语法英语doc新浪

学英语一开始要学发音。英语是拼音文字，由字母组单字。英语字母共有二十六个，其中字母a、e、i、o、u是元音字母，其余二十一个是辅音字母，其中y字母有时当元音字母用。每个字母可以有一个或一个以上的读音，因此，英语语音共有五十个音位，音位的书写形式是音位字母，即音标符号，一个音位字母即音标，表示一个音位，所以，必须先学习五十个KK音标，然后根据发音规则拼读单字。下面是一些常用的发音规则。一、辅音字母在单字中的发音一般是一对一的，如p-b、t-d、k（qu）、f-v、s-z、r、h、j、m、n、l、w就发它的本音，一般字母和音标写法一致，或者字母名称当中，包含了这个字母的音素。二、有些辅音字母有多个发音。如：字母c后面接a，o，u的时候，c的发音与字母k发音相同，叫做“hard c sound”，当字母c后面接e，i，或y的时候，通常c的发音与字母s发音相同，叫做“soft c sound” 。有时在e或i前面，c会发/ʃ/音。字母g后面接a，o，u的时候，所发的音叫做“hard g sound” ，当字母g后面接e，i，或y的时候，有时g的发音与字母j的发音相同，叫做“软g音”。x在单词中间或结尾时发/ks/音，在单词中间时有时发/gz/音，在单词起始位置时发/z/音。y在单词起始位置时发音为辅音/j/，单词或音节中间或结尾时被当做元音，在重读开音节里发长元音/aɪ/，在重读闭音节里和词末发短元音/ɪ/。三、辅音字母组合的发音也是有规律可循的。常见的辅音字母组合有：tr-dr，发音时舌身与r相似，舌尖贴上齿龈后部，气流冲破阻碍发出短促的t-d后立刻发r。ck只发一个k的音，ng的发音是舌头抵住上颚后方所发出的鼻音，n在k之前也这样发音。四、复合字母构成的单音。digraph是两个（或三个）辅音字母在一起只发一个音，通常指以下四种组合：ch（tch），sh，wh和th。ch发/tʃ/音，sh发/ʃ/音，一般来说wh发/hw/音（清辅音），但在o前面发/h/音，th的发音则需要一些记忆力了，在虚词和一部分代词中发浊音（舌尖在上下牙齿中间，声带需要振动，声音从牙齿和舌头之间的缝隙里出来），其它以th开始的单词基本上都发清音（舌尖在上下牙齿中间，声音从牙齿和舌头之间的缝隙里出来，但是声带不振动）。五、在有些辅音字母组合中，其中一个字母是不发音的，如kn中的k、ps中的p、mb和bt里的b、mn里的m、wr中的w。在罗曼语族词汇里，辅音字母h一般也不发音；而在法语词源的外来语里，辅音字母在词末也不发音，如depot、ballet、faux pas等。六、英语里元音的发音比较复杂，每个元音都可以发多个音，掌握了元音的发音规律才能对整个单词的发音有比较准确的掌握。元音字母有五个：a，e，i，o，u，另外y在一个单词的中间或结尾时也被当做元音。每个单词里都包含有至少一个元音，元音是单词的“最强音”。元音所发的音取决于该元音在单词中的位置或它是如何与其它元音组合的。一般来说，如果五个元音字母中的任意一个后面紧接着一个或几个辅音字母，这个元音字母就处于重读闭音节中，发成短音：a发/æ/、e发/ɛ/、i和y都发/ɪ/音、o发/α/、u发/ʌ/音。七、如果一个单词以字母e结尾，前面的元音发长音，叫做重读相对开音节（magic e）。如果一个元音是在一个单词或重读音节的结尾，该元音也发长音，叫做重读开音节，所谓长音就是元音字母的名字，如：a的长音为/e/，e的长音为/i/，i和y的长音都是/aɪ/，o的长音为/o/，u的长音为/ju/。重读相对开音节结尾的字母e只起到让前面的元音发长音的作用，自己是不发音的。八、当一个单词或音节里有两个元音时，通常第一个元音发长音，第二个元音不发音，叫做vowel digraph。但是al、au、aw、ou、o有时发/ɔ/这个音，也是长元音。但是，在一些特殊情况下，元音后面紧接着辅音字母的时候，该元音是发长音的。如o在st、ld前，i在gh、gn、ld、nd前都要发长音，但元音字母o接st时有时也发成长元音/ɔ/，如cost，lost等。九、双元音是两个元音音素组合在一起的，所以听上去有两个音，尽管这两个音并不是两个元音所单独发出的，如oi（oy）和ou（ow）分别发/ɔɪ/和/aʊ/音。十、元音字母与r结合起来后，发卷舌音，如ar发/αr/、or发/ɔr/、er、ir、ur都发/ɝ/。十一、五个元音字母在非重读音节中发弱元音/ə/。学会了发音后，再开始学词汇和语法。英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼西部语支，英语的词汇有开放性，一部分是日耳曼语族词汇，一部分是罗曼语族词汇，还有一部分是从法语、德语、西班牙语、意大利语、拉丁语、希腊语、阿拉伯语以及其它语言引进的词汇。英语属于屈折语，但是它的屈折变化形式相对比较少，除了名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词有词形变化外，数词、冠词、介系词、连接词、感叹词都是不变的，只有简单句、并列句、复合句三种句子结构，词序比较固定。只要你用心学，一定能学好英语这门语言的，希望我能帮助到你。

