英语语法journey

一、冠词 a / an 的用法

a用于辅音音素前 a useful book, a university

an则用于元音音素前 an hour, an honest boy , an “A E F H I L M N O R S X”

二、定冠词the的用法：

1)特指双方都明白的人或物： Give me the book.

2)上文提到过的人或事： ---Do you know the lady in blue? –Yes, she is a teacher of a university.

3)指世上独一物二的事物the sun ( sky / moon/ earth/ world/ nature/ universe )

4)单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元; The lion is a wild animal.或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich /poor/ blind/ aged / living / impossible

5)用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very, same等前面：I live on the second floor.

6)用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the arm.

7)用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前： She plays the piano violin guitar in the north of China

8)用在普通名词构成专有名词前： the People's Republic of China the United States the Great Wall the Summer Palace

9) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：the Greens are playing the piano.

10) in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),in the middle (of),in the end, all the time at the same time on the whole,by the way,go to the cinema at he age of six at the beginning of the twenty-first century on the other side of at the moment the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water，field，country)in the dark, in the rain

三、不用定冠词的情况

1) 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：China , Europe 欧洲 Lei Feng 雷锋

2)物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词;当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。

3)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词; Children’s Day Mother’s Day Father’s Day

4)在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词; He is captain of the team.

5)在三餐、四季，球类运动、学科、娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：have breakfast /supper / lunch，play basketball / football / volleyball / chess , in spring/summer/ autumn/ winter

1. 被动语态的基本时态变化

被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be+过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：

1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时

例：Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

2) has /have been done 现在完成时

例:All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.

3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时

例:A new cinema is being built here.

4) was/were done 一般过去时

例：I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

5) had been done 过去完成时

例： By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

6) was/were being done 过去进行时

例：A meeting was being held when I was there.

7) shall/will be done 一般将来时

例:Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

8) should/would be done 过去将来时

例：The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用)

例:The project will have been completed before July.

2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式

1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词+be+过去分词。

例:The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。

例:His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。

例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

4)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。

例:Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词+介词”，“动词+副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。

例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

1)will/shall+动词原形 shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。will not=won't shall not=shan't例如：

Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?

2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。

a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?

b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。

3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：

He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。

注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

Notice:be to和be going to

be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：

I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)

I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)

5)现在进行时表将来时

下列动词的现在进行时表示将来时

go.come.fly.leave.start.begin.finish.end.arrive and so on.

she is leaving for Wuhan tomorrow.

6)一般现在时表将来

1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。

2)以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。

构词法 ：

英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。

1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。

2、派生法：(1)派生名词：①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge

(2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious

(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly

3、转换法：

(1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。

(2)动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。

(3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。

(4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。

(5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。

(6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续)

名词：

1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：

1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。

专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)

姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。

2、普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。

2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。

1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.

不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。一盒牛奶：

3、名词所有格：

1、 名词所有格如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)

(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)

(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：

today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),

(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：

2、[注解]：

① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)

② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)

③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：

1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)

2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,

① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)

② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)

3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)

4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)

5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：

The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)

6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)

7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)

8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)

9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)

10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的'孩子(当时)就站在路边)

11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)

12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)

13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)

但是,population一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)

5、部分名词用法辨析：

1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)

2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)

3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)

4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)

5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)

