定语从句:that在从句中做主语或宾语,指代人或物(做宾语时可省略)which在从句中做主语或宾语,指物(做宾语时可省略)who,whom在从句中做主语或宾语(口语中也可作宾语),指人(做宾语时可省略)whose在从句中做定语,指人或物非限定性定语从句中指人,作主语用who,作宾语用whom;指物用which,但不可以用that连接 that和which在指物的情况下一般可以互换,但在下列情况下,用that而不用 which1:先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much等不定代词2:先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰3:先行词是序数词(如one,two...)或最高级(如biggest,longest...).或先行词被序数词或最高级修饰4:先行词被the only,thevery,thesame,thelast等修饰5:先行词既有人又物 不能用that的情况:1先行词是2前面有介词3非限定性定语从句 must have done 肯定已经做了某事may/might have done 可能已经做了某事could't/can't have done 不可能已经做了某事ought to/shouldhave done 过去本应该做的事却没有做oughtn't to/should't have done 过去不应该做的事却做了could have done 本来可以做的事却没有做needn't have done 原本不必做的事却做了didn't need do,didn'thave to do没有必要做,实际上也没有做would rather have done 本来想做的事却没有做成 have sb do sth让某人做某事have sbdoing sth让某人一直做某事have sth done请别人做某事 单复数:集体名词people,police,cattle(牛群)等在大多数情况下谓语用复数形式表示时间,距离,金钱等复数名词做主语,表示一个整体概念,谓语用单数形式the+adj,表示一类人,谓语动词用复数形式the+adj表示一个人或一类抽象事物,谓语动词用单数形式有些特殊情况,如theteacherandboss表示同一个人,谓语用单数形式theteacherand theboss表示的不同的两个人,谓语用复数形式 就近原则:AorB ,not A but B ,neither A or B ,either A or B, not onlyA but also B,这些谓语动词都根据B 就远原则:with, alongwith,togetherwith,besides ,but, except, including, as well as, ratherthan 下列动词或短语后面只能跟动名词(V+ing) :admit,avoid(避免),consider,give up,enjoy , regret(后悔), insiston (坚持), practise ,finish, put off(延迟),mind , escape, excuse,stand(忍受),inagine,miss,risk, suggest, can't help(情不自禁),set about(开始着手做...), appreciate(感激,欣赏) 许多,大量:后面加可数名词:many,manya,agreat many,agoodmany,a largenumberof,a great number of后面加不可数名词:much,a greatdealof,alargeamountof,amountsof 都可加:alot of ,lotsof,aquantityof,quantitiesof,plentyof,asupplyof,suppliesof 可以用进行式表将来的动词:go,come,leave,start,arrive,give,return,sleep,spend,stay,play,do,take,get,travel,fly,drive,setoff