伦琴传记英文

贝克和居里都是放射性活度单位，一个纪念贝克勒尔，一个纪念居里夫人

roentgen 汉语词典 伦琴 [lún qín] 计量照射量的单位。1伦琴＝2．58×10⁻4库仑／千克。这个单位名称是为纪念德国物理学家伦琴（Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen）而定的。我国法定计量单位中已淘汰。百科 伦琴人物 公元1845～公元1923 X射线的发现者威廉·康拉德·伦琴于1845年出生在德国尼普镇。他于1869年从苏黎世大学获得哲学博士学位。在随后的十九年间，伦琴在一些不同的大学工作，逐步地赢得了优秀... ......

一分钟了解威廉康拉德伦琴

居里夫人与伦琴和贝克勒尔品质的不同是，居里夫人是一位伟大的女性，具备伟大的品格：无私奉献、鞠躬尽瘁、舍己为人、勇于探索、敢于实践、不断创新、不畏辛劳、淡泊名利、天资聪颖、废寝忘食、发奋图强。

贝克和居里都是放射性活度单位，一个纪念贝克勒尔，一个纪念居里夫人。贝克，Bq，是放射性原子核单位时间衰变的次数，也就是s⁻¹，有时候也写成dps，一秒钟衰变的次数。核仪器行业会做光电转换，信号转换成电信号后，这个单位也就变成赫兹(Hz)了，所以有时候买探测器，可以看到用Hz做单位的。居里，Ci，是一克镭-226的活度，镭-226的半衰期是1602年，原子量是226g/mol，一克镭-226的原子个数N就是6.02214076×10²³/226=2.66466405×10²¹个原子。根据半衰期可以算镭-226的衰变常数λ=ln2/T=ln2/(1602×365×24×3600)=1.37200705×10⁻¹¹s⁻¹，所以，一克镭-226的活度A=λN=1.37200705×2.66466405×10¹⁰=3.65593786×10¹⁰Bq，为了便于计算，就定义了1Ci=3.7×10¹⁰Bq。伦琴，R，是照射量单位，现在很少用了，是用来纪念伦琴的。就是不带电的射线在1cm³标准状态空气里电离出1个静电单位的电量，换成国际单位1R=2.58×10⁻⁴C/kg。与之相关的有个照射量率单位，毫克镭当量(mgRa)，意思是1毫克镭-226在1cm处产生的照射量，约等于8.4R/h。上个世纪有一例发生在放射治疗手术中的事故，就是技师错误的把mgRa和mCi两个单位混淆了，其实对于镭-226而言，两个单位是一样大的，就像1m³的水，也可以说是1吨一样。但换成酒精，1m³的酒精可就不再是1吨了。同样，1mgRa的²²⁶Ra的活度就是1mCi，但换成别的核素，就没这1:1的关系了。希伏，也叫希沃特，Sv，是有效剂量的单位，是纪念希沃特的。其含义就是焦耳/千克。1Sv=1J/kg。和这个单位相似的还有一个吸收剂量单位，戈瑞，Gy；1Gy=1J/kg。

During 1895 Röntgen was investigating the external effects from the various types of vacuum tube equipment — apparatus from Heinrich Hertz, Johann Hittorf, William Crookes, Nikola Tesla and Philipp von Lenard — when an electrical discharge is passed through them. In early November he was repeating an experiment with one of Lenard's tubes in which a thin aluminium window had been added to permit the cathode rays to exit the tube but a cardboard covering was added to protect the aluminium from damage by the strong electrostatic field that is necessary to produce the cathode rays. He knew the cardboard covering prevented light from escaping, yet Röntgen observed that the invisible cathode rays caused a fluorescent effect on a small cardboard screen painted with barium platinocyanide when it was placed close to the aluminium window. It occurred to Röntgen that the Hittorf-Crookes tube, which had a much thicker glass wall than the Lenard tube, might also cause this fluorescent effect.In the late afternoon of 8 November 1895, Röntgen determined to test his idea. He carefully constructed a black cardboard covering similar to the one he had used on the Lenard tube. He covered the Hittorf-Crookes tube with the cardboard and attached electrodes to a Ruhmkorff coil to generate an electrostatic charge. Before setting up the barium platinocyanide screen to test his idea, Röntgen darkened the room to test the opacity of his cardboard cover. As he passed the Ruhmkorff coil charge through the tube, he determined that the cover was light-tight and turned to prepare the next step of the experiment. It was at this point that Röntgen noticed a faint shimmering from a bench a meter away from the tube. To be sure, he tried several more discharges and saw the same shimmering each time. Striking a match, he discovered the shimmering had come from the location of the barium platinocyanide screen he had been intending to use next.Röntgen speculated that a new kind of ray might be responsible. 8 November was a Friday, so he took advantage of the weekend to repeat his experiments and make his first notes. In the following weeks he ate and slept in his laboratory as he investigated many properties of the new rays he temporarily termed X-rays, using the mathematical designation for something unknown. Although the new rays would eventually come to bear his name in many languages where they became known as Röntgen Rays, he always preferred the term X-rays. Nearly two weeks after his discovery, he took the very first picture using x-rays of his wife's hand, Anna Bertha. When she saw her skeleton she exclaimed "I have seen my death!"The idea that Röntgen happened to notice the barium platinocyanide screen misrepresents his investigative powers; he had planned to use the screen in the next step of his experiment and would therefore have made the discovery a few moments later.[vague]At one point while he was investigating the ability of various materials to stop the rays, Röntgen brought a small piece of lead into position while a discharge was occurring. Röntgen thus saw the first radiographic image, his own flickering ghostly skeleton on the barium platinocyanide screen. He later reported that it was at this point that he determined to continue his experiments in secrecy, because he feared for his professional reputation if his observations were in error.Röntgen's original paper, "On A New Kind Of Rays" (Über eine neue Art von Strahlen), was published 50 days later on 28 December 1895. On 5 January 1896, an Austrian newspaper reported Röntgen's discovery of a new type of radiation. Röntgen was awarded an honorary Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Würzburg after his discovery. He published a total of three papers on X-rays between 1895 and 1897. Today, Röntgen is considered the father of diagnostic radiology, the medical specialty which uses imaging to diagnose disease.