18年高考英语阅读

首先，文本选自洛杉矶时报http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-autonomous-vehicles-planning-20180309-story.html  2018年3月9日发表的名为If we don't plan for them, autonomous vehicles could make our car-dominated transit system even worse的文章。 看原标题可以得出几个信息：1.目前有plan，2.car−dominated transit system是关键问题3.even worse，也就是有前提条件，然后才可能出现某种预期。 这篇阅读理解试题选文的特点是，1.文章是国外主流媒体新近更新的文章，相对于高考日期来说是比较新的。2.题材相对比较前沿——关于无人驾驶汽车。相对来说的新科技话题，具有一定的信息引领性。同时，无人驾驶也是目前比较有争论的话题，所以任何一篇文章都不会完全从某一个角度独立来分析阐述这一现象，除非绝对的专业测评或者技术等视角，普通评论或者描述文章一定都会有或多或少的利弊分析，因为这是未知因素会有所影响的一个话题。本文也不例外，但是本文经过改编后明显把话题倾向性定位在positive 上，整体看不出明显的问题，但是会有对客观事实的微小不尊重。这是从阅读理解试题选文的真实性信息来考虑的。本文读者受众没有刻意的区分和归类以及倾向性，文章也不算纯粹的科普文，属于普通的说事文吧，依然是侧重introduce and describe ，因为没有明显的正反观点的对比，文中对比主要体现在现象的比较，所以涉及argumentation 的成分很少。基于此，本文的行文，正常来说要围绕提出问题——分析问题——解决问题来进行。 试卷文本和原文比较有大量删减改编。 首先看改编后的标题Preparing Cities for Robot Cars关键信息定位在preparing cities。但是我们在正文当中是否能够找到关键信息来支持标题核心信息，我认真阅读后，还是不明朗。但是原选文标题比较符合原选文的核心内容。而且此标题从语言角度来说也不好理解，所以标题不做更多解释。 （2018•北京）阅读理解D 标题Preparing Cities for Robot Cars 试题文章第一段 原本想和原文比较一下改动部分，但是改动太大，就省略了吧，很明显感觉改动得不是很好。比如prospect被替换为possibility 这个在理解文本含义上可以理解，但是假如作为精读去点对点分析，就会不如原词汇那么妥帖，我只能用这个词来形容。看prospects词汇解释：以此例来说明改编的可能的不准确性，文本下面部分的改编的类似问题不再重复说明。The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. 开篇点“题”，把无人驾驶汽车的现存状态通过一个语义对比句展示出来。告知读者本文是围绕无人驾驶汽车现状的某个问题阐述的。接下来的test，cleared the way 暗示一是有测试环节，二是有相关辅助环节。California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. 这是本文中围绕标题而出现的最重要的关键信息。暗示cities在无人驾驶领域所可能做出的贡献。 But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. 此处有本文的一个题点关键词regulated，提示regulation 对于无人驾驶未来走向的重要性。看48题： As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?          A. Safety.              B. Side effects.                    C. Affordability.            D. Management. 题干部分有关键信息词author ，major 所以就限定是本文作者的重点的……关注点，所以需要透彻理解本文所传递的信息是什么，还要结合选项内容来看。同时结合原文看，本文是把safety 部分内容删除掉了，而我们看四个选项事实上都可以，四个选项和客观真实性是保持一致的，至于本试题当中认为限制答案为D，从做题角度会有很多解释，但是这样的试题不严密，且，好的试题不会用major来限定。第二段 While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also ……段首用了一个暗含转折，实际上是语义的一个侧重“确定”的句子，使用了while …also表达，前后两者都存在，但是此处侧重强调后者的意思。那么也就是说safety 问题是现存的一个相关焦点，但是这里作者想要强调also后面的内容。所以，从全文角度看，经过改编的文本有了作者或者文章态度上的些许不同，本段和原文比较有部分词汇改编删减，但是基本符合要求，没有大的变化。 接下来的内容作者具体描述无人驾驶汽车的优势和特色，包括停车管理，环境保护，以及和出租车公司等相比较的更多的便利，原文提到了优步等出租公司的disadvantageous ，但试题文本有删减，所以个别信息在理解上会觉得有模糊的感觉，不透彻。本段结束。 在此，我们就可以暂停，看试题： 47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.          A. help deal with transportation-related problems      B. provide better services to customers C. cause damage to our environment                    D. make some people lose jobs题干中使用了pay attention to ，而这个题干是完全可以修改成一个更地道的句子的，也可以是问答方式，不是填空式。重点又在author 和attention 来限定信息，也就是可以推测，题目需要做答的是作者在本文中想要表达的观点，那么根据文本内容，c项是可以否定的。abd都不是可以完全限制的信息，也就是都有可能性，只是a项更符合出题人的思路，所以答案是A。 接下来看下一段内容， Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.段首一句属于段落衔接句，用设问的形式引出来。一方面提示读者思考，给出自己的思维判断，同时引出下面作者想要陈述的内容，此句看关键词worsen ，也就是说，作者暗示的观点是现有的交通的诸多不利因素，对于无人驾驶汽车来说会是什么样的一种对比分析结果呢？而通过上文中作者的情感态度，大致可以判断，下文作者想要阐述的是如何规避现有交通的不利因素。通过阅读试卷上的文本，我感觉此段信息和句首信息不一致，而且不符合常理，所以我再次查阅原文，因为在手机上编辑，顺便简单截图一下，如下：通过阅读原文，可以了解，此处被命题人删除掉了，但是此举就完全改变了文章的行文思路和意义的正常表达。因为在提到了无人驾驶汽车的优势以后，作者做了一个imagine ，也就是假想内容，而此假设导致的结果就是满街的无人驾驶汽车，而此句也被命题人删除了，但是这些信息是非常关键的信息，是管理者要解决无人驾驶汽车所要面对的关键问题，删除后，就不能体现初衷含义了，而且阅读时会晦涩，不能够真正表达真实场景。具体语言不做分析解释，接下来看下一段， A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first  commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.此段因为删除掉的信息，而会觉得没有自然的过度和衔接。在介绍了环保和降低使用成本等优势以后，作者把话题引到了首批无人驾驶汽车的试用上， commercially available，almost certainly，technologyas well as liability and maintenance issues，这些词是属于此处的主要信息词，提示下面举措的原因，命题人没有在此处命题，而是避开，命制了一个所谓猜测词义题目。