(1) punish和penalize均可解作：处罚(subject somebody to a penalty for wrongdoing)；惩罚罪行(impose penalty on crime)；以上为相似之处，不赘述。但二字各另有独立含义：(2) punish还可表示：自责(blame oneself)；粗暴对待某人，令其痛苦(treat somebody roughly, causing pain)；滥用某物，令其受损(treat something roughly, causing damage)；狂饮或滥食(drink deep or eat excessively)。例：He punished his car by speeding.他用超过汽车能耐的速度驾车。(陆谷孙《英汉大词典》)I had a bottle along, and he punished it.我随身带着一瓶酒，他便猛喝起来。(New Dictionary of American Slang)(3) penalize则还可表示：判罚比赛犯规者(punish a team or player for breaking a rule)；损害或不利于某人，或对某人不公平(disadvantage somebody, or treat him or her unfairly)。例：The tax system heavily penalizes people with high incomes.此税制极不利于高收入者(对高收入者极不公平)。
be friendly to sb 对..友好 (be friendly with sb和某人友好相处;be friendly to sb 对某人友好/友善)be nice to sb 对某人友好（be nice to sb 多数是以平等的地位来说的谁对谁好be kind to sb 多数用在长辈或上级）be helpful to sb 对某人有帮助 be beneficial to sb 对某人有益be harmful to sb 对某人有害be cruel to sb 对某人残忍be rude to sb 对某人粗暴无礼be mean to sb 对某人吝啬be generous to sb 对某人大度/大方be valuable to sb 对某人有价值的
小悟空harrywang