代词：

1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。

2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。

tour,journey, travel, trip的用法区别这一组词都有“旅行”的意思，但各词的含义有所不同。1.tour 着重指旅行线路比较曲折，常表示“（周游各地的）参观、访问、（巡回）旅游、视察、购物、演出”等意思。可作动词和名词。例如：I will tour the world in the future.My father has gone down-town on a shopping tour.2. journey指从一地到另一地，通常指陆地上的远距离“旅行”，有时也可以表示经常走的或长或短的“路程”。只作名词。例如：I took a journey from Beijing to Shanghai last year.-- How long is your journey to school? --Only about 10 minutes.3. trip 一般指时间短、距离近的“旅行、远足”，也可以指长途旅行。在非正式用语中可代替journey。只作名词。例如：We made a boat trip to the island last week and had a good time.I will be on a trip to / journey to the south next summer holiday.4. travel作“旅行、游历”解，一般表示从一地到另一地旅行这一总的概念。常指长时间、远距离的“旅行”。尤指出国旅行。可作动词和名词。其复数形式意思为“旅游笔记”、“游记”。例如：At present, many people are fond of travel in their spare time.I am reading a book about the travel to North Pole.They came home after years of foreign travel.Light travels faster than sound.5. 附：Journey(n.)---“旅行”,“旅程”。普通用语，指陆地上的远程旅行。 Tour(n.)---“周游”。指途中在许多地方作短暂停留的观光游览。 Trip(n.)---“旅行”。指来往有定的短距离旅行,强调在路上所花的时间和所走的路程。 Travel(n.)---“旅行”。惯用复数形式。泛指旅行各地,表示旅行的路途远,时间长。 例句: At first I was afraid the long journey would be too much for her. At first I was afraid the long journey would be too much for her. 起初我担心她不能行这样远的路。 I wish you a good journey. I wish you a good journey. 祝你)一路平安。 We went on a guided tour of Italy that included stops at Milan, Venice, Florence and Rome. Florence and Rome. 我们在导游的带领下游览了意大利, 包括米兰,威尼斯,佛罗伦萨和罗马。 They are now making a bridal tour. They are now making a bridal tour. 他们正在新婚旅行。 I go to work by train, and the trip takes 40 minutes. y train, and the trip takes 40 minutes. 我坐火车上班, 路上花40分钟。 I can”t afford a trip to Europe. t afford a trip to Europe. 我负担不起去欧洲旅游的费用。 This trip was cancelled because of the snowstorm. This trip was cancelled because of the snowstorm. 因为暴风雪, 旅行取消了。 The travels of Marco Polo is one of the most interesting books that I have ever read. ve ever read. 马可波罗的游记是我生平读过的最有意思的一本书。 Is he back from his travels yet? Is he back from his travels yet? 他游历回来了吗?

1.B look around 参观、闲逛2.第一句多个do，第二句might改成may3.D take up 占用4.scenery风景5.应该是it is certain that. sure的主语是人6.remains 依然7.D 可以引导主语从句，且在从句中做谓语。8.were9.make a trip，世界一游

