英语语法定语从句

定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语) 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗? 2)that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错(注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线;用不同的颜色表示出。) (错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. (对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. (对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A 例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。 18.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如： This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性) 2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 18.5 介词+关系词 1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2)that前不能有介词。 3) 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 18.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 典型例题 1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. whichD. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。 2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。 3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.. A. thatB. whichC. as D. it 答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 (2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。 As 的用法 例1. the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 18.7 先行词和关系词二合一 1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替) 18.8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever 1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything What you want has been sent here. Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who (错)Who breaks the law will be punished. (错)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear. (对)Whoever breaks the law will be punished. (对)Who robbed the bank is not clear. 3) that 和 what 当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。 I think (that) you will like the stamps. What we need is more practice. 18.9 关系代词that 的用法 1)不用that的情况 a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。. e)先行词既有人，又有物时。 举例： All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

1.先行词为all, anything, something, nothing, everything, much, little, none等不定代词时，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。在大多数情况下that可以省略.

Please tell me everything you know about the matter.

Thats all we can do at the moment.

2.as引出的限制性定语从句

在such as的结构中as可作关系代词，引出限制性定语从句。有时和same连用，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语等。

Such people as were recommended by him were reliable.

Ive never seen such a talented young man as he is.

I have the same trouble as you .

3.as引出的非限制性定语从句

as可作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句，通常译为(正)如一样，(正)象一样等。as引导的从句一般用逗号与主句隔开，可以位于主句的前面、中间或后面.

I live a long way from work, as you know.

She did not, as her friend had feared, break down.

As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.

4.分隔式定语从句

定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他句子成分与先行词隔开，从而构成分隔式定语从句。

1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2)that前不能有介词。

3)某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：

This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

18.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：

As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。

典型例题

1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.

A. it B. that C. which D. he

答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

1、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句

定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言，可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号，表示对先行词起修饰限制作用;而非限定性定语从句和先行词之间有逗号分开，是对先行词进行补充说明，相当于并列句。

如：He is the man who has a strong personality. 他是个个性很强的人。(限定性定语从句)

My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week. 我哥哥在国外工作，他下周将回来。(非限定性定语从句)

注：

1) 非限定性定语从句不能用that来引导，一般用which，as或who(指人)。用which或as引导时，既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。如：

He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. (which指代整个主句，在从句中作主语)

2) as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句之前。如：As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people‘s life greatly.

3) 在限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可以省略;但在 非限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时不能省略。如：

The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去)

She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. (whom不能省去)

2、只用关系代词that，不用 which，who或whom的几种情况

1)当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等时。如：All that you want are here.

2) 当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修饰时。如：There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes.

3)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen.

4)当出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时。如： We are talking about the people and countries that we have

visited.

5) 当主句是以which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Who is the person that is standing over there?

6) 当定语从句为there be 句型时，关系代词只用that，

但经常可以省略。如： I know the difference (that) there is between you.

7)当关系代词在从句中作表语时，常用that。如：He does not seem to be the man that he was

他似乎和过去不一样了。

3、 as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句

as 引导定语从句时，可指人也可指物，通常与the same，such，so等连用，形式为：the same… as，such… as，as …as，so… as。As在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。如：

She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感觉与她自己的一样。(as代替事，作宾语)

I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借给你使你感兴趣的书。(as代替物，作主语)

注：the same… as 和the same… that的用法不同。as引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”，指同类事物;that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”，指同一事物。如：

This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 这和我昨天丢的笔一样。(类似的笔)

This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 这支笔就是我昨天丢的'那支。(同一支笔)

4、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

在“介词+which/whom”结构中，介词的选择取决于3种情况：

1)定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配。如： This is the college in which I am studying. He is the man about whom we are talking.

2)先行词与介词的习惯搭配。如： The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter.

仪表上显示出这台机器运转的速度。

3)当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which; 否则用其他介词。如： I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK.

