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When a society and its government decide that certain conduct is dangerous to citizens, or damaging to the society as a whole, such conduct is labeled a "crime" and is made punishable by sanctions such as fines and imprisonment. Most crimes are identified in statutes that have been enacted by federal, state, and local government legislatures, in response to issues that affect the jurisdiction. People who are found to have violated a criminal law -- whether through their own admission by a "guilty" plea, or as a result of a jury trial -- can be punished through imposition of fines, imprisonment, probation, and community service, among other penalties. 当社会及其政府断定某种行为可能危害市民,或者损害整个社会的利益,此种行为即构成犯罪,从而应接受相应处以罚金或者监禁等制裁形式的处罚.联邦政府,州政府,各地方政府的立法机关根据事件所侵害的管辖权,为大部分犯罪行为确立其定罪的法律依据.任何触犯刑法者,无论是主动交代,还是法庭定罪,都将受到相应惩罚,形式如下:处以罚金,监禁,缓刑,做社区义工,或者其他惩罚The criminal law "system" encompasses the entire criminal process itself -- from investigation and arrest, to conviction and sentencing -- and the people who play a role in that process: the accused, police officers, prosecuting attorneys, criminal defense attorneys, judges, witnesses, probation officers, and corrections officers. 刑法体系围绕整个犯罪过程,从侦察到逮捕,定罪,执行,参与此过程的人员有:被告,警察,检察官,辩护律师,法官,证人,缓刑监督官,狱警

For non-public products, due to the market monopolies and price distortion, or for public products, due to several reasons such as information asymmetry and externalities, it leads to an inefficient allocation of resources. Hence, it will fail to realise the zero opportunity cost for allocation of resources.下面是国外网站对于Market Failure的定义，你也可以参考WIKIPEDIA。An economic term that encompasses a situation where, in any given market, the quantity of a product demanded by consumers does not equate to the quantity supplied by suppliers. This is a direct result of a lack of certain economically ideal factors, which prevents equilibrium. Market failures have negative effects on the economy because an optimal allocation of resources is not attained. In other words, the social costs of producing the good or service (all of the opportunity costs of the input resources used in its creation) are not minimized, and this results in a waste of some resources.

Provence is a former Roman province and is now a region of southeastern France, located on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to France's border with Italy. It is now part of the administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The traditional region of Provence encompasses the départements of Var, Vaucluse, and Bouches-du-Rhône in addition to parts of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes. -- Provence is bounded by the Alps to the east and the Rhône River to the west, with the Mediterranean Sea providing its southern border. It has an unusually varied physical aspect, with landscapes ranging from fertile plains in the Rhône valley, to mountains in the east (notably Mont Ventoux, the Luberon and the Alpilles) and marshlands in the south (the Camargue). 拉拉拉The Principality of Monaco is nestled between Nice and Italy. Marseille, Aix-en-Provence, Avignon and Arles are other cities of importance in Provence. Marseille is by far the largest city in Provence, and is the chef-lieu (capital city) of both the Bouches-du-Rhône département and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur région. --- The climate of Provence is typically Mediterranean, warm and dry. The Mistral is a strong, cold wind from the north that occurs mostly in the winter and spring .

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Love is any of a number of emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong affection and attachment. The word love can refer to a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes, ranging from generic pleasure ("I loved that meal") to intense interpersonal attraction ("I love my boyfriend"). This diversity of uses and meanings, combined with the complexity of the feelings involved, makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, even compared to other emotional states.As an abstract concept, love usually refers to a deep, ineffable feeling of tenderly caring for another person. Even this limited conception of love, however, encompasses a wealth of different feelings, from the passionate desire and intimacy of romantic love to the nonsexual emotional closeness of familial and platonic love to the profound oneness or devotion of religious love. Love in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creative arts.

信息不对称和外部性：information asymmetry and externality资源配置：allocation of resourcesmarket failure:the inefficiency of allocation of resources, a result of the marketing monopolist and price distortion for nonpublic goods, or other factors for public goods as well as information asymmetry and externality, directly causes the non-availablity of zero opportunity cost for configured state.