Unit 2 English around the world一、语言要点单元要点预览（旨在让同学整体了解本单元要点）词汇部分 词语辨析 1. voyage/journey/travel/trip/tour 2. frequent/common/ordinary/general/regular 3. especially/ specially4. a number of / the number of 词形变化 1. actual adj. 实际的 actually adv. 实际上；事实上 2. base n. 基地；基础 base v. 以……为根据 basic adj. 基本的 3. east n. 东方 eastern adj. 东方的；东部的 重点单词 1. present n. 礼物adj. 在场的；目前的vt. 赠送 2. command n.& v. 命令；指令；掌握3. request n.& v. 请求；要求4. recognize vt. 辨认出；承认；公认5. straight adj.笔直的；正直的 adv. 直接；挺直6. block vt. 堵塞；阻碍n. 街区；木块；石块 重点词组 1. come up走近；上来；提出2. make use of 利用；使用3. such as例如；像这种的4. play a part (in) 扮演一个角色；参与5. because of 因为；由于重点句子 1. Why do you think people all over the world want to learn English?2. 状语从句中的省略重点语法 直接引语和间接引语 （见语法部分）I词语辨析 (旨在提供完形填空所需材料) 1. voyage/journey/travel/trip/tour【解释】voyage: 去国外或较远地方的海上旅行journey: 指较远的从一地到另一地旅行travel: 一系列的旅程，尤指旅行的概念trip: (短途)旅行tour: 为了公务、娱乐或教育参观多处名胜的旅行【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空1). It is tiring to take a long _______ by train from Paris to Moscow.2). The _________ from England to Australia used to take several months.3). We’ll have time for a ______ to France next weekend.4). We went on a guided ______ round the castle.答案: 1). journey 2). voyage 3). trip 4). tour2. frequent/common/ordinary/general/regular 【解释】frequent经常的，时间或间歇很短的发生或出现common 通常的、常发生的、广泛使用或众所周知的ordinary指种类普通且不能从其他中加以区别的，有时含贬义general一般性的，到处的；不限于领域、地区或应用 regular平常的；惯例的；习惯性的、通常的或正常的【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空1). This is a ___________ problem.2). He often makes ___________ errors of judgment.3)．Look at the train’s ___________ schedule.4)．The violinist gave a very ___________ performance marked by an occasional memory lapse.5)．As a ____________ rule I am home by six.答案: 1). common 2). frequent 3). regular 4). ordinary 5). general3. especially/ specially【解释】especially意思是“尤其，特别”，表达事物的不寻常或特别重要specially 指为了某一目的，专门做某事【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空1). Our city is very beautiful, ___________ in spring. 我们城市很美丽，尤其在春天。2). He came here ___________ to ask you for help. 他是专程来这里向你求助的。答案: 1). especially 2). specially 4 a number of / the number of【解释】a number of意思是“若干；许多”the number of意思是“……的数目”【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空1). Today ___________ people learning Chinese in the world is raising rapidly.2). ____________ books in the market are in English.答案: 1). the number of 2). A number ofII词性变化 （旨在提供语法填空所需材料）1. actual adj. 实际的 actually adv. 实际上；事实上 2. base n. 基地；基础 base v. 以……为根据 basic adj. 基本的3. east n. 东方 eastern adj. 东方的；东部的 【练习】用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空1) What did he _________ say? (actual)2) The __________ cost was much higher than we had expected. (actual)3）My knowledge of physics is pretty _________. (base)4）She used her family's history as a _________ for her novel. (base)5）This novel is ________ on historical facts. (base)6）He is interested in ________ customs. (determine)7) The wind is blowing from the __________. (determine)答案: 1) actually 2) actual 3) basic 4) base5) based 6) eastern 7) east Ⅲ 重点词汇 （旨在提供综合运用所需材料）1. present n. 礼物adj. 在场的；目前的vt. 赠送 [典例] 1). The mountain bike is a birthday present from my parents.这辆山地自行车是父母给我的生日礼物。2). I am afraid I can’t help you at present. 恐怕现在我没法帮助你。3). Were you present when the decision was announced? 宣布那项决定时你在场吗？4). In the present case, I advise you to wait. 按照目前的情况，我建议你等等。5). May I present my new assistant to you? 请允许我向你介绍我的新助手。[重点用法]make sb. a present of sth.将某物赠送给某人at present/ at the present time目前be present at出席present-day attitudes/fashion现在的态度/流行款式present sb.with sth = present sth. to sb.把某物送给某人[练习] 中译英1). 所有（那些）在场者一眼就看出那个错误。__________________________________________________________________________________________2). 这本书是哥哥赠送给我的。__________________________________________________________________________________________答案: 1). The mistake was obvious to all (those) present. 2). This book was a present from my brother.2. command n.& v. 命令；指令；掌握[典例] 1). The officer commanded his soldiers to fire. 那名军官命令士兵们开火。