注：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如put up with;有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配，此时需要根据上下文来确定。如：be familiar with/to，compare with/to等。

有时为表意清楚，还可以在关系副词where/ when前加介词from, to等。如：

China is the birthplace of kites, from

where kite flying spreads to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.

中国是风筝的故乡，从这里，放风筝的运动传到了日本、韩国、泰国和印度。

注定语从句和同位语从句的区别

定语从句在复合句中的功能相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用。而同位语从句则属于名词性从句，对与它有同位关系得名词作进一步解释，使其内容具体化。例如：

She felt very sad because of the news that her husband was killed in an aircraft crash. (同位语从句)

The fact that she told me made me very angry. (定语从句)

关系代词as与which引导的非限制性定语从句，其先行词都可以是整个主句，指代主句的整个意 思。但as和which具有不同的词义、句法和用法。

1. as引导的从句表示说话人的看法、态度、解释或评论

引导定语从句时，as仍具有正如，像，由……可知等意思，翻译时 有时可不必译出。as定语从句常含有这些动词：see， know， hear， watch， remember， say， tell， show， expect， guess等，这类动词与as连用几乎成了一种固定搭配。as引导的此类从句可以置于句首、句中或 句尾。如：

The famous magician Liu Qian， as we all know， is from Taiwan. 众所周知，著名魔术师刘 谦是台湾人。

There is a net bar around here， as I remember. 我记得这儿附近有一家网吧。

As is often the case， girls like dolls while boys like guns. 女孩子喜欢玩具而男孩子 喜欢枪，这是常见的情况。

2. which引导的从句对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明，表明事物的状态或结果

which此时指前面主句所提到的这件事，常译为这一点，这件事等。这时它所引 导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系。注意，它引导的从句不像as那样位置灵活，它只能位于主句 的后面。如：

He changed his mind again， which made us all angry. 他又改变了主意，这使我们大家都生 气了。

She tore up my photos， which (=and that) upset me.她撕碎了我的照片，这使我很不安。

3. 在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时，要用which，不用as

Jenny might come， in which case I‘ll ask her. 詹妮可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问 她。

She graduated from a local middle school， after which she went to Beijing University. 她毕业于当地的一所中学，之后她去了北京大学。

4. 当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或含着一个复合宾语时，一般用which而不用as

He pretended not to know me， which I didn’t understand. 他假装不认识我，这是我搞 不明白的。

He admires everyone in his class， which I find quite strange. 他羡慕班里的每个学生， 我认为太奇怪了。

【特别说明】

as引导非限制性定语从句的最大特点是位置灵活；其次，as有以下常见的，而which不具备的 固定表达：

as we all know 众所周知

as I can remember 正如我所记得的

as often happens 正如经常发生的那样

as we expect 正如我们预料的那样

as you see 这一点你明白

as was expected 正如预料的那样

as can be seen 看得出来

as may be imagined 正如可以想象的那样

as has been said above 如上所述

as we all can see 正如我们都能看到的那样

as is often the case 像常规那样

as everybody can do 正如人人都能做到的那样

1. 分隔定语从句。

先行词与定语从句之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离，这种从句叫分隔定语从句。例如：

This is the article written by him that I spoke to you about.

He was the only person in this country that was invited.

①因定语从句过长，为使句子保持平衡，常将定语从句和其所修饰的名词或代词分开。

The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that faraway village.

②在定语从句中使用“插入语”以增加语言的灵活性。

The pen I thought I had lost is on my desk，right under my nose.

2. as 和 which 引导的定语从句。

① as 有“正如，就像”之意，在非限制性定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，从句可位于主句的前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开。

As we had expected，her performance was wonderful.

A panda， as we know，is a lovely animal.

Tom is the tallest in our class，as you know.

但 which 引导的非限制性定语从句一般只能放在主句之后。例如：

The result of the experiment was very good，which we hadn’t expected.

