电灯泡英文文章

Edison (1847~1931) Edison,Thomas Alva American inventor. To the creation of factory laboratories, technology development and to open up avenues of scientific research in close connection with the name lowered history. February 11, 1847 in the Ohio Mailan a Dutch immigrant family. October 18, 1931 in New Jersey Xiaolan in death. Produced only three months of formal education received. 12-year-old has done Bao Tong, hawkers, Rapporteur, to fend for themselves. Because M. Faraday effect in life science research experiments and inventions. In 1868 he invented a recording device to sell to Taiwan votes Congress, but has not been used. Edison first invented so that he did not find the market more attention to the relevance of the invention. 1869, Edison moved to New York from Boston. He improved the indicators cable companies telegraph, the recognition by the manager of the company, employed 300 US dollars monthly salary (which at the time was very high salary). 1870, moved to New Jersey to begin his efficient invention period. 1874 improved typewriters. 1876, to the latter. Bell invented the telephone with a carbon Reap route, and raised the words beep. 1876, founded his famous laboratory. In the laboratory, he broke the previous individual scientists to engage in research tradition, organized a group of professionals (including N.Tesla and others), and the subject of his assignment, a common commitment to the invention, thus creating the correct way to modern scientific research. 1877, invented gramophone, which makes him original. 1878, the study began incandescent lamp in the 10 months after many failures, October 21, 1879 in the successful location of incandescence light lights carbon silk, stable location between two days. 1882, in New York pearl Street Block communal fire was the world's second plant, built in New York Urban Electric lighting, a modern electricity system to take shape. Mar lighting achievement has not only greatly improved the working conditions of production, but also herald an era of daily life electrification forthcoming. 1883, Edison bulbs in a vacuum test, accidentally discovered the cold, there is a current hot electrode. This phenomenon was called the Edison effect, become electron tube and electronic industries. 1887, from Xiaolan government, and in the same year in a larger city, the laboratory equipment is also updated the famous Edison Laboratory (later known as the invention factory). Here, according to G. School invention, produced its own camera. 1914, by Gramophone and camera film produced by the first audio system. Old age, his inventions and innovations including batteries, cement mixer, sound recording telephone, double - and multi-type cable system, railways used brakes. First World War, he served as Chairman of the Technical Advisory Committee to guide torpedoes and anti-submarine equipment research, invented dozens of weapons. To this end, the United States government in 1920 conferred on him the Distinguished Services Medal serving, the French government awarded honorary medals to his Corps spaces. 1928, the United States Congress to grant him honorary medals. Throughout their entire life cycle, Edison and his laboratory received 1,093 patents for their invention. Edison invented many life, but he is after all a system of scientific knowledge, and thus to the development of modern technology can not make the right judgment. In the 19th century, the exchange of transmission system has emerged, but he still insisted on direct current transmission, and with G.Westinghouse Niehaus fierce competition occurred lost Niagara hydropower project contracts;He blindly testing laboratory magnetic milling equipment, the invention Electric depletion of the funds had to be abandoned. However, Edison electricity in the development, application of electric appliances manufacturing promote the contribution that he became the history of mankind's greatest inventor the world.

真正发明电灯使之大放光明的是美国发明家爱迪生。爱迪生在认真总结了前人制造电灯的失败经验后，制定发详细的试验计划，分别在两方面进行试验：一是分类试验1600多种不同耐热的材料；二是改进抽空设备，使灯泡有高真空度。他还对新型发电机和电路分路系统等进行了研究。 爱迪生将1600多种耐热发光材料逐一地试验下来，唯独白金丝性能量好，但白金价格贵得惊人，必须找到更合适的材料来代替。1879年，几经实验，爱迪生最后决定用炭丝来作灯丝。他把一截棉丝撒满炭粉，弯成马蹄形，装到坩锅中加热，做成灯丝，放到灯泡中，再用抽气机抽去灯泡内空气，电灯亮了，竟能连续使用45个小时。就这样，世界上第一批炭丝的白炽灯问世了。1879年除夕，爱迪生电灯公司所在地洛帕克街灯火通明。 为了研制电灯，爱迪生在实验室里常常一天工作十几个小时，有时连续几天试验，发明炭丝作灯丝后，他又接连试验了6000多种植物纤维，最后又选用竹丝，通过高温密闭炉烧焦，再加工，得到炭化竹丝，装到灯泡里，再次提高了灯泡的真空度，电灯竟可连续点亮1200个小时。电灯的发明，曾使煤气股票3天内猛跌百分之十二。 继爱迪生之后，1909年，美国柯进而奇发明了用钨丝代替炭丝，使电灯效率猛增。从此，电灯跃上新台阶，日光灯、碘钨灯等形形色色的灯如雨后春笋般登上照明舞台。

爱迪生 一生只上过三个月的小学，他的学问是靠母亲的教导和自修得来的。他的成功，应该归功于母亲自小对他的谅解与耐心的教导，才使原来被人认为是低能儿的爱迪生，长大后成为举世闻名的“发明大王”。 爱迪生从小就对很多事物感到好奇，而且喜欢亲自去试验一下，直到明白了其中的道理为止。长大以后，他就根据自己这方面的兴趣，一心一意做研究和发明的工作。他在新泽西州建立了一个实验室，一生共发明了电灯、电报机、留声机、电影机、磁力析矿机、压碎机等等总计两千余种东西。爱迪生的强烈研究精神，使他对改进人类的生活方式，作出了重大的贡献。 “浪费，最大的浪费莫过于浪费时间了。” 爱迪生常对助手说。“人生太短暂了，要多想办法，用极少的时间办更多的事情。” 一天，爱迪生在实验室里工作，他递给助手一个没上灯口的空玻璃灯泡，说:“你量量灯泡的容量。”他又低头工作了。 过了好半天，他问:“容量多少? ”他没听见回答，转头看见助手拿着软尺在测量灯泡的周长、斜度，并拿了测得的数字伏在桌上计算。他说:“时间，时间，怎么费那么多的时间呢?”爱迪生走过来，拿起那个空灯泡，向里面斟满了水，交给助手，说：“里面的水倒在量杯里，马上告诉我它的容量。” 助手立刻读出了数字。 爱迪生 说:“这是多么容易的测量方法啊，它又准确，又节省时间，你怎么想不到呢？还去算，那岂不是白白地浪费时间吗?” 助手的脸红了。 被誉为近代科学的开创者牛顿，在科学上作出了巨大贡献。他的三大成就——光的分析、万有引力定律和微积分学，对现代科学的发展奠定了基础。

19世纪初，人们开始使用煤气灯（瓦斯灯），但是煤气靠管道供给，一但漏气或堵塞，非常容易出事，人们对于照明的改革，十分殷切。事实上，爱迪生为自己订定了一个不可能的任务：除了改良照明之外，还要创造一套供电的系统。他和伙伴们，不眠不休的做了1600多次耐热材料和600多种植物纤维的实验，才制造出第一个炭丝灯泡，可以一次燃烧45个钟头。后来他更在这基础上不断改良制造的方法，终于推出可以点燃1200小时的灯泡In the early 1900s. people started using gaslamps, which were supported by gas. Accidents would come quite easily as soon as the pipeline was blocked, so the enthusiasm for a new revolution of lighting was very high. In fact, Thomas Edison set up an immpossible mission himself that he would set up a power supply system, apart from the lighting improvement. With the cooperation of his coworkers, they invented the first carbon filament lamp by many experiments with more than 1,600 heat resisting and fibrous plant materials. which could last for 45 minutes. Finally, they invented the bulb which could light for more than 1,200 hours.