自觉做某事的英文

can not help doing sth.

自觉出于习惯，是长时间积累起来的。自愿更多是基于现状主观判断后的动作？仅供参考

cannot help doing

情态动词讲解 一can 1.表"能力"I can lift the stone. I can speak English while he can't. Who can play the violin? He got up early yesterday so that he could catch the early bus.could 表过去的能力。注；1。can 与be able to表能力时的区别：① 形式上；can有两种形式can 与could，而be able to有更多的形式。is(are)able to, was able to ,, has been able , will be able to , would be able to 等。be able to 只表能力而can 还可表"可能性"，"惊异","许可"等。② could与was able to表过去能力的差别：均表过去的能力，但was（were）able to还可表业已成功的行为（即：动作确实做了）。2．表"许可"You can go now. You can use my dictionary. You can have a rest.-Can I smoke here?-No, you can't.注：用could代替can在疑问句中，语气客气委婉，但在时间上还指现在.Could you lend me your bike? Could you tell me how to get to the station?注意：回答由could引起的问句，仍用can 而不用could。-Could you wait a few more minutes?-Yes, I can.3.表猜测"可能"，一般用于疑问句和否定句。-Can the news be true? -It can't be true. Where can he be?注：(1)can't表"不可能"，语气断然否定。(2) could在宾语从句中表过去的可能性，其它情况一般还表示现在的可能性只是语气比can委婉和更加不肯定。 I thought he could come .(3) can 亦可用于肯定句表可能，但表示的是逻辑推理上的可能性（或理论上的），非主观臆断。There can be no noise on the moon because of sound being carried by the air .(4) can(could)…have done或can(could)…have been(done)用于疑问句或疑问句表对过去时或完成时的揣测。What can have happened to him ? He can not have read the book. He can't have been to Beijing.4.表"惊异""惊讶"：How can you be so impolite? How can you say that?二. may 表"允许""许可""允诺"（征询对方许可）。You may go now . May I use your bike? You may keep the book for 2 weeks .注意：(1)其否定形式may not表示不可以，但更常用must not来代替may not表示"不可以"，"禁止"。 -May I watch TV after supper?-Yes, you may.(No, you mustn't .或No, you may not.或No, you'd better not.)(2)与can的比较：may比can更正式。May I know your name? May I (he, we…)….?×May you….? (May you have a good journey! 此处表祝愿)（3）。might代替may用于疑问句，更客气礼貌些，回答时仍用may。-Might I use your telephone? -Yes, you may .(4)might not 不表示"不允许"2．表"可能"。（1）用于肯定句和否定句（因为May I…?表征询许可）。The news may be true . He may not be at home now. I think he may come today(tomorrow).However fast you may run, you can't catch the fast train.(2)用might语气更加不肯定，但指现在或将来，只有在宾语从句中might do（be）才表示过去可能性。 He might come today(tomorrow). She might have some fever .I thought you might like something to read, so I brought some books for you .She said she might not be at home.. I might be busy tomorrow.(3)may not 与cannot的区别： may not"可能不"，cannot "不可能"。比较The news may not be true.The news can't be true .(4) may(might)(not)+have done(been)表对过去或完成时的揣测。Something may have happened to him . He may have been to Beijing .3.表祝愿May you be happy! May you have a pleasant journey!