九年级英语牛津版

第一单元、动名词的构成(一) Verb+-ing as subject (主语) 【动名词在句子中可以充当主语的作用】▲ 动名词（短语）作主语时，谓语动词要用单数例如：• Communicating is not just speaking. 交流不仅仅是说话。• Sitting straight means a person is confident. 端坐表明一个人是自信的。▲ 英语中有一些动词（短语）后面常接动名词作宾语。如：finish, enjoy, mind, keep, suggest, avoid, miss, practise, admit, deny, can’t help等。• He denied having stolen my bike. 他否认偷了我的自行车。• When we heard the joke, we couldn’t help laughing. 当我们听到那个笑话时，我们忍不住笑了。▲ 常见的“动词＋介词+动名词”的短语有：prefer... to, be / get used to, look forward to, feel like, give up, keep on, insist on, succeed in等。• He doesn’t feel like doing his homework. 他不想做家庭作业。• You must give up smoking at once. 你必须马上戒烟。▲ 用于某些惯用法中。(1) be busy doing sth “忙于做某事”• Mother is busy cooking dinner in the kitchen. 妈妈在厨房忙着做饭。(2) be worth doing sth “值得做某事”• The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。• (3) It’s no use / good doing sth “做……无用 / 无好处”It’s no use asking him for help. 向他寻求帮助没有用。 （二）Verb+-ing after a preposition 【动名词放在介词后面作介词宾语】第二单元、adjectives 【练习二】 1、Adjectives with for+noun/pround+to+verb2、Adjectives with enough+to+verb3、Adjectives with of+noun/pronoun+to+verb4、Adjectives ending in -ing and –ed第三单元、Object clause（宾语从句）1．在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句，宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语。eg, He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语) He asks him how long Mike has been down . (动词宾语) Miss Zhang is angry at what you said. (介词宾语)2． 宾语从句的引导词有三类：(1) 以that 引导的宾语从句，主要用来引导句形式的宾语从句， that可以省略。eg, The radio says (that) the clouds will lift later on.She told me (that) she would like to go with us.(2) 以连接代词which, what, who等或连接副词how, where, why 等引导的宾语从句，从句是陈述语序eg, Could you tell me what's the matter with u?I want to know how soon it will begin.(3) 以 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句, 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从句同样是陈述语序 eg, I wonder if /whether u have told the new to Li Lei .3．宾语从句的时态(1) 当主句为一般现在时态、现在进行时态、或一般将来时态时，从句可用所需要的任何时态。 eg, I want to know what time he got up this morning.You are telling me that you won't stop until tomorrow?(2) 当主句为一般过去时态时， 从句要用于过去有关的时态。eg,They asked what Jean was doing now . Linda said that the train had left.(3) 当从句表述的是客观真理或自然现象时，宾语从句要使用一般现在时。eg, Lisa asked whether light travels faster than sound. Polly said no news is a good news注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用， 但有些情况例外。1. 当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether 不用ifeg, We are talking about whether we'll go on the pinic.2. 引导词与动词不定式或 not 连用时， 只用whether.eg, Please let me know what to do next. Could you tell me whether u go or not?3. if当如果讲时， 引导的是条件状语从句， 这时不能用whether.eg, You can't work the plan out if you don't have the meeting .四、Comparative & Superlative of adverbs 1、常用副词比较级与最高级的构成：规则变化: 单音节词：比较级: 词尾+ er ; 最高级: 词尾+ est e.g.high →higher → highest双音节和多音节词： 比较级: 词前+more；最高级: 词前+most; e.g.slowly→ more slowly→ most slowly 2.The Irregular Form原级比较级最高级good,wellbetterbestbad,illworseworstmany,muchmoremostlittlelessleastoldolderelderolesteldestfarfartherfurther farthestfurthest 3、常见用法1) 副词的同级比较肯定式用：“A as + 副词原级+as B;否定式用：A not + as/so+副词原级+as B 。含义为： “A与B一样…， 或：“A与B不一样…”Charlie 和Bruce跳得一样高。Charlie jumps as highly as Bruce.他没我跑得快。He doesn't run as/so fast as me.2) 副词最高级前可加the，也可不加the.e.g. Berry sings (the) best in English of all.Who works (the) hardest in your class?当所比较的动作是相同的时候，第二个动词可以省不写，也可以用助动词do 来代替。e.g. Ben got up earlier than I (did) this morning.Lucy runs more slowly than Debbie (does).Peter did it more successfully than I (did).3) 比较级+and+比较级表示 “越来越……” e.g. I am becoming fatter and fatter.The more you ask , the more knowledge you will get.4)the more..., the more...”句型常表示“越…越…”是一个复合句,其中前面的句子是状语句,后面句子是主句。