现在完成时采取has/have+动词过去分词的形式，后边可能有already，since，before，never，just，not…just等标志词

简单英语语法知识

there be句式有时可以与情态动词连用

■与 can / could 连用

There can be no doubt about that.

那是毫无疑问的。

Without heavy industry there can be no economic advance.

没有重工业，就没有经济的发展。

If the police hadn’t closed the road there could have been a bad accident.

要不是警方关闭了道路，本来会发生严重车祸的。

■与may / might 连用

There might still be hope.

可能还有希望。

There may be a letter for me.

大概有我一封信。

There may be a storm tomorrow.

明天可能有风暴。

At the end there may be an index.

结尾处可能有索引。

There might be drinks if you wait for a bit.

如果你等一会儿，可能会有饮料。

There may be more importance in it than would seem.

它的重要意义可能要比看上去大。

■与must 连用

There must be a mistake.

一定是弄错了。

He felt there must be something wrong.

他感到准有什么问题。

There must be somebody at home—ring again.

家里肯定有人——再按一下铃。

There must be some book which could help.

一定有那么本书可以帮我们的忙。

That can’t be the only way. There must be other ways of solving the problem.

那不是解决问题的唯一办法，肯定有另外的办法。

■与 should 连用

There shouldn’t be any doubt about it.

对此不应有什么怀疑。

It is important that there should be afire escape.

要有一个太平梯，这很重要。

The widow begged that there should be no reprisals.

遗孀祈求不要去搞复仇。

■与 ought to 连用

There ought to be a comma here.

这儿应有一个逗号。

There shouldn’t be any doubt about it.

对此不应有什么怀疑。

There ought to be traffic lights at this crossroads.

这个十字路口应该有红绿灯。

There ought to be enough of a fire left up there.

上面那儿残留的火势该够大了。

There oughtn’t to have been any difficulty about it

此事本不应有什么困难。

■与 used to 连用

There used to be a small park just around the corner.

以前在那个拐角就有一个小公园。

There are more flowers than there used to he.

现在比过去花儿更多了。

There used to be a cinema here, didn’t there?

过去这儿是有一家电影院的，是吗?

There used to be a hospital here.

原来这里有家医院。

There used to be four cinemas in the town, now there is only one.

过去这座城市有四家电影院。现在只有一家了。

从零开始学语法：情态动词can与may的用法

can 的用法

一、表能力，有“能，会，能够”的意思。例如：

-Can you drive a car? 你会开车吗?

-Yes, I can. 我会。/ No, I can't. 我不会。

二、表允许，在口语中代替may，有“可以”的意思。

(见下面 may 的用法第四点)

三、表示可能性，常用于否定句和疑问句。例如：

Can it be true? 那会是真的吗?

Today is Sunday. He can't be at school. 今天是星期天，他不可能在学校里。

很多同学都不太清楚 can 与 be able to 的异同吧，赶快来学习一下吧>>

may 的用法

一、表示许可或征求对方的许可，有“可以”的意思。例如：

You may go now. 你可以走了。

May I use your computer? 我用一下你的电脑可以吗?

二、回答以 may 开头的疑问句有如下表达法：

-May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗?