②在主谓宾结构的非限制性定语从句中，which 和 as 作宾语时可互换使用。

He was an Englishman，which / as I knew from his accent.

作主语时通常用 which ，而不用 as .但在“主语 +be+done ”结构中，as 作主语。例如：

He passed the examination，as was known.

③ as 引导非限制性定语从句时，通常用在表示肯定意义的从句中，而不能用在表示否定意义的从句中； which 则不受此限制。例如：

Mummy treats me just as a baby，which （不用 as ） I can’t bear.

She married again，which （不用 as ）was unexpected.

④在宾补结构的非限制性定语从句中，作主语或宾语时，宜用 which ，而不用 as .例如：

He believed in God，which （不用 as ） I find strange.

He changed his mind，which （不用 as ） made me very angry.

⑤定语从句中动词若为表示知觉的词，如 see ，expect ，say ，know 等时，用 as 而不用 which .

As we expected / know， Xiao Ming took the first place in the game.

⑥ as 引导的定语从句与 it 作形式主语的主语从句和以 what 引导的主语从句的区别。试比较：

As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.

It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.

What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.

3. 定语从句与并列句的识别。

定语从句与主句之间要用“逗号”分隔，并且不能加入 and ， but ， so 等连接词。并列句一般由 and ， but ， so 等词连接，或中间用“分号”隔开。例如：

He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows，most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. （定语从句）

He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows，and most of them hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. （并列句）

He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows；most of them hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. （并列句）

Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase，the price of which was reasonable. （定语从句）

Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase；the price of it was reasonable. （并列句）

John’s parents kept telling him that he should work hard，but it didn’t help. （并列句）

4. that 引导的定语从句与结果状语从句的区别。

This is so interesting a book that all of us want to read it. （ so …… that 引导的结果状语从句）

This is so interesting a book as all of us want to read. （ as 引导的定语从句）

通过以上两个例句不难看出， so …… that 引导结果状语从句，而定语从句中先行词前有 so ， such ， the same 修饰时，常用“ as ”来引导定语从句。

5. 定语从句与同位语从句的区别。

同位语从句是位于名词 answer ， belief ， doubt ， decision ， explanation ， fact ， hope ， idea ， information ， news ， order ， problem ， promise ， truth 等后的句子，并对这些句词进行补充说明或解释；从句一般是一个完整的句子，引导词 that 只起引导作用，不作句子成分，且 that 不可省略；同位语从句不可用 which 引导。而定语从句通常是一不完整的句子，缺少主语或宾语等。作宾语时， that 可省略。

The fact that she hasn’t known the result of the examination is clear. （同位语从句）

The fact （that / which） she told me yesterday is very important. （定语从句）

「巩固性练习」

1. _________ is mentioned above， the number of the students in senior high school is increasing.

A. As B. It C. That D. What

2. Now Children like to go to the fast food restaurant， _________ as the name says， eating doesn’t take much time.

A. which B. that C. what D. where

3. Sometimes the earthquake is so violent that it can destroy the whole city， _________ happened in Tang Shan in 1976.

A. as B. that C. where D. like

4. Recently my father bought a Chinese painting， _________ was very reasonable.

A. the price of it B. which price

C. the price of which D. its price

5. We will be shown around the city： schools， museums， and some other places， _________ other visitors seldom go.

A. what B. which C. where D. when

6. We were next-door neighbors for three years， during ________ time we met only twice.

A. which B. this C. in which D. same

7. Living in the central Australia desert has its problems， _________ getting water is not the least.

A. as B. for what C. of which D. for what

8. We should do more such exercises in the future， I think， ________ those we did yesterday.

A. as B. which C. that D. it

9. Gone are the days _________ we spent together in the village.

A. that B. when C. in which D. on which

10. He failed his exam， _________ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.

A. as B. which C. that D. A and B

11. He must be from Africa， _________ can be seen from his skin.

A. that B. as C. who D. what

「参考答案」

1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. A

7. C 8. A 9. A 10. D 11. B