英语主动语态ppt

主动语态（active voice）表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态（passive voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。标志性时间状语，以助动词do为例：1.一般现在时：主动：do/does 被动：am/is/are done---always often2.一般过去时：主动：did 被动：was/were done---yesterday in19663.一般将来时：主动：will/shall do 被动：will/shall be done----in 20204.现在进行时：主动：am/is/are doing 被动：am/is/are being done---now5.现在完成时：主动：have/has done 被动：have/has been done ---since6.含情态动词：主动：情态动词+do 被动：情态动词+be done英语中的情态动词：would /should/could/might/must等等。。。动词变形： 分规则变化和不规则变化两种.不规则变化需逐个记忆,规则变化遵循以下原则： (1) 一般情况下,在动词后加ed构成：work / worked, stay / stayed, shout / shouted等. (2) 在以-e结尾动词后只加d：close / closed, like / liked, live / lived, smile / smiled等. (3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,应将y改为i 再加-ed：study / studied, carry / carried等. (4) 以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed：stop / stopped, admit / admitted, refer / referred, prefer / preferred等.

主动语态：使动作发生的人或物是句子的主语，像这样的句子就是主动语态。例句：Myfatherwrotethebook．我父亲写了这本书。write这个动作是由myfather主动产生的。

1、一般现在时 (1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态,常和副词usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week等连用.例如： 1)The moon moves round the earth.. (2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment以及if,unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时.例如： 1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him. (3)某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有：be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave等.例如： 1)The plane leaves at three sharp. (4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as等引导的从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将来时.例如： 1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first. 2.一般过去时 (1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用.例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. (2)表示过去习惯性动作.例如： 1)He always went to class last. 2)I used to do my homework in the library. (注意与be used to doing短语的区别) 3.一般将来时 1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态.例如： I shall graduate next year. 2)几种替代形式： 1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情.例如： I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money. 2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事,具有“必要”的强制性意义.例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon. 3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情.例如： He was about to start. 4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事,必定发生的事.例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态.例如： The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home. 二、进行时态 1.现在进行时 (1)表示现在正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等连用.例如： Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now. (2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作,常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用.例如： My father is forever criticizing me. (3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情.具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词.即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词.常用的有：go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等.例如： They are leaving for Hong Kong next month. (4)有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示“感觉,感情,存在,从属”等的动词.如：see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉的词)；hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词)；be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的动词).但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态.例如： 1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him? (look在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看上去”) 2)Tom is looking for his books. (look在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”) 2.过去进行时 过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后,另一个过去的动作正在进行,或表示过去反复的习惯,常与always,continually,constantly等动词连用.例如： 1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk. 3.将来进行时 将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作.常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等.例如： 1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening? 4.完成进行时 (现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式,将放在完成时态部分讲述. 三、完成时态 完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作.它可分为： 1.现在完成时 (1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的,刚刚完成的动作(常与yet,already,just连用),或者过去某一时刻发生的,持续到现在的情况(常与for,since连用).例如： 1)I have just finished my homework. 2)Mary has been ill for three days. (2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等.例如： 1)I haven’t been there for five years. 2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation. 3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978. (3)完成时态可用在下列结构中： This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句.如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时.例如： (1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. (2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. 2.过去完成时 (1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成.例如： 1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. (2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时,表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现.例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. 另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是： 1)was / were + to have done sth,例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t. 2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. (3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： 1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时.例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时.例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3)by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时.例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon. 3.将来完成时 将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测.常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等.例如： 1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. 2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock. 3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left. 4.完成进行时 完成进行时是完成时的强调形式,有现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时. (1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻.例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it. (2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻.例如： It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. (3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻.例如： By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours. 四：时态一致 时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容.通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态.一般原则是： 1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时,从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态 He says that he lives in Wuhan. We hope that there will be many people at your party today. “Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.” “There’s a lot of excitement on the street.” “There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?” 2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候,从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态 He said he was writing a novel. The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment. He said his father had been an engineer. 3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时,从句的谓语应使用一般现在时.例如： The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder. 注：在此种情况下,即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态,从句谓语也应用一般现在时. 4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况 利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时,还应注意,若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词,从句谓语只能用虚拟语气,不能遵循时态一致原则.例如： We insisted that we do it ourselves. 动词的语态 语态也是动词的一种形式,英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态.主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者. 1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态) 2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态) 1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语 (1)在英语中,不及物动词不能用于被动语态,但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用.如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of. (2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词,如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态. 2.被动语态的时态形式 常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式. 表1 时?SPAN lang=EN-US> 一般时 进行时 完成时 现在 am asked am being asked is asked is being asked are asked are being asked 过去 was be asked was being asked were be asked were being asked 将来 shall be asked shall have been asked will be asked will have been asked 过去 should be asked should have been asked 将来 would be asked would have been asked 3.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词转换为被动语态时,通常被看作是一个动词,后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略.例如： 1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at. 2)All the rubbish should be got rid of. 4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态 “get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果,而非动作本身,常用来表示突发性的,出乎意料的偶然事件.例如： The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 另外,“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事,是主动的行为而不是被动的行为.例如： get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚) get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解) get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸) get married(结婚) 5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态 (1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时,一次只能由一个宾语作主语,另一个宾语被保留下来.例如： 1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态) 2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态) 3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态) (2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时,原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语.例如： 1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态) 2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态) 6.被动语态与系表结构的区别 (1)The novel was well written.(系表结构) (2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态) 7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思 例1：The book is selling remarkably well. 例2：The song sounds very beautiful. 能这样用的动词还有read(读起来),clean(擦起来),wash(洗起来),write(写起来). 例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned). 能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等. 例4：The meat is cooking. 例5：The book written by the professor is printing. 在英语中被动语态分时态,我给你举些例子: (1)一般现在时:This song is often sung by children.孩子们常唱这首歌. (2)一般过去时:This house was built in 1958.这房子建于1958年. (3)一般将来时:Many buildings will be built in my home town.在我的家乡,许多大楼将要建成. (4)过去将来时:The old scientist said that he would be invited to vist their country before long.那位老科学家说不久他将应邀访问他们的国家. (5)现在进行时:The proposal is being considered now.正在考虑这个提案. (6)过去进行时:Mr Wu was in hospital .When we went to see him,he was being operated on.吴先生住院了.我们去看他时,他正在动手术. (7)现在完成时:Have the letters been posted ?信已经寄出去了吗? (8)过去完成时:He came and told us that the work had been finished.他来告诉我们,工作已经完成. (9)将来完成时:By the end of this year,the tall building will have been built.到今年年底,这幢高楼将建成. (10)过去将来时:The boy told mother that his homework have been finished by ten o'clock.男孩告诉妈妈到10:00他将做完作业.