[重点用法] command sb. to do sth 命令某人做某事be under the command of 由…指挥,由…控制be in command of 控制…be at one’s command 听任某人支配have / take command of… 指挥…[特别提醒] command后接that从句时要用虚拟语气[练习] 用适当的介词填空1). For the first time in years, she felt ______ command of her life.2). The army is __________ the king’s direct command.3). The police arrived and took command ________ the situation.答案: 1). in 2). under 3). of3. request n.& v. 请求；要求[典例] 1). Your requests will be granted. 你的请求能够获准。. 2). I requested him to help. 我请求他帮忙。[重点用法]at sb's request/at the request of sb应某人之请求 by request (of sb) 应（某人的）请求; 经（某人之）要求: on request 一经要求: request sth (from/of sb)要求, （尤指）请求某人做某事: [练习] 中译英。1). 我是（特别）应你要求而来。__________________________________________________________________________________________2). 请不要吸烟。__________________________________________________________________________________________答案: 1). I came at your (special) request. 2). You are (kindly) requested not to smoke.4. recognize vt. 辨认出；承认；公认[典例] 1). I recognized her by her red hat. 我根据她的红色帽子认出了她。2). Everyone recognized him to be the lawful heir/as the lawful heir. 大家都承认他为合法继承人。[重点用法]recognize…by sth 认出或识别某人/某事物 recognize…as sth 承认某人/某事物是recognize…to be承认…是[练习] 中译英1). 人们都承认他是他们理所当然的领袖。__________________________________________________________________________________________2). 我认出他是我朋友的哥哥。__________________________________________________________________________________________答案: 1). He is recognized to be their natural leader.2). I recognized him as my friend’s brother.5. straight adj.笔直的；正直的 adv. 直接；挺直[典例] 1). This is a straight road. 这是一条直路。2). She went straight from school to university. 她中学一毕业就马上进了大学。[练习] 中译英1).我的领带系得正不正?2). 一直往前看。答案: 1). Is my tie straight? 2). Look straight ahead. 6. block vt. 堵塞；阻碍n. 街区；木块；石块[典例] 1). He lives three blocks away from here. 他住的地方与此处相隔三条街. 2). A large crowd blocked the corridors and exits. 人群把走廊和出口都堵死了[重点用法]a block of 一大块block out 堵住block off 封锁；封闭block up 堵塞；阻碍[练习] 中译英1). 他们在绕楼群散步。__________________________________________________________________________________________2). 大雪阻塞了所有通往苏格兰的道路。__________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1). They are taking a walk round the block. 2). Heavy snow is blocking all roads into Scotland. Ⅳ重点词组 （旨在提供综合运用所需材料）1. come up走近；上来；提出[典例] 1). The little by came up to the stranger and showed him how to get to the police station. 小男孩向陌生人走去，并告诉他去警察局的路。 2). We won’t forget the day when we watched the sun come up on top of the Tai Mountain. 我们不会忘记那天我们一块在泰山顶看日出。 3). It is certain that the question will come up at the meeting. 这个问题在会议上一定会被提出来的。 4). The snowdrops are just beginning to come up. 雪莲花刚刚开始长出地面。 5). I am afraid something urgent has come up. 恐怕发生了什么急事。[短语归纳]come across邂逅 come about发生come at向…扑来,攻击 come from 来自come out 出版;开花；结果是 come up with想出come round 绕道而来 come down落下,塌下[练习] 用come构成的词组填空。1). The hunter walked across the forest when suddenly a bear _______ him. 2). The magazine __________ once a month.3). I wish you can ___________ to England on your holiday.4). The engineers has ______________ new ways of saving energy.5). They ___________ an old school friend in the street this morning.答案: 1). came at 2). comes out 3). come over 4). come up with 5). came across2. make use of 利用；使用 [典例] 1). You ought to make good use of any opportunity to practise English. 你应该好好利用机会练习英语。[短语归纳]make good use of 好好利用 make full use of 充分利用make the best/most of 充分利用[练习]1). 要充分利用一切机会说英语。__________________________________________________________________________________________2). 我们要很好地发挥她的才能。__________________________________________________________________________________________答案: 1). Make full use of every chance you have to speak English. 2). We will make good use of her talents.3. such as例如；像这种的[典例]1). Such poets as Keats and Shelley wrote Romantic poetry. 有些诗人, 如济慈和雪莱, 写的是浪漫主义的诗歌2). Wild flowers such as orchids and primroses are becoming rare. 兰花和报春花之类的野花越来越少了[练习] 用such as或for example填空1). I like drinks __________ tea and soda.2). The report is incomplete; it doesn’t include sales in France, ________.答案: 1) such as 2). For example4. play a part (in) 扮演一个角色；参与[典例] 1). She plays an active part in local politics. 她积极参与地方政治活动。