the用在形容词或副词的较前,more代表形容词或副词的比较级。① The more he gets, the more he wants. 他越来越贪。② The more she learns, the more she wants to learn. 她越学越想学。“the more..., the more...”句型,主从句的时态常用一般现在时或一般过去时。①The higher the ground is, the thinner the air becomes. 离地面越高,空气就越稀薄。②The harder he worked, the more he got. 他工作越努力,得到的就越多。 若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时,从句的谓语动词要一般现在时表示将来。①The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你越用功,进步就越大。②The longer the war lasts, the more people there will suffer. 战争持续得越久,那里的人们受难就越多。若比较级作表语且不位于句首时,可以不用the。When we are more in danger, we should be braver. 越是危险,我们越应勇敢。在这种句型中,主句在程度上随着从句变化而变化,常把被强调部分提前。例如:The faster you run, the better it will be. 你跑得越快越好。这种句型的特点是前后都可以有所省略。特别是语、俗语,只要意义明确,越简练越好。 ① The more , the better.多多益善。 ② The sooner, the better. 越早越好。5) 若表示“越……越不……”时,常用“the more...,the less...”句型。The more she flatters me, the less I like her. 她越逢迎我,我越不喜欢她。若表示“越不……就越……”时,常用“the less...,the more...”句型。The less he worried, the better he worked. 他越不烦恼,工作就干得越好。6) 副词或形容词比较级前可用much, a little , a bit,even, far等来修饰。 There is no school tomorrow .You can sleep a little/ a bit longer. He plays much better than I. She can type it much more quickly. Michel writes even more beautifully than usual today.7) 说明比较范围时，注意介词的使用.副词最高级＋of all（或用in引导的语）。 所有人中，Catherine唱得最好。 Catherine sings best of all. 所有男生中，他跑的最快。 Of all the boys，he runs fastest. 班上Mark学习最努力。 Mark studies hardest in his class.8) A+行为动词+(倍数)+副词比较级+than+B” 表示:“A比B……几倍”或“A是B的……几倍”。e.g. Shelly跑步比我快两倍，是我的三倍。Shelly runs two times faster than I. And Shelly runs three times as fast as I do.9) “A+行为动词+副词比较级+than+ any other+单数名词(+介词短语)” 表示：“A比同一范围的任何一个人/物都……” 含义是“A最……”e.g. 迈克比他们班上任何一个其他的同学到校都早= Mike gets to school earlier than the other students in his class. =Mike gets to school earlier than any other student in his class.= Mike gets to school earliest in his class.五、Questions tag (反意疑问句)（一）含义: 在陈述句之后附上一个简短的疑问句, 对陈述句 提出相反的疑问, 这种疑问句叫反意疑问句.如果前部 分是肯定形式，后部分用否定形式。或者前部分为否 定，后部分为肯定。原则是“前肯后否，前否后肯” -- You can help him, can’t you? ——Yes, we can.你们能帮助他，是不是？是的, 我们能帮助他。反意疑问句的前后两部分在时态, 人称和数上都要保持一致。-- Your sister isn’t coming back today, is she? -- No, she isn’t. 你姐姐今天不会回来，是吗？ 是的, 她今天不会回来。回答时, 只要事实是肯定的, 就用yes, 如果事实是否定的, 就用no。（二）具体用法1.如果陈述句有系动词be，助动词,情态动词等，其简短问句的谓语要与陈述句中的谓语保持一致。You haven’t seen that film, have you? Jim will go to England, won’t he? He can’t swim, can he? 2. 陈述部分含情态动词must be表示“猜测”时，疑问部分用aren’t / isn’t +主语；如果must表示 “必须”时，疑问部分则用needn’t；当陈述部分 有 mustn’t 表示“禁止”时，疑问部分要用must. The bike must be yours, isn’t it? You must be hungry, aren’t you? She must go home,(必须) needn’t she? You mustn’t play soccer in the street,（禁止）must you? 3. 陈述部分的主语是this, that时, 疑问部分的主语多用it; 陈述部分的主语是these,those时, 疑问部分的主语多用they。如:This is a dictionary, isn’t it? Those are my stamps, aren’t they? 4.陈述部分是“there be”结构的, 疑问部分用 there省略主语代词。 There is something wrong with your watch, isn’t there?There won’t be more pollution, will there?5.陈述句中含有not, no, no one, hardly(几乎没有), seldom(不常), neither, few, little, never,, nothing 等否定意义的词时, 疑问部分常用肯定形式。 Few people knew the news, did they?Tom has never been to England, has he?6. 陈述句中如果带有否定意义的前缀和后缀的单词时, 整个句子仍视为肯定句, 反意疑问部分多用否定形式。如：She is unhappy, isn’t she?This is an unimportant question, isn’t it?7. 如果主语是I’m, 后面反意部分用 aren’t I? I’m late, aren’t I? 8. Had better + 动词原形，疑问部分用 hadn’t you? You’d better read it by yourself, hadn’t you?9. You’d like to +动词原形，疑问部分用 wouldn’t you?You’d like to go with me, wouldn’t you? 10. 如果陈述句的主语是 something, nothing, anything, everything 等不定代词时, 疑问部分的主语多用it.Everything goes well, doesn’t it?Nothing can stop us now, can’t it?11.陈述句的主语是nobody, no one, everyone, somebody等不定代词时, 反意疑问部分的主语多用they (强调全体) 或 he (强调个体) Everyone is here, aren’t theySomeone is waiting for you,isn’t he? Nobody says a word about the accident, do they?12.1)祈使句后面的简短问句通常用 will you, won’t you. Give me a pen, will you?