加速度与重力加速度的比值。 2．26 转鼓圆周速度 circumferential speed of basket 转鼓大端内壁的旋转线速度。 2．27 转鼓有效容积 effective capacity of basket 转鼓内可以容纳物料的有效空间体积。 2．28 最大允许装料量 maximum charge 装入转鼓的物料的最大允许重量。