综合性补充；（1）could have done和might have done 还可以用于虚拟语气而can(may)have done 只用于揣测。（2）表揣测用于反意问句的情况。三must （无词形变化）（1）。表"必须"，"应该"，"务必" must not(mustn't)表"禁止"，"不许"，"不准"，"不可以"。 Everyone must attend the lecture. The work must be finished as soon as possible.You mustn't lend it to others.注；对must问句的回答。 -Must I go there now?-Yes, you must.-No ,you ①needn't. ②need not ③don't have(got) to ④don't need to.2.must表推测"一定"，"必定"，一般只用于肯定句，亦即用于疑问句和否定不表揣测。（1）对现在He must be at home now. You must be hungry after the long walk.The Chinese language must have the largest number of speakers.(2)对进行时。 He must be sleeping now(at that time).（3）对过去时或完成时。It must have rained last night. He must have fallen asleep(then).He must have gone to Beijing yesterday. She must have been young when she got married .注意其反意问句。3 .must表不可避免的倾向。 All men must die.4 . must 表"偏偏"，"不巧" My car must break down.我的车偏偏坏了。四.have to "不得不"1. 与must的区别 （1）must表说话人的主观看法，而have to表客观需要。比较：I have to stop smoking .(外界压力，客观情况使然)I must stop smoking.（主观认为）2.must只有一种形式而have to有更多的形式have to, has to ,had to ,will have to 等等。I thought I must go there.3.have to 的疑问，否定均须借助于do。 Does he have to go there now ?不说Has he to go there now?He has to go there now ,doesn't he? The work has to be finished before 10 o'clock..4.must与had to的差别： had to还可以表示业已完成或实现的动作（即；动作确实做了）。I had to stay at home last night.五.ought to与should1.两者的差别ought to语气重，偏重"责任，义务，道德、法律"等方面，"总应该"。You ought to follow your father's advice.注意其疑问及否定形式 -Ought he to go ？-Yes, he ought (to).2. ought to (should)have done 表本应该做而实际未做。You ought to have told him about the news . He shouldn't have been told about the news.本不应该把此事告诉他（而实际告诉了）。You should have got up early .should have done 还可表虚拟语气用于第一人称3. ought to还可表示非常有可能的事。It ought to be a close game , most probably. It ought to be a fine day tomorrow.(极可能是好天)六.need （1） 作为情态动词①常用于疑问句和否定句②无人称和时态的变化③疑问否定借助于need本身④后跟动词原型。（2）need作为实义动词① 有人称和时态的变化（needs，needed）②疑问否定借助于do③可有自己的宾语（可以是名词，代词，不定时）④不受什么句型限制。 I need a pen . I need to go there. He didn't need to go there. Do I need to go there? Need I go there now ? You needn't go there now. ×I need go there now.3.needn't have done表"本不必做而实际做了"。 You needn't have hurried.你（当时）本不该匆忙。4．对need引起的一般问句的回答： -Need I go now ? -Yes ,you must .-No, you needn't.七.dare 1，（1）作为情态动词 ①无人称和时态变化②常用于疑问句和否定句③跟不带to的不定式。注：有固定说法I dare say…… How dare you say……?2.实义动词①有人称和时态的变化②疑问和否定借助于do③跟带to的不定式。比较 情态动词 实义动词肯定句 × He dared to do it .否定句 He daren't to do itHe dare not do it. He didn't dare to do it .He doesn't dare to do it.疑问句 Dare he do it?Dare he not do it? Does he dare to do it?Doesn't he dare to do it?注：（1）有时可把dare的情态和实义动词的用法揉合在一起。