(won’t you) Don’t move the chair, will you?2) Let’s …,shall we? (包含谈话的对方在内)Let us …,will you?（不包含谈话的对方在内） Let’s have a rest, shall we?Let us arrive at the bus station on time, will you?13.陈述部分含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语要同主句的主语和谓语保持一致。She said it would rain tomorrow, didn’t she?They told us that we needn’t go to school tomorrow, didn’t they?14.I think, I believe, I suppose, I guess 等结构中，简短问句的主语与从句的主语保持一致。I think she’s out, isn’t she?I don’t believe it’s true, is it?15.当陈述句中的谓语动词是used to(过去常常做某事)时， 简短问句可用used 或did.The Smiths used to live in the countryside, usedn’t they / didn’t they

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Kindly Step into the Vat--Try What You Have Devised against Others In order to suppress those who were against her, Wu Zetian, the empress of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), appointed a few merciless persons to be judges. Two of them were extremely brutal; one was called Zhou Xing and the other was called Lai Junchen. They killed many upright civil and military officials as well as ordinary people by framing up cases against them and by administering inhuman corporal punishment to them. Once, Wu Zetian received a letter which informed against Zhou Xing. The letter aside that Zhou Xing was plotting a rebellion in collaboration with others. Wu Zetian was furiously angry when she read the letter, and immediately ordered Lai Junchen to deal with the case severely. Hearing the order, Lai Junchen had misgivings about it. He knew that Zhou Xing could not be forced to tell the truth merely by using a letter informing against him because he was very sly and crafty. Lai Junchen also knew that he would not be for given if he should fail in dealing with the case, because the empress would certainly blame him and punish him. How could he solve the problem then? He turned the problem over and over in his mind, and finally thought out a "brilliant scheme". Lai Junchen had a sumptuous feast prepared, and invited Zhou Xing to his home. The two of them urged each other to drink, and they talked while drinking. After the wine had gone round three times, Lai Junchen pretended to sigh, "When Ihandle cases in ordinary times, I often come across prisoners who stubbournly refuse to admit they are guilty. I wonder if you have any effetive measures." Hearing this, he took a sip of the wine. Lai Junchen immediately pretended to be very earnest, saying, "Oh, please do tell me at once." Smiling insidiously, Zhou Xing said, "Get a big vat, scorch it hot with charcoal fire all around, and then let the prisoner come into the vat. Will the prisoner fail to make a confession of his crime?" Hearing this. LaiJunchen nodded his head in approval repeatedly. He then ordered his subordinates to bring a big vat, and had a charcoal fire lit all around it as Zhou Xing had said. He then turned to Zhou Xing and said, "Someone in the imperial court has informed against you, saying that you are plotting a rebellion. The empress has ordered me to deal with the case severely. So I beg your pardon, but would you kindly step into the vat?" Hearing this, Zhou Xing dropped his wine cup to the ground and the cup broke with a crash. Then he knelt down with a flop, nodded repeatedly and said, "I am guilty. I confess I am guilty." This story appears in A General History as a Mirror of Past Events by Sima Guang of the Song Dynasty. From this story, people have derived the set phrase "kindly step into the vat -- try what you have devised against others".

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