-Yes, you may. / Yes, please. 请抽吧。

-No, you can't. / No, you mustn't. / No, you'd better not. 请不要抽烟。

三、表示猜测，通常只用于陈述句。例如：

You may be right. 你可能是对的。

四、在口语中 can 可以代替 may 表示许可，但 can 较随便，may 更正式。例：

Can I use your bike, John? 约翰，我可以用一下你的自行车吗?

May I have a look at your license please, sir? 先生，我可以看一下你的执照吗?

从零开始学语法：情态动词must与have to的用法

must 的用法

一、表义务，“必须”。例如：

You must talk to them about their study. 你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。

二、在否定结构中表不许。例如：

You mustn't leave here. 你不能离开这儿。

三、表推测，暗含有很大的可能性。例如：

He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。

注意：之前我们说过 may 也可以表猜测，但是 may 暗含的可能性较小，must 暗含的可能性较大。另外否定的猜测是用can't。例如：

The baby can't be ill. He is so active. 那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。

四、表不可避免，“必然要，必定会”。例如：

All men must die. 人总有一死。

五、表主张，“坚持要，一定要”。例如：

If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops. 如果你坚持要走，至少也要等雨停了再走。

六、关于 must 的简短回答：

-Must I clean the dining room at once? 我必须马上打扫膳厅吗?

-Yes, you must. 是的。

-No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. 不必马上打扫。

have to 的用法

一、have to 表客观的需要和义务，must 表主观的`认识。例如：

I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi. 我没搭上火车，所以我只得打的。(客观上需要打的)

I must study hard. 我必须努力学习。(主观上认为应该努力学习)

二、在疑问句和否定句中，have to 多用助动词 do 构成，must 则直接提前或加not。例如：

Did he have to do it? = Must he do it? 他得做那件事吗?

而且在否定句中，have to 表不需要，must 表不允许：

You don't have to go there. 你不需要去那儿。

You mustn't go there? 你不可去那儿。

2014高考英语抓分训练：情态动词与虚拟语气、非谓语动词、复合句(含答案解析)

一、情态动词与虚拟语气考点

I am a middle school student. I have many dreams. If there 1.________ (be) not so much homework, I would have more time to do what I like to do. How I wish I 2.________ (listen) to my favourite music for an hour a day and 3.________ (play) table tennis for an hour in the morning. It's my desire that we 4.________ (hold) evening parties or 5.________ (organize) some interesting activities at weekend. I suggest that t here 6.________ (be) not so many tests. You can imagine what life 7.________ (will) be if I8.________ (realize) my dream. But I must face the exams. Without good marks, I 9.________ (will) not enter my ideal university. Anyway, it's high time that I 10.________ (encourage) myself and worked hard from now on.

二、不定式考点

Dear Editors，

My name is Adam Rouse. I'm 19 years old and I used 1.________ (be) a heavy smoker. I first started 2.________ (smoke) when I was only 15 alt hough I know it is very harmful 3.________ (smoke) at any time.

I read your magazine and know that there are some organizations 4.________ (help)people stop smoking.Participants learn 5.________ (recognise) smoking triggers and they try 6.________ (set) a date in the future when they will stop 7.________ (smoke)on purpose.Now, I am looking for some ideas 8.________ (help) myself 9.________ (give) up smoking and I expect myself 10.________ (accept) as a member of your organizations.

Yours sincerely，

Li Lei

三、分词考点

Many years ago, a young foreigner 1.________ (call) Marco Polo travelled all the way from Italy to China. From then on a window to the east has been 2.________ (open) for westerners.

Two kinds of gold coins once 3.________ (make) by Europeans showed their respects to the great explorer.

Marco Polo was 4.________ (bear) in 1254. He l ived in Venice, a rich city in Italy. Marco's father and uncle were merchants. They had travelled to the east. So when Marco was young, he enjoyed 5.________ (listen) to the stories about the places 6.________ (visit) by his father. His father decided 7.________ (take) him on a trip. When Marco Polo was just 17, he left his country for China. They were among the first to go along the silk road. They had a lot of trouble in 8.________(explore). So it was a hard trip for Marco Polo, but he was very brave. After about four years, Marco met Kublai Khan who gave him a job. Marco spent 17 years 9.________ (work) for him. He visited most parts of China. He learned lots of 10.________ (interest) things about Chinese life. When he returned home, he let others know about things like coal and paper money. He wrote about his trip in a famous book.

四、动名词考点

Everyone needs friends. There is an old 1.________ (say): friends are God's way of 2.________ (take) care of us. But how do you find real friendship and keep it?