来看试题：49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?          A. Employed.                        B. Replaced.                      C. Shared.                        D. Reduced. 根据field所在原文语境，提示，鉴于一些考量首先要把无人驾驶技术应用于叫车服务领域。field在此处取其名词“领域”的动词含义“应用于某一领域”，在此，也就是把车辆服务划分了，可能有：公共交通，私人汽车，叫车服务等等。所以在理解此词的时候需要理解原语境的微妙提示，而不是简单来随意根据主观判断下结论，尽管结论可能也不是太离谱，至少我查了很多词典，没有查到field的英英解释为employ。细节不做分析。继续下一段， Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.  最后一段，我们看它的情感态度，一个对未来的期待和展望，是建立在对现有一些问题和技术的解决和确认的基础上的，也就是说，作者的观点态度中规中矩，但最后一句还是表达了对未来无人驾驶汽车的正面期待。结尾段，对整个上文信息做了概括总结，综合了上文信息点。看最后一题：50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?          A. Doubtful.                      B. Positive.                      C. Disapproving.                      D. Sympathetic. 答案是B。这个不多说，假如发散开来还有很多内容能够阐述。 总结一下： 本题目选自主流外刊，时间比较新，话题比较新。命题人对文本进行了一定量的改动删减，个人认为已经影响了准确和地道信息的传递，这是不太看好的地方。文本语言和结构没有特殊难点，试题命制也没有深度思维理解的题目，所以考虑试题安排难度，应该不是难题范畴。解读本文本相当于外刊解读的一个过程了。所以说高考题目文本精良，和外刊解读和运用分割开来不是一个真命题。我记得16年北京好像也是D篇，也是命题人做了一些删减改编，而使得整个行文不达意，试题缺少信息支持。这是一个不可忽视的命题问题。 没有时间和精力做更精细的分析。 下面是试题原文： Preparing Cities for Robot Cars The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services. A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.  47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.          A. help deal with transportation-related problems      B. provide better services to customers C. cause damage to our environment                    D. make some people lose jobs 48.As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?          A. Safety.                    B. Side effects.                  C. Affordability.            D. Management. 49.What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?      A. Employed.                      B. Replaced.                      C. Shared.                        D. Reduced. 50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?          A. Doubtful.                      B. Positive.                    C. Disapproving.                    D. Sympathetic.

My First Marathon 我的第一次马拉松 A month before my first matathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead. 第一次参加马拉松的前一个月，我的脚踝受伤了，两周内不能跑步，只剩下两周时间训练。不过，我仍然决定参加。 I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was "not athletic". 我想起7年级的时候，我的第一堂体育课，老师要求我们跑圈，然后打垒球。我两个都没做好。后来老师告诉我，我不擅长运动。 The idea that I was "not athletic" stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competiton or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills! “我不擅长运动”的想法一直伴随我很多年。当我30多岁开始跑步时，我意识到跑步是与自己的战斗，与比赛无关，与我是否有运动能力无关。这一切都是在于自己的身体和精神做斗争。是一场意志力的测试！ The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself. 跑马拉松的前一个晚上，我梦见自己连终点都找不到。醒来时满头大汗，很紧张，但是我准备证明自己。 Shortly after arossing the start line, my shoe laces became united, So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted! 刚过起跑线，我的鞋带就松了。于是我停下来重新系好。开局不利！ At mile 3, I passed a sign: "Go FOR IT, RUNNERS!" 3英里处，我路过一个标志，上面写着：“加油，跑步者！” By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again. 17英里时，我呼吸变得困难，受伤的脚踝一度疼得很厉害。尽管很疼，我还是坚持走了一会儿，然后继续奔跑。 By mile 21, I was starving! 21英里的时候，我饿得要死！ As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running. 接近23英里的时候，我看到我妻子挥舞着一个牌子。她是我的头号粉丝。她从来都不介意凌晨四点响起的闹钟，也不会询问我在跑步上的花费。 I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had. 我是最后一批跑完全程的选手中的一个。但是我完成了！我还获得了一枚奖章。实际上，我得到的奖章和第一名的是一样的。 Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels, I can now call myself a "marathon winner". 下定决心做我自己，勇往直前，摆脱羞耻心和世俗的标签，我现在可以称自己是“马拉松优胜者”。