2). She played a major part in the success of the scheme. 她对该计划的成功起了重要作用。[短语归纳]take part (in sth)参加, 参与（某事物the best part of sth（某事物的）绝大部分（尤指一段时间）:for the most part 整体上; 通常; 多半for my part就我来说[练习] 中译英1). 有多少国家要参加（世界杯赛）？__________________________________________________________________________________________2). 对我来说, 到哪儿吃饭都无所谓。__________________________________________________________________________________________答案: 1). How many countries will be taking part (in the World Cup)? 2). For my part, I don't mind where we eat.6. because of 因为；由于[典例]1). They are here because of us. 他们是因为我们来这里的。[短语归纳]because of 是复合介词。because 是从属连词，引导原因状语从句。[练习] 中译英1). 因为腿受伤了，他走得很慢。2). 因为错过了公共汽车，我们只好步行回家。————————————————————————————————————————————————答案:1). He walked slowly because of his injured leg. / He walked slowly because his leg was injured. 2). We had to walk home because of missing the bus. / We had to walk because we missed the bus.V重点句子 （旨在提供句子结构等所需材料）1. Which country do you think has the most English learners?[解释]do you think/believe/expect/ find/know/suppose 作为插入语,放在特殊疑问词后，其它内容紧跟其后并用陈述语序。 What time do you expect we will come and pick you up？你希望我们几点来接你？ What do you suppose he will do after he hears about the good news？你认为他听到那个好消息后会做什么呢？Why do you think their team could win the football match? 你认为他们队为什么能赢得那场足球赛呢？2. Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before.[解释] than ever before 常与比较级连用，意为“比以往任何时候更”。如：The stars were shining brightly in the dark sky, and the night was more beautiful than ever before. 繁星点缀在夜空里，夜晚比以往更美。[练习] 中译英1). 简看起来比以前漂亮多了。__________________________________________________________________________________________2). 雨下得比以前更大。__________________________________________________________________________________________答案: 1). Jane looks much prettier than ever before. 2). It's raining harder than ever before.课文要点（模块）1课文词汇等填空（旨在复习本课文中的单词拼写和主要词语等）根据课文内容完成下面语法填空，注意单词拼写和词语用法：At the end of the 16th century, English was only spoken by people from England. They were native speakers. Today, the largest number of people 1 (speak) English may be in China. A lot of Chinese people speak English 2 their foreign language. 3 English language has changed quite a lot over the last four centuries. Old English sound more 4 less like German for it was 5 on German, but modern English sounds more like French than German 6 England was once ruled by the French. Two people had great effects on the English changes. One was Shakespeare, who 7 (large) the English 8 (词汇) ; the other was Noah Webster, 9 wrote a dictionary 10 gave American English its own identity.答案：1.speaking 2. as 3. The 4. or 5. based 6. because 7.enlarged8.vocabulary 9. who 10. that/which 2课文大意概括 （旨在训练用30个单词概括大意的能力）阅读课文，试着用30来个单词概括课文大意或翻译下面短文。 这篇课文讲述了英语的发展史。 英语随着时间的流逝而发生了变化，全世界的人们都说英语。 The passages shows us ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案：The passages shows us a history of the development of English. English has changed over time and it is spoken all over the world. 3课文佳句背诵与仿写 （旨在培养对难句的理解和写作能力）1.【原句】With your partner, list the countries that use English as an official language.和你的同学一起列出把英语作为官方语言的国家。 [模仿要点] 句子结构【模仿1】请用这些词，造一个句子来描述你心中的想法。____________________________________________________________________________ 答案：With these words, please make up a sentence that can describe what you feel in your mind. 【模仿2】他用了各种色彩，画一幅画显示了他家乡的变化。____________________________________________________________________________答案：With different colors, he painted a picture that showed the change of his hometown..2．【原句】English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as south Africa. 在新加坡，马来西亚和非洲其他国家，比如南非，人们也说英语。 [模仿要点] 列举三者以上事物的表达【模仿1】下课后我喜欢去踢足球，打篮球和参加一些有趣的活动如唱歌跳舞____________________________________________________________________________答案：After class I like to play football and basketball and take part in some interesting activities such as dancing and singing.【模仿2】在英国旅游期间，我们参考了博物馆，城堡和一些名胜如一些公园和花园。____________________________________________________________________________答案：During the tour in the UK, we visited museums, castles and some places of interest such as some parks and gardens.