The Care and Keeping of Friends by American author Sally Seamans tells young students some smart ways of 3.________ (find) friends. Sally says 4.________ (arrive) at friendship is just like 5.________ (plant) a tree. You plant the seed and take care of it to make it grow. First, you should choose a friend. What makes a good friend? It is not because a person has money or good looks. A good friend should be kind and patient. For example, if you have a hard day, a good friend should l isten to your complaints and do their best 6.________ (help). To make a friend, you cannot be too shy. You should make each other happy and share your life. But things can't always be happy. Even the best friends have fights. What should you do when you have a fight with your friends? You have to talk to them. When there is no one around, have an honest talk. If he or she doesn't want 7.________ (talk), you could write a letter.

Sally says there are three steps to 8.________ (be) friends again. Tell him or her how you are feeling, say what your friend has done wrong, and explain why you did this or that. The book also has advice on some small but important things like 9.________ (celebrate) your friends' success. Even if you haven't had a real friend before, you will start 10.________ (think) of having one if you read this book, because the book tells that friendship is the most important thing in your life.

五、名词性从句考点

Three years had passed and things were even worse than before. One can hardly imagine 1.________ the poor people suffered. Most of the workers lost their jobs and in order to provide for their families they sold everything 2.________ they had in their houses. They could neither get food nor clot hing. Many of them fell ill and died.

Now they began to understand 3.________ the factory owners were their enemies. But they believed that 4.________ the government knew 5.________ hard their conditions were, they would give them some help . In a meeting they decided 6.________ they should send some of their men to London to tell the government of the truth. Jackson was chosen to be one of them to go to the capital. He felt proud 7.________ he could do something for his friends.

A few days later, when Jackson came back from London and was asked to tell about 8.________ had happened there, he replied in a low voice, “I will never forget 9.________ we workers were treated there, and I will never forgive those who refused to hear us. Friends, let us do all we can to struggle against the capitalists and the government 10.________ supports them.”

六、定语从句考点

Some day, if you are lucky, you may see a bongo. But the only way 1.________ most people will see it is in a zoo. They are found in Africa, 2.________ they lived deep in forests. Even in Africa, very few people ever get to see a bongo. The bongo does not come out of the forest very often. It is an animal 3.________ keeps to itself.

The bongo has beautiful colouring. Its hair is bright brown mixed with orange and red. Down its back an d across its sides the bongo has yellowwhite strips. Animals 4.________ look for food at night usually have big eyes. This helps them see better at night. The forests in 5.________ bongos live are very dark. The eyes of bongos are very big. So, they have not trouble in living in the darkness.

Bongos in zoos do not like to go outside on bright days. They only go outside on those days when it is dark or very cloudy.

七、状语从句考点

Two travelling angels stopped to spend the night in the home of a wealthy family. The family was rude and refused to let the angels stay in the mansion's guestroom. Instead the angels were given a small space in the cold basement. 1.________ they made their bed on the hard floor, the older angel saw a hole in the wall and repaired it. When the younger angel asked 2.________， the older angel replied, “Things aren't always 3.________they seem.”

The next night the pair came to rest at the house of a very poor, 4.________ very hospitable farmer and his wife. After sharing what little food they had，the couple let the angels sleep in their bed 5.________ they could have a good night's rest. 6.________ the sun came up the next morning the angels found the farmer and his wife in tears. Their only cow, 7.________milk had been their sole income, lay dead in the field. The younger angel was infuriated and asked the older angel, “How could you have let this happen?” “The first man had everything, yet you helped him，” she accused. “The second family had little 8.________ was willing to share everything and you let the cow die.”

“Things aren't always what they seem, ” the older angel replied.“9.________ we stayed in the basement of the mansion, I noticed there was gold stored in the hole in the wall. 10.________ the owner was so obsessed with greed and unwilling to share his good fortune, I sealed the wall and he wouldn't find it. Then last night as we slept in the farmer's bed, the angel of death came to his wife. I asked God if the angel could take the cow instead.”