如；No one dared say that.(2)在否定句中实义动词dare后的不定式"to"符号可以省略。I don't dare(to)ask her.2.daren't have done 表"本不敢做而实际做了"。八.shall （此处讲述的是shall情态动词而非助动词表时态）。1． shall用于二，三人称表"命令，警告。威胁，强制。允诺"等。用于一，三人称用来征询对方意见或请求指示。You shall do it as I say. Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow.表"允诺"相当于may或canShall he come at once?(征询对方意见) where shall we meet ? Shall we take a walk together?2.should (1)表"劝告，建议"Children should be taught to tell the truth.I suggested he (should )go there. Was it necessary that my uncle (should) be informed?(2)表"惊异"It's strange that he should have done such a thing.（3）． 表"可能性"They should be there by now, I think.(98年高考已考过)。九. Will 1。表"意志，意愿，乐意"，用于各人称 。（与will作助动词表时态区分开来）。I will tell you all about it.相当于I am glad to tell you all about it.He won't go there.他不愿意去那里。2． Will在疑问句用于第二人称，表示询问对方的意愿或向对方提出请求。Will you go with me for a walk? Do come to my birthday party , will you?Will you please tell me how I can get to the station ? Won't you sit down?3. 表示习惯性动作，有；"总是，总要，"，"惯于"的意思 。Fish will die out of water。鱼离开水总是要死的。He will talk for hours if you give him the chance .你要给他机会的话他总是要谈上几个钟头 。 十.Would (是will的变形，与will的用法相对应。应把would作助动词表时态区分开)。1． 表"意愿"用于人称。 He said he would help us.他说他乐意帮助我们。2． 表说话人的意愿或向对方提出请求，语气比will更客气婉转，但指的是现在时间。Would you like some bananas ? I'd rather stay at home than go out .Would you mind opening the window for me ?注意：用would提出的一般疑问句，回答时要还原为will。-Would you help me with my lessons? -Yes, I will.3. 表过去的习惯动作。She would drop in on her teacher when she went to town .她总是要顺便看一下老师。Every day she would get up early at six o'clock.过去她总是每天6点起床。She would sit like that for hours watching ships.她过去总是坐在那里几个钟头看船。3． 用于虚拟语气或用于科幻作品中。Such would be our home in the future. 我们未来的家庭就是这样。 十一. used to表示"过去常常"（而现在并非这样）。We used to be good friends. There used to be a temple here. He used to go to work by bus。He used to like fish.他过去爱吃鱼。改为否定句：He didn't use to like fish .(He usedn't to like fish.或He used not to like fish).改为疑问句：Used he to like fish？ 或Did he use to like fish?回答Yes, he used to .否定式问句Use(d)n't he to like fish?反意问句There used to be a temple here, usedn't there? （或didn't there？）1．注：would与used to表"过去常常"的差别：①used to表现在已不复存在的过去习惯或状态有今惜对比的含义，而would则不涉及现在。He used to like fish.(现在不了)。He would like fish.（现在是不是这样，不知道）。②used to 表不确定的过去时间，常常不带表确指过去的时间状语，而would常带。③ would 表过去屡次发生的动作，所以不表状态。而used to可表状态也指动作。？There would be a temple here.④ would 有自觉自愿的含义，通常译作"总是，总要"，而used to只说明过去的事实，无自觉自愿的含义，常译作"过去常常"。Her would sit there, watching ships.（个人愿意）。2．①used to do sth.过去常常做。。。②be (get)used to（doing）sth.习惯于。。。③be used to do sth.被用来做。。 与练习结合，体会掌握情态动词的用法。

