3.2.THEEXPERIMENTALAPPROACH3.2实验途径3.2.1TheEquipment3.2.1设备Adrawbench(Fig.<2>)maybeusedtomeasuretheforcerequiredinwiredrawing.可以用一台冷拔机(图2)来测量拉丝所需的力。Theworkpiece,therodpassingthroughthedie,hasitsfrontend,thenarrowend,heldbygrips.把通过模具的工件(金属杆)的前端,即窄的一端,用夹具保持住。Thegripsarepulledbyahydraulicsystem-acylinderwithpiston-orbyothermeans.夹具由液压系统(一套带活塞的液压缸)或其他方法牵引。Theforceappliedistransmittedthroughaloadcell(Fig.<3>).施加的力通过一个负荷传感器传递(图3)。InaloadcellstraingaugesareappliedtothetensilerodtoproduceaWheatstonebridgeinwhichthevoltagedifferential,properlycalibrated,providesameasureofthedrawingforce.FordetailsseeReference[1].在负荷传感器中,应变规被加到拉伸杆上,以产生一个惠斯登电桥,其中被很好定标的电压差动就提供了拉丝力的量度。关于详细情况,参见文献【1】。2.2RecordingoftheReadings2.2读数的记录Themeasureofdrawingforceisproducedcontinuouslyonarecorder,oronanoscillographasafunctionofgripdisplacement,i.e.,lengthofwiredrawn.拉丝力的量度是作为夹具位移(即被拉金属丝的长度)的函数,在记录仪上或示波器上连续产生的。Updatedinstrumentationmaydigitizetheforcevs.displacementreadingsandrecordthemontape,disk,orothermemoryunitonamicrocomputer.现代化的仪器可以使力和位移关系的读数数字化,并将它们记录到磁带、硬盘或微机的其他存储装置上。Figure<4>representsarecordofasinglerunofawirethroughadie.图4示出了金属丝单程通过模具的记录。Withtheapplicationofmotiontothehydraulicpiston,theloadonthewirerises;thesteepslopeofthecurve,duetotheelasticstretchingofthesystemwithincreasingforce,andotherfactors,suchasthesettlingoftheridgesofthegripsbitingintotheworkpiece,occursbeforeanywireisdrawnthroughthedie.随着向液压活塞施加运动,金属丝上的负荷就上升;在任何金属丝被拉丝通过模具之前就会发生以下现象,即曲线出现很陡的斜率,这是因为系统随着力的增加出现弹性伸长,以及其他因素的关系,这些因素包括夹具脊的固定咬入工件等。Thepeakofthecurveisduetotwofactors.曲线的峰是由于两个因素。Onecomprisestheinertiaforces;thesuddenapplicationofforceacceleratesthewirefromstandstilltofullspeedinashorttime.一个是惯性力;力的突然施加加快了金属丝在短时间内从静止到全速的速度。Anothercauseofthepeakisthatatstandstillandslowspeeds,frictionishigherthanfrictionatfullydevelopedspeeds.曲线峰的另一个起因是,在静止和低速下的磨擦要高于全速前进速度下的磨擦。Astheinertiaforcesubsidesandfrictionreduces,thedrawingforcedropstoitssteady-stateconstantvaluefortheconstantspeeddrawing.随着惯性力的下降和磨擦的降低,拉丝力降到其恒速拉丝时的稳态恒定值。Thismeasureofsteady-statedrawingforceshouldordinarilybetakenastheforcereading.稳态拉丝力的这一度量通常应被取作力的读数。Whenthedrawingforceisdividedbythecross-sectionareaofthewireemergingfromthedie,theresultisthedrawingstressforthespecificcombinationofreduction,coneangle,andfriction.当拉丝力除以从模具中出来的金属丝的横截面时,其结果就是缩小量、锥角和磨擦特定组合下的拉丝应力。