八、复合句考点

Gandhi was honoured as the father of the Indian nation. He has been respected and beloved by the Indians with the belief 1.________ he is an Indian national hero. He was born in India in 1869. 2.________ is recorded, he got married at the age of 13, following the local custom. In 1888 he sailed to England, 3.________ he studied law for three years and became a lawyer. 4.________ his return to India, he was sent to South Africa to work on a law case. In South Africa he was surprised to find 5.________ the problem of racial discrimination was serious. There he formed an organization and this was 6.________ he started to fight for equal rights. Gandhi returned to India in 1915, 7.________ India was controlled by the British. He led the Indians to fight for an end to the British rule and independence for his country. 8.________ in the political movement many Indians including Gandhi were put in prison and it was still not sure9.________ they could gain independence, the struggles never stopped. The British government had to give in and India won its independence in 1947. Unfortunately, Gandhi was shot by an Indian 10.________ opposed his views and died on January 30th, 1948.

一、情态动词与虚拟语气考点

1.were 2.listened 3.played 4.(should) hold

5.(should) organize 6.(should) be 7.would

8.realized/ should realize/ were to realize 9.would

10.encouraged

二、不定式考点

1.to be 2.smoking/to smoke 3.to smoke 4.to help

5.to recognise 6.to set 7.smoking 8.to help

9.(to)give 10.to be accepted

三、分词考点

1.called 2.opened 3.made 4.born 5.listening

6.visited 7.to take 8.exploring 9.working

10.interesting

四、动名词考点

1.saying 2.taking 3.finding 4.a rriving 5.planting

6.to help 7.to talk 8.being 9.celebrating

10.thinking/to think

五、名词性从句考点

1.how 2.that 3.that 4.if 5.how 6.that 7.that 8.what 9.how 10.that

六、定语从句考点

1.that 2.where 3.that/which 4.that/which 5.which

七、状语从句考点

1 .As/When 2.why 3.what 4.but 5.where

6.When 7.whose 8.but 9.When 10.Since/Because

八、复合句考点

1.that 2.As 3.where 4.On/After 5.that 6.how

7.when 8.Though/Although 9.whether 10.who

小升初英语语法大全：情态动词must与have to的用法

must 的用法

一、表义务，“必须”。例如：

You must talk to them about their study. 你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。

二、在否定结构中表不许。例如：

You mustn't leave here. 你不能离开这儿。

三、表推测，暗含有很大的可能性。例如：

He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。

注意：之前我们说过 may 也可以表猜测，但是 may 暗含的可能性较小，must 暗含的可能性较大。另外否定的猜测是用can't。例如：

The baby can't be ill. He is so active. 那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。

四、表不可避免，“必然要，必定会”。例如：

All men must die. 人总有一死。

五、表主张，“坚持要，一定要”。例如：

If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops. 如果你坚持要走，至少也要等雨停了再走。

六、关于 must 的简短回答：

-Must I clean the dining room at once? 我必须马上打扫膳厅吗?

-Yes, you must. 是的。

-No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. 不必马上打扫。

have to 的用法

一、have to 表客观的需要和义务，must 表主观的认识。例如：

I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi. 我没搭上火车，所以我只得打的。(客观上需要打的)

I must study hard. 我必须努力学习。(主观上认为应该努力学习)

二、在疑问句和否定句中，have to 多用助动词 do 构成，must 则直接提前或加not。例如：

Did he have to do it? = Must he do it? 他得做那件事吗?

而且在否定句中，have to 表不需要，must 表不允许：

You don't have to go there. 你不需要去那儿。

You mustn't go there? 你不可去那儿。

2011年中考英语试题单项选择之情态动词和系动词（1）

(2010 .河北省卷,31. 1) -Do we have to finish our homework this afternoon?

-Yes, you ________.

A. must B. can C. may D. need

（2010湖南省娄底市5. 1） -Must I be in hospital for a week， Doctor? ?

-No， you . You can go back home tomorrow.?

A.mustn’t B.needn’t C. must?

（2010湖南省娄底市7. 1） -What do you think of the cake??

-I like it very much. It tastes .?

A.good B.terrible C. well

(2010.江苏省盐城市3.1)The desk is not dirty.You_______clean it.

A.mustn’t B.shouldn’t C.needn’t C.can’t

(2010.四川省内江市23. 1)-What is your mother going to do this Saturday?

--I’m not sure.She_____go to see my grandmother.

A.can B.must C.may

（2010.四川省自贡市31. 1）-May we leave the classroom now?

--No,you _________.You_________to leave until the bell rings.

A.must;are allowed B.can’t ,aren’t supposed

C.needn’t ;aren’t allowed

答案：ABACCC

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