态助动词有十三个：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to. 上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：将情态助动词的各种形式列表如下：情态助动词的意义和用法情态助动词从最普通的意义上来说，是修饰分句意义的一种方式，它可以反映说话者对其表述是否真实和可能的程度作出判断。但不同的情态助动词本身所包含的意义和用法又不同，下面逐个分析。1） can和could的用法1. 表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如：Can you finish this work tonight?Man cannot live without air.— Can I go now? — Yes, you can.注意：①could也可表示请求，预期委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语应用can（即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如： Could I come to see you tomorrow? Yes, you can. （否定答语可用No, I'm afraid not.） ②can表示能力时，还可用be able to代替。如： I'll not be able to come this afternoon.2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中）Can this be true?How can you be so careless!This cannot be done by him.3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如：He cannot have been to that town.Can he have got the book?2） may和might的用法1. 表示许可。表示请求、允许时，might比many的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustn't表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意。如：You may drive the car.— Might I use your pen? — No, you mustn't.用May I ... 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如：May you succeed!3. 表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。He may be very busy now.4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如：He may not have finished the work.3） must和have to的用法1. 表示必须、必要。如：You must come in time.回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't have to。— Must we hand in our exercise books today?— Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to.)2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 This must be your pen.3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。He must have been to Shanghai.4. have to的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但have to有各种形式，随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同：① must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。如：The play is not interesting. I really must go now.I had to work when I was your age.② must一般只表现在，have则有更多的时态形式。③ 二者的否定意义不大相同。如：You mustn't go. 你可不要去。You don't have to go. 你不必去。④ 询问对方的意愿时应用must。如：Must I clean all the room?4） dare和need的用法1. need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如：You needn’t come so early.— Need I finish the work today?— Yes, you must.注意：needn't + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如：You needn't have waited for me.2. Dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。如：How dare you say I'm unfair.He daren't speak English before such a crowd, dare he?3. Dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。如：I dare to swim across this river.He does not dare (to) answer.Don't you dare (to) touch it!I wondered he dare (to) say that.He needs to finish it this evening.5） shall和should的用法1. Shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。如：What shall we do this evening?2. Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如：Shall we begin our lesson?When shall he be able to leave the hospital?3. Shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如：You shall fail if you don't work harder. （警告）He shall have the book when I finish reading. （允诺）He shall be punished. （威胁）4. Should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to。如：You should go to class right away.Should I open the window?Should的含义较多，用法较活，现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子：① I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。② You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看，你是搞错了。③ I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。④ This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我本来想问你的。从以上例句可以看出：情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成，主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。如：⑤ Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她，请让她给我打个电话。⑥ If you should change your mind, please let us know. 万一你改变主意，请通知我们。⑦ Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间，我就来。此外，Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。如：⑧ Why should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚？⑨ — Where is Betty living? — 贝蒂住在哪里？— How should I know? — 我怎么会知道呢？⑩ I don't know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。5. “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务，表示应该做到而实际上没有做到，并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如：She should have finished it.I should have helped her, but I never could.You should have started earlier.6） will和would的用法1. 表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。如：Would you pass me the book?2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。如：I will never do that again.They asked if we would do that again.3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如：This will be the book you want.He will have arrived by now.The guests would have arrived by that time.I thought you would have finished this by now.4. Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某中倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：The wound would not heal.During the vacation he would visit me every week.5. 表料想或猜想。如：It would be about ten when he left home.What would she be doing there?I thought he would have told you all about it.7） ought to的用法1. Ought to表示应该。如：You ought to take care of him.2. 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别：He must be at home by now. （断定他已到家）He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定）This is where the oil must be. （比较直率）This is where the oil ought to be. （比较含蓄）3. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。如：You ought to have asked him (but you didn't).这时，ought to和should可以互相换用。注意：在美国英语中，ought to用于否定句和疑问句时，to可以省略。如：Ought you smoke so much?You oughtn't smoke so much.8） used to，had better，would rather的用法1. Used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变。如：He told us he used to play football when he was young.在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中，可有两种形式：疑问句 Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?Used you to go to the same school as your brother?否定句I usedn't to go there.I didn't use to go there.Usedn't 亦可拼作usen't，但发音皆为[ju:znt]。否定疑问句 Usen't you to be interested in the theatre? Didn't you use to be interested in the theatre?强调句 I certainly used to smoke, but it was a long time ago. I certainly did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.其反意疑问句或简略回答中，也有两种形式：She used to be very fat, didn't she? （正式）/ use(d)n't she? （口语）Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did.Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did. (Yes, I used to.)2. Had better意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式。如：— We had better go now.— Yes, we had (we'd better / we had better).Hadn't we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)I think I'd better be going. （用于进行时态，表“最好立即”）You had better have done that. （用于完成时态，表未完成动作）注：①had best与had better同意，但较少用。②You had better … 用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。3. Would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式。如：I'd rather not say anything.Would you rather work on a farm?— Wouldn't you rather stay here?— No, I would not. I'd rather go there.由于would rather表选择，因而后可接than。如：I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.I'd rather you didn't talk about this to anyone. （句中的'd rather不是情态动词，would在此是表愿望的实义动词）

can't help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事……e.g. I couldn't help crying when I heard the news.unconciously on 不自觉就……（google翻译器）

自发指多人，为了一个共同的目的去做某件事自觉指一个人或者多个人，自然而然地去做某事

自发与自觉的区别：自发：没有领导组织，民众自己组织的活动。自觉：在上级定的制度下、在公认道德下、在公共事业上无论有人无人监视都能遵守。