主动语态是表示主语是谓语动作的使动方的语态。在主动语态中，谓语的动作源自主语，而施加于宾语。相反，在被动语态中，主语是谓语动作的受动方。在主动语态中，主语后面接人(be+动词原型)被动语态(be+动词过去分词)在主动语态中，主语是谓语动词的使动方。在被动语态中，主语是谓语动词的受动方。在语法结构上，主动语态和被动语态的区别主要在于，主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语，然后再在该动词原形的基础上施加时态和其他语法;而被动语态则使用系词+动词的过去分词作为谓语，各种时态和其他语法也施加在系词上。举例:1.主动语态:Thesnowslidekilledhim.雪崩害死了他。被动语态:Hewaskilledbythesnowslide.他死于雪崩。2.主动语态:Weuseelectricitytorunmachines.我们用电力来开动机器。被动语态:Electricityisusedtorunmachines.电力被我们用来开动机器。3.主动语态:Bellinventedthetelephonein1876.贝尔于1876年发明了电话。被动语态:ThetelephonewasinventedbyBellin1876.电话是贝尔于1876年发明的。

英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。 例如：Many people speak English. 谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。 例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句) 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。 一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught 一般过去时：was／were＋taught 一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught 现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught 过去进行时：have／has been＋taught 现在完成时：have／has been＋taught 歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。 三、被动语态的用法 (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如： Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。 (2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。 歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要； 动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。 四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 (1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 (2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。 (3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made?by them in the factory. 歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。 五、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。 歌诀是：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。例如： We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days. You ought to take it away. It ought to be taken away. They